This proposal seeks to overcome one of the fundamental limitations associated with flextensional piezoelectric actuators. These unique components offer very high physical displacement due to the presence of internal stresses accomplished during manufacture. However, high voltages are required to achieve these displacements, often precluding their use in aerospace systems. This work will produce high-displacement actuators that can operate efficiently at 50V or less, for application in satellite, aircraft, and commercial systems. The proposed devices will reduce the voltage required to operate flextensional actuators from 400V or more to 50V or less. Power consumed will also be significantly reduced. Applications in smart structures for spacecraft and aircraft, diesel engines, and industrial manufacturing equipment exist Over the past decade the growth of data, information and knowledge has been accelerating and search engines and simple automation have proven to be inadequate at addressing the ensuing information glut. This points to the opportunity to apply Intelligent Agent technology to the problem by using them as assistants in managing data/information and developing the needed knowledge. Our proposed "Agent-based Knowledge-design Assistance (AKA) Environment" concept is a significant opportunity for the creation of an integrated environment for rapidly formulating knowledge bases utilizing agents in conjunction with design pattern concepts. The AKA concept provides an environment for hosting knowledge design pattern agents, called Template Agents (TA) and using XML as a run-time tool for conversion, storage, and maintenance of knowledge. The environment presents the user with an integrated view of the available TAs using an orchestrating agent, called Design Assistant Agent (DAA), which manages, arbitrates and negotiates with the TAs. All the agents act autonomously to promulgate their design pattern and agenda within the context of the AKA environment and the knowledge base content. We believe that the application of design patterns with the AKA environment will reduce risk, lead-time, complexity and level-of-effort associated with creation of knowledge and management of information. We expect the AKA project to be on a FastTrack due to commercialization plans of our teammates, Boeing and KnoWave, both of whom have immediate need for the technology. The AKA is targeted at the "solution seeking" market which is projected to grow from $240M in 2000 to about $1.9B in 2002. Triton Systems is responding to the DTRA need to ensure the survivability of future military C4I and weapons systems by hardening them against damage from HEMP and HPM weapons, using primarily COTS shielding materials for flexible electromagnetic shields. Triton's unique approach is to integrate our conductive polymer technology into flexible thermoplastic polymer films and foams that will be highly reflective and attenuate HEMP and HPM electromagnetic radiation with improved broadband performance. In Phase I, Triton will show the feasibility by compounding conductive-enhanced polymers and laminating conductive fabrics for EM hardening, and will use reticulated foam with matched properties to fabricate textile laminates which will result in flexible, chemical/biological protective, low Q electromagnetic shields. In Phase II, with the cooperation of a major manufacturer of flexible structures and soft shelters, and with the support of SBCCOM's Fabric Structures Group, Triton will develop compounding to pilot scale level and develop one or more prototype flexible electromagnetic shielding structure(s) for large scale EMI testing. Products for the military and commercial sectors will be developed and sold late on the Phase II program, and on a Phase III program.This Phase I Program, and following programs, will develop new lightweight materials that will provide hardening protection against HEMP and HPM interference for C4I and the U.S. Army Future Combat System. The primary commercial application will be to the Military for use in rapidly deployed soft shelters and individual warfighter systems. The secondary commercial market will be to civilian ground, air and space equipment, for improved operations in strong electromagnetic fields. Mission Research Corporation (MRC) proposes to develop and demonstrate a solution to the single event effects (SEE) problems which result in data loss in deep submicron microcircuits used in space environments. We describe a unique hardening technique, which we refer to as a "temporally redundant latch." This approach provides immunity to SEE related upset effects with a minimal impact on microcircuit design methods and circuit performance. The objective of our proposal is to demonstrate the viability of the temporally redundant latch technique in a microcircuit that is important to the military and commercial space industry. The selected microcircuit will be fully hardened for space applications. It will serve as a proof o principal for the hardening technique and lead to other temporal latch insertions in microcircuits developed for space missions. The temporally redundant latch will permit microcircuits with deep submicron feature sizes to be used in space environments. The design technique eliminates single event upsets (SEU) and prevents single event transients (SET0 generated in combinational logic from disrupting microcircuit operation. The objective of this project is to develop a seismic event location procedure that utilizes initial and secondary seismic arrival times computed with the Gaussian beam method. Software to compute Gaussian beam synthetic seismograms for complex three-dimensional velocity structures will be developed. This software will be integrated with existing hypocenter inversion software to produce new event location programs. The Phase I project will use th iterative least-squares inversion method. Software to compute phase travel times and travel-time derivatives from Gaussian beam synthetic seismograms will be developed. A travel-time grid method based on Gaussian beam seismograms will be developed in Phase II. The nonlinear inversion method of Tarantola and Valette will be used to compute the hypocenter and location error estimates. The two location programs using Gaussian beam travel times will be compared to other methods of computing event locations for three-dimensional velocity models. The software developed will have immediate application in the CTBT monitoring effort. Commercial applications include monitoring the induced seismicity in oil fields as well as rock-bursts and collapses in mines, and earthquake hazards reduction. Spinnaker Semiconductor will develop its proprietary Schottky barrier CMOS technology (SB-CMOS) for space and other radiation hard environments. SB-CMOS offers a dramatic reduction in parasitic bipolar gain and therefore unconditional immunity to latch-up. It also has greatly increased hardness to node-discharge and other single-event-effects. The proposed SB-CMOS technology features MOS devices with minimum channel lengths of 50 nm and will therefore be ideal for high-speed digital and mixed-signal applications. Anticipated Benefits: 1) Unconditional immunity to latch-up 2) Greatly increased tolerance to node-discharge and other single event effects 3) 50 nm minimum channel length devices for high unity gain frequency 4) Silicon based, planar technology. Survivable shields are a necessary part of many soft x-ray debris mitigation systems that provide ultra clean test environments for nuclear weapons effects testing. Existing test requirements demand ultra large area survivable shields (12 inch diameter). Existing designs are limited to relatively small areas at low fluences and/or impose severe x-ray attenuation penalties. A methodology for the design of ultra large survivable shields is proposed. The Ktech technical approach to optimizing the design of an ultra survivable shield is to optimally minimize and accommodate the shield response to each of the loads imposed on the shield by the PRS radiation and debris environments through geometric configuration and material selection with the constraint of low soft x-ray (K line) attenuation. The loads on a survivable shield are a combination of UV induced blow off, pressure loads exerted by expanding plasmas from the PRS source region and from UV filters, particulate debris impacts and radiation induced line loads and moments. Techniques to eliminate or minimize to the extent possible each of these loads are presented.Survivable shield/window technology is required for nearly all of the test facilities examining the response and survivability of stock pile components/systems to hostile (man made or natural) environments. Large area survivable shields are required for all PRS simulations, for many electron and ion beam tests and for NIF. Survivable window technology is also a critical element in the design of ion or electron beam pulsers for surface hardening of materials, waste remediation, semi-conductor fabrication and for medical applications. Triton Systems responds to the DTRA need to ensure the survivability of military C3 and weapon systems by hardening them against damage from HEMP and HPM weapons, using primarily COTS shielding materials for electronic equipment. Triton's unique approach is to integrate its conductive polymer technology into new epoxy-carbon composites and adhesives that will strongly reflect and attenuate HEMP and HPM electromagnetic radiation. In Phase I, Triton will show the feasibility by making conductive-enhanced polymer composites for EM hardening, and will use an adhesive with matched properties to bond panels which will result in low Q enclosed structures. In Phase II, in cooperation with a major composite manufacturer, Triton will develop one or more prototype EM housings for DoD electronic hardware, products for the military and commercial sectors will be developed and sold late on a Phase II program, and on a Phase III program. This Phase I Program, and following programs, will develop new lightweight materials that will provide hardening protection against HEMP and HPM interference. The primary commercial application will be to the Military for use on aircraft, missiles, and space vehicles in potentially hostile environments. The secondary commercial market will be to civilian ground, air, and space equipment, for improved operations in strong EM fields. Nuclear denotations generate low frequency infrasound, which can be detected using infrasound sensors and used to assess the yield and location of an atmospheric nuclear explosion. However, the current infrasound sensors do not provide satisfactory performance because of a number of inherent limitations.Prime Photonics, Inc. proposes to develop an optical fiber sensor technology for highly-sensitive detection of infrasound under all-weather conditions. The proposed sensor is based on the self-calibrated interferometric/intensity-based (SCIIB) technology recently developed at the Virginia Tech's Photonics Laboratory, the subcontract collaborator of the proposed Phase I program. The SCIIB method for the first time successfully combines fiber interferometry and intensity-based devices into a single sensor system so that it possesses all the major advantages of the two types. The successful completion of this Phase I will lead to a clear demonstration of highly-sensitive infrasound detection with full compensation of undesired optical and environmental changes.Prime Photonics, Inc. will collaborate with Virginia Tech's Photonics Laboratory, where the SCIIB sensor technology was invented and an advanced CO2 laser-based SCIIB sensor fabrication facility is available. In the event of a Phase award, Virginia Center for Innovative Technology will provide $18K match funding to support the subcontracted research to Virginia Tech. The proposed research will lead the development of ruggedized acoustic sensors, which will have a wide range of industrial applications. One of these is fiber instrumentation for on-line detection and location of partial discharges in high-voltage power transformers. It is believed that initiation of partial discharges is responsible for about 1% of annual failure rate, and no sensors that can be used directly inside transformers are currently available for this application. As a new start-up, Prime Photonics is committed to the development of products for instrumentation in harsh environments, and has identified sensors for electric utilities as its first target market. Following successful field demonstration of prototype sensors during the Phase II program, Prime Photonics will seek investment capital to put in place the infrastructure necessary for product manufacture and marketing. A magnetic flyer plate impact can be designed to accurately simulate the x-ray induced stress profile in a re-entry body (RB) heat shield very near the irradiation surface. With the accurate simulation of the near surface stress history all subsequent vehicle responses must then be a good representation of those induced by the nuclear threat. A Mag Flyer impact at atmospheric pressure is the highest fidelity simulation shapes the induced stress wave profile. A major limitation on the accuracy and repeatability of magnetic flyer plate experiments is that the load magnitude and temporal history are sensitive functions of the flight distance. When operating in air, the desired loading conditions can only be achieved with short flight distances and the normal RB tolerances limit the accuracy of the experiment. This proposal presents unique experimental solutions that allow the flyer plate distance to be significantly increased while maintaining the desired load magnitude and temporal history. These changes decrease the sensitivity of the magnetic flyer technique to flight distance changes due to experiment assembly and/or within tolerance dimensional variations and eliminates a major limitation of the magnetic flyer technique. The feasibility of using alternate gases and modifying the capacitor bank to tailor the "gas spring" response to allow larger flight distances will be examined in Phase I. Ktech's analyses have determined that the flight distance can be doubled by the use of an alternate gas such as neon. Capacitor bank modifications that modify the ringing frequency of the bank and/or shape the current pulse will also be examined because achieving constant flyer velocity at early times also facilitates the use of large flight distances. A Phase Ii program plan will be developed that describes the necessary modification to the DTRA Mag Flyer Facility to implement gas spring technology and the required facility characterization program. The gas spring technology will decrease the sensitivity of mag flyer techniques to dimensional tolerances of the test articles and will significantly increase the Mag Flyer Facility capabilities to meet specific experiment requirements in terms of peak stress and specific impulse. Additionally, load uncertainties will be reduced. The improved facility will provide a cost effective AGT capability for selection and hardness evaluation of new materials and the certification of modified systems. Theoretical and computational modeling will be used to describe a new technology concept for designing penetrators for use against deep, hardened targets. The prototype design should produce metal ejecta with penetrating capability superior to conventional munitions of equivalent size and/or weight. Calculated performance characteristics will be compared with existing experimental data from other sources to estimate the lethality against selected targets. Alternative designs, not achievable with current warhead systems, will be compared in order to find the most promising design. The technology concept can be applied to the design of penetrators to defeat hardened, underground structures. Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities are thought to limit the pulse-width compression ratio, power coupling from driver to pinch and radiation efficiency, for z-pinches at 4 MA (Double-Eagle), 9 MA (Saturn) and 18 MA (Z). Alameda Applied Sciences Corporation proposes to use a train of 150 ps laser pulses to capture snap-shots of the density structures in an imploding z-pinch. These snap-shots will reveal the structure of instabilities in the pinch and allow us to correlate improved power coupling to the pinch and higher radiation efficiency with mitigation of such instabilities. The technique we propose to use is called Laser Shearing Interferometry. LSI gives information on the sheath shape, stability and implosion velocity. The Phase-I project will concentrate on just these measurements on Double-Eagle. In Phase-II, the same hardware, with a few modifications, may be used to augment the sheath measurements to provide a detailed study of the implosion dynamics of the pinch. The Phase-II instrument will thus be a more comprehensive tool for z-pinch development. The Phase III effort will commercialize the instrument and supply models to DoD and DOE laboratories engaged in PRS research as well as modify the instrument for other commercial applications such as the combustion diagnostic tool. This program could improve the capabilities of existing and higher current simulators (Decade, Z and beyond) and provide design criteria for future simulators. Commercial applications include non-invasive monitoring of fuel droplet-vapor mixing in combustion chambers including rocket engines and of x-ray lithography and microscopy system reproducibility and reliability. This research address the present limitations of inductive energy storage and transfer systems used in various pulsed power applications. It particularly addresses power-multiplying circuits utilizing capacitor banks energizing a switched inductive store into an inductive load. Presently, such systems have overall efficiencies below 10%. The present research addresses this efficiency problem with a novel scheme that promises between 100 and 15 percent improvement. The dominate cost in such system reside in the capacitor bank and prime power. Thus, the expected savings are of the same order. In applications where the over all performance is related to some power of the load current such as radiation sources the projected cost reduction may reach factors of between 3 and 4%. In Phase I we performed a preliminary design of the switch physics and circuit parameters including tradeoffs in key parameters. Our design includes a discussion of techniques to increase current to the load and in minimizing adverse effects, such as instabilities. In Phase II we propose to work with national engineering laboratories to implement the new technology in existing pulsed-power devices. The technology will hasten the realization of full simulation capability which will enhance the defense posture of the country. Smaller commercial variations will be used for lithography, x-ray sterilization and radiography of large systems. We propose a method to enhance the energy density of capacitors and other dielectrics by the creation of intermediate layers between the electrodes and the energy storing dielectric proper. The solution is applicable to applications where the charge and discharge time are defined. Once defined, a tailored layer is fashioned which will drastically reduce the field enhancements at imperfections for the specified charge an discharge times. Since most circuit installed capacitors operate in a fixed temporal region defined by the circuit designer, such a solution is applicable to most applications of capacitors. They do not apply to capacitors used experimentally where the operating regime changes from use to use. The successful application of this technology may increase energy storage by as much as an order of magnitude with application extending from major facilities and utility power factor corrects on application to MOS gates of semiconductors. High level protection of DOD high power systems against electromagnetic threats that include high intensity radiated fields (HIRF), electromagnetic interference (EMI), electromagnetic pulse (EMP), electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), and electrostatic discharges (ESD) is highly desired to improve equipment reliability and personnel safety. The option of using conventional shielding materials for electromagnetic radiation hardening tends to exhibit several limitations such as limited frequency range of application, excessive weight, high cost, or low flexibility. Sigma Technologies proposes a novel highly effective approach for improving substantially radiation hardening of DOD aerospace systems. The concept consists in the development of a ceramic/metal nanophase multilayer composite which will be effective over a wide range of frequencies. In Phase I of this program, Sigma will establish proof-of-concept that the proposed composite will provide improved immunity to electromagnetic effects. In the Phase II work, the process will be transferred to larger scale equipment that is already in place at Sigma to produce large quantities for field tests.The proposed material composite is expected to have superior electromagnetic shielding properties which can be readily transferred to the civilian sector. Applications may include shielding from hazardous electromagnetic radiation of sensitive equipment found in commercial aerospace vehicles, government buildings, hospitals, homes, and schools To protect the US against limited nuclear attacks, the NMD system must operate successfully in nuclear-disturbed environments. A key to successfully negating nuclear threat is selecting a battleplan that ensures that NMD system performance is not too severely degraded by nuclear effects. While prompt nuclear effects are easy to plan around, persistent nuclear environments are more problematic, especially with the fast-running, lower-fidelity algorithms that BMC2 must use. MRC has long been among the nation's leaders in predicting nuclear environments and their impacts on system performance. We will combine this experience with expertise in artificial neural networks (ANN) to develop and train an ANN for use as a real-time decision aid in selecting optimal battleplans that minimize direct and collateral nuclear impacts. We will develop our decision aid so it can be used as an integral element in the BMC2 battleplanning process, dynamically responding to an evolving threat and providing risk assessments that would not otherwise be available. It will assess multiple battleplans, then inform a human in control (HIC) of the probability of success and costs/benefits of each plan so they will be adequately informed when selecting an actual battleplan. The Phase I effort will demonstrate that a neural network can be trained to predict the outcome of a candidate NMD battleplan in the presence of possible nuclear bursts. It will provide the human-in-control with an assessment of the nuclear-induced risks to the performance of vital elements in the system. Similar decision aids could be developed for other ballistic missile defense program, such as THAAD, Navy TMD, or even the Israeli Arrow program. The concept could also be applied to TMD deployment planning to minimize the risks of nuclear, biological, or chemical collateral damage to civilian or military assets. OptiSwitch Technology Corporation proposes the development of a high-power, optically activated solid-state switch for the replacement of the rail gap switches on DTRA's Fast Marx Generator (FMG). The switch is packaged into 200kV/250kA modules that directly connect to the output plates of the fast capacitor. The switch is based on direct connection of thyristor elements, a technique that would offer the opportunity of both a high degree of compactness as well as of manufacturability for switch applications. The optical switching results in ultra-low jitter (ps) between switch modules and enables parallel configurations of the FMG for mega-ampere and mega-voltage applications. The switches do not require replacement or refurbishment, drastically reducing the cost of ownership and downtime. This advanced switch technology also makes feasible a new type of pulse power machine, one based on low impedance transmission lines fabricated from capacitor grade, thin film dielectrics. Such a system will be more efficient, less costly to build and maintain and more compact than current pulse power machines. This pulse power technology, enabled by the switch, is flexible such that one machine would deliver the required currents and voltages for both BRS and PRS load with pulsewidths of less than 100ns.The development of this advanced solid-state switch will enable simulators to be less costly to build and maintain, more compact, and higher performance. Commercial applications are numerous; some include protecting electric utility and telecommunication systems from high current surges caused by lightning strikes and switching transients. Within the proliferation of biological weapons, the outbreak of food poisoning occurrences, and the spread of antibiotic resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria, the demand has arisen both in military and civilian environments of portable systems capable of rapid, specific, and quantitative detection of biological agents. During the Phase I program, "Long Period Grating (LPG)-Based Optical Fiber Fluorescent Sensors for the Detection of Biological and Chemical Agents," #DTRA01-99-M-0432, Luna Innovations, formerly F&S, successfully demonstrated direct detection methods and fluorescent methods to measure captured targets. Results were demonstrated down to ng/ml detection levels for proteinaceous targets. Fluorescent response was obtained by sandwiching fluorolabeled confirmatory antibodies to bound molecules. Direct detection was determined with LPGs through the measurement of refractive index changes resulting from the selective binding of target mass. The orthogonal measurement techniques will reduce false-positives through independent confirmation of binding events. Advantages of Luna's optical fiber technology include low-cost mass fabrication techniques, robust field-portable implementation, and multiple target capabilities. In the proposed Phase II program, Luna Innovations will utilize these methods to determine the presence of warfare targets in deployed field test. Luna Innovations is addressing dual-use applications in the military and private sector for markets involving field portable, multiplexed instrumentation. Focus areas for medical and non-medical defense include monitoring battlefield conditions for the release of hazardous materials, measuring decontamination, training to respond to exposure events, and verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention. Medical areas include the diagnosis agent exposure in the preclinical state so that an immediate response can be established. Luna is also exploring commercial markets that include pharmaceutical screening, medical diagnosis, food safety, and process control. Triton Systems, Inc., proposes to apply its innovative electrochemical deposition method for fabricating field use-compatible vapor and aerosol concentrations monitors that provide significantly improved species selectivity. This proprietary process, with which we have succeeded in upgrading dramatically the performance of an electrochromic polymer-based switch for rf electromagnetic waves, allows formation from its appropriately functional group-altered monomer of virtually any electroactive polymer, rather than the very few that lend themselves to casting from solution. Triton is therefore able to design miniaturized conductimetric chemisensors with bandgaps tailored for differential response to the redox potentials of chemical-biological warfare components and ambient interferents. We are able to confine deposition of the polymer film to the spaces between interdigitated metallic electrodes by making use of a company-developed thermally activated mask. This production method both allows precise control of the (submicron) thickness of this volatiles-sensitive layer and further increases its change in resistance with analyte arrival rate by giving it a highly porous exposed surface. The objective of Triton's research will be to formulate robust, long shelflife sub-ppm threshold response microsensors with enhanced discrimination of specific airborne CBW agents and precursors. Conductive polymer-based vapor concentration sensors are currently being applied for assessing the quality of food products and their as-received raw materials, the protection provided by packaging, and the threat from noxious and hazardous gases or aerosols in workplaces (among others, pesticide-treated areas and the ESA / MIR Space Station crew cabin). Further applications in chemical process control and olfactory medical diagnosis are under development, as are those in the several aspects of detecting toxic agents. The improved species selectivity, threshold sensitivity, and overall robustness of Triton's innovative chemisensor will significantly improve the effectiveness and broaden the scope of this automatic concentration monitoring. On a completed Phase I program, Triton Systems reponded to the DTRA need to develop a new small portable monitoring device that would detect chemical welfare agents (CWAs) in water, for use in Chemical/Biological Treaty Verification. On Phase I, Triton demonstrated proof of principle of a new unique Triton chemi-resistor sensor array that detected CWA simulants and derivatives at < 1 ppm level in water, and identified them by signatures. On Phase II, Triton will develop a unique D-FENSE (tm) device, based on teh Phsae I results with new innovations, which will detect and identify both nerve and blister CWAs, with lower detection limits and improved signatures and analysis. A First Generation prototype device will be built and tested. On Phase III, and advanced prototype DEFENSE (tm) device will be build and field tested. The Phase II program will lead to the development of a new unique prototype portable and user friendly D-FENSE (tm) instrument that will have both DoD and civilian commercial applications in both Treaty Compliance and in environmental monitoring. Secondary evaporation of chemical warfare agents released from structures onto concrete and/or soil surfaces during attacks on chemical production and storage facilities can persist for long periods relative to the lifetimes of expulsion plumes and can account for substantial agent release. The DTRA Hazard Prediction and Assessment Capability (HPAC) and engineering model Structural Expulsion Plume (STEP) include source terms for the amount of chemical agent introduced into the environment by secondary evaporation. A requirement exists for an experimental methodology to determine the amount of chemical agent introduced into the environment by secondary evaporation and for data for chemical agent simulants for the nerve agents GB, GD, and VX. The objectives of the proposed Phase I program are (1) to develop an experimental methodology for determining the rate of secondary evaporation of chemical agent simulant vapor when liquid simulant is released onto surfaces and (2) to implement the methodology for three chemical agent simulants and two surfaces (concrete and compacted soil) for several liquid deposition densities and atmospheric conditions. The methodology will be expanded to address actual chemical agents and additional chemical agent simulants and their transfer hazard during Phase II. The experimental methodology and data will be directly usable by DTRA in its source model development for the HPAC and STEP programs. The experimental methodology will be usable by other military and civilian agencies and industries in their hazardous waste management activities and for simulations of accidental releases of hazardous materials from structures or transport vehicles. Upon successful completion of the proposed program, an accelerant payload concept shall be developed and evaluated. The use of an accelerant payload allows the munitions system designer the capability to exploit a thermal target defeat mechanism, in addition to coupling to traditional high explosive/fragmentation defeat mechanisms, to increase the overall target lethality. The use of a thermal accelerant payload allows for the enhanced defeat of combustible materiel within a target volume including that located outside the primary area of weapon effects due to fire start and fire spread. Additionally, the selection of the accelerant payload composition can result in the actual structure of the target (ex., iron and steel girders and beams, concrete) contributing to the degree of target defeat which are not usually thought to be considered a "combustible" material.If this program is carried to its conclusion, GSI will provide the U.S. Government with information and hardware which will improve our war fighting capabilities through a combiuned effects munitions system. Direct input, for example. can be provided to the on-going Eglin Air Force penetrator program in terms of advanced payload options. Other applications may include shoulder fired munitions, anti-submarine munitions and other applications such as a high-temperature cutting torch. Experimental quantities of metastable Al-Mg solid solutions (Mg contents 10-50%) have been recently prepared using mechanical alloying. Such solid solutions are predicted to be a new type of metallic high energy density materials in which specific phase changes are pre-programmed to occur at a desired temperature and trigger ignition of accelerate combustion rate of the fuel. Preliminary tests have indeed shown that mechanical alloys have significantly reduced ignition temperatures and higher combustion rates as compared to the pure aluminum. The ignition temperatures and combustion rates were shown to depend on the alloy composition, crystal lattice parameter, and crystallite size. It is proposed that these new materials can be used in a new generation of explosives and incendiary devices with the explosion parameters tailored precisely to defeat specific targets. An experimental program aimed at the feasibility demonstration of this hypothesis is described. Samples of mechanical alloys of the aluminum and boron based compounds will be prepared and tested. A constant volume explosion technique is is chosen to characterize performance of the new materials. Analytical instrumentation, e.g., an electron microscope, an x-ray diffractometer, a bomb calorimeter, etc., will be used to characterize structures and compositions of mechanical alloys and their combustion products.An opportunity identifiied in this proposed research is to explore the feasibility Drilling has been an integral part of defense community weapons effects testing for over 40 years. Hard target defeat programs have required specialized drilling technology in the creation of test targets and in the monitoring of weapons tests, that can only be accomplished by directional drilling. Unfortunately the cost of conducting directional drilling, the typical use of large volumes of water during drilling and its subsequent impact on the test environment, and the detrimental effects of the movement of large drilling rigs over the test sites has resulted in the abandonment of the benefits that could be derived from accurately placed instrumentation. The proposed Light Autonomous Directional Drilling System is transportable by a pick-up truck, drills dry, is cost effective to use, and other than the air compressor, the hardware is man portable. The system builds on proven off-the-shelf pneumatic drilling technology and existing position location navigation technology. The key innovation necessary to prove the feasibility of this system is a downhole Pneumatic Advancing Rotational Steering System. A prototype design has been developed and described in this proposal. Phase I involves the refinement of the design, manufacture of the prototype and laboratory testing of its capabilities to prove feasibility.The proposed system (the Pneumatic Advancing Rotational Steering System) has direct application to the drilling of far reaching horizontal oil production wells. Horizontal, slim-hole, and coiled tube drilling started to pick up in activity in the late 1980's and have been on a steady increase of use ever since. Difficulties with coiled tubing include limitations on the amount of thrust and torque which can be transmitted from the surface and the size and expense of their rigs. The proposed systems eliminates these constraints. UTD will work with existing Oil and Gas company partners in the commercialization of this new technology. A six-month Phase I project is proposed to demonstrate the feasibility of a hierarchical method for more accurately estimating the material parameters of constitutive models in DYNA3D, thereby enhancing the fidelity of nonlinear finite element models. The hierarchical approach combines the distinct advantages of coupon, component and system-level testing with Bayesian statistical parameter estimation. Bayesian sequential estimation retains the information gained from previous estimates in a covariance matrix of the estimates, which is updated with test data from each subsequent test. It is also proposed that a one-stage version of the Bayesian estimator be applied to a fragmentation model developed by General Atomics, SAIC and George Mason University. The material representation in the model will be generalized to include stochastically correlated bond strengths between element clusters in an effort to more accurately represent the fragment weight distributions observed in arena tests.The proposed project will build upon a recently completed SBIR Phase II project also sponsored by DTRA, which developed and implemented methods for nonlinear model validation and verification in a MATLABr Nonlinear Model V&V Toolbox. This toolbox is currently undergoing beta-testing at U.S. National Laboratories. The proposed project will extend the toolbox to include a hierarchical method for material parameter estimation. The resulting toolbox should benefit all users of DYNA3D, including the U.S. transportation industry that uses the code extensively for vehicle crash simulations, and the design of roadside safety barriers. Homeland security and first responders need high quality & timely information upon which to make critical decisions. In a number of homeland security scenarios, the information will be a distillation of data gathered from an array of sensors. Such data can consist of temperature, vibration and the like along with the position of each sensor. This project proposes meeting this need through an innovative combination of GPS technologies and wireless sensors using the IEEE 1451 family of standards. Each sensor or actuator will connect to a Transducer Interface Module (TIM) that provides the necessary sensor communications capability. Each TIM contains standard GPS that will be augmented with a variation of differential GPS and inertial navigation to meet the positional accuracy requirements. Regenerative medicine is an emerging, interdisciplinary field that will result in new engineered medical products. The introduction of a high-resolution, non-destructive imaging technique that is capable of penetrating deeply into the highly-scattering scaffold medium has the means to accelerate the development and commercial utilization of these novel materials. Multi-photon microscopy (MPM) is based on the detection of the fluorescence emitted by endogenous or exogenous markers. Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) delivers information on the sample's scattering properties. These modalities provide different imaging contrast mechanisms. It is highly desirable to combine both imaging functions into a single instrument. We propose to design and construct a dual function OCM/MPM platform based on expertise developed building a similar system for a biophysics research program at the University of Illinois. The pressing need exists within industry to accurately measure high aspect ratio microscale structures. For example, diesel injector nozzles are manufactured with microscale holes ranging from 50-200 micrometers in diameter and 3-5 mm depths. One fundamental challenge is to nondestrucvely measure these features in order to validate models, enhance manufacturing processes, and reduce fuel emissions. Current measurement technologies are limited due to probe size (i.e. > 30 micrometers in diameter) and often produce unwanted adhesive forces during the measurement process. The objective of this SBIR program is to develop a 2D high aspect ratio microscale force probe; representing a collaborative effort between InsituTech Inc., a North Carolina based instrumentation manufacturer, and the Center for Precision Metrology at University of North Carolina at Charlotte. The sensing technology developed through this program employs revolutionary concepts in probing technologies which include a high aspect ratio probe generating minimal adhesive forces, providing 7 micrometer contact diameters, 5 mm free lengths and 5 nms sensitivity. The objective of this Phase 1 effort is to demonstrate the feasibility of printed circuit assembly (PCA) warpage simulation through a novel combination of advanced AP210-based printed circuit board (PCB) simulation methods and cutting-edge general-purpose mesh generation tools. Our proposed solution, the extended multi-representation architecture (MRA), embodies an innovative approach that combines rich product models based on open standards, idealization knowledge capture, advanced analytical modeling and FEA meshing, and modular architecture. The specific technical aims are to demonstrate the effective integration of MRA and advanced meshing approaches, evaluate the required fidelity of PCB and component models, and compare the simulation results for s simple board-component assembly with experimental results using temperature-dependent shadow moiré. There are emerging markets that are driven by advances in x-ray micro-calorimeters. These detectors allow an energy resolution 10x better than existing commercial x-ray detectors. The primary application is the detection and analysis of nanoscale particle contaminates in IC production. The temperature stability of the micro-calorimeter is critical for real-time analysis and maintaining the x-ray line positions. A cryogen-free ADR is used to provide temperatures less than 100 mK. However, there is not an existing control system that can provide the required temperature stability and complete cooling cycle automation. Lake Shore will develop a complete control system. This includes thermometry, magnet supply, precision sourcing, feedback loop and communication interface within a self-contained rack-mounted instrument. The control system will provide stability required for TES detector applications. Nova Scientific proposes a high-resolution neutron imaging detector having a specialized neutron-sensitive electron amplified detection stage integrated with a cross-strip electronic readout capable of centroid averaging. This detector system will have direct application to two-dimensional imaging of hydrogen fuel cells and support the diagnostic capabilities of the Neutron Imaging Facility (NIF) at NIST. Applications include high-resolution neutron radiography for fuel cells and nondestructive testing, neutron scattering, SANS experimentation, neutron beam diagnostics, and materials research. NIST is using a sensitive optical technique called cavity ring-down detection to permit detection of impurities in semiconductor process gases, which cause substantial losses in manufacturing yield. In order to increase the sensitivity and range of application of this technique, improved single frequency laser sources are required. In particular, lasers providing more power, narrower line-width, better beam quality and access to a wider range of wavelengths would allow detection of a wider range of species with greater sensitivity. Aculight has developed a novel laser technology which meets all of these requirements. As a final result of this program, we will deliver a packaged, fiber-based laser system which provides 1 Watt of tunable, single frequency output between 1.6 and 1.8 um. This is two orders of magnitude more power than diode lasers currently used for the application. In order to verify the utility of the laser for the application we will show that greatly increased efficiency of coupling into a ring-down cavity can be demonstrated when compared with that observed with diode laser. Open Tech proposes to develop a fully extensible collaborative tools framework that combines powerful features, and intuitive user interface, and the ability to easily implement new and imaginative object interaction techniques. The tools will allow users of both local and remote immersive VE systems to join together in a single shared VE that allows them to interact with each other and with objects in the VE simultaneously. Desktop and immersed users can collaboratively leverage the strengths of both platforms simultaneously to conduct research. Communication and collaboration are important aspects in most scientific research, and our proposed collaboration technologies will bring these aspects to a new level in the field of scientific visualization. TDI proposes to produce combinatorial GaN and AlGaN samples library having a wide range of doping and fabricated using a variety of surface treatment conditions. These samples will be grown using novel technological approach based on advanced hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). This method is known to produce bulk GaN materials with low defect density. Recently, TDI has demonstrated high throughput HVPE growth for both (1) doped GaN and AlGaN layers and (2) undoped layers with record low background impurity concentrations. These results opened an opportunity to develop GaN and AlGaN samples library to optimize material sheet resistivity and minimize ohmic contact resistivity using a multi-parameter space experiments. Phase I project is focused on HVPE growth of n-type and p-type samples having wide doping range and investigation of several metallization schemes for ohmic contact fabrication. Unique ability of HVPE to control defect formation in grown layers will allow us to investigate defect influence on sheet resistivity and contact resistance. The main goal of the Phase I is to prove the concept and demonstrate p- and n-type GaN and AlGaN materials with continues and discrete variation in sheet resistivity. Novel sample preparation schemes allowing combinatorial experiments on samples produced under the same conditions are proposed. Doping in grown layers will be varied from 5x1015 to 1x1020 cm-3. Fabricated samples will be delivered to NIST for testing and evaluation. APDs offer tremendous potential for the numerous applications in which photon densities are extremely low and the ability to count single photons is essential. Researchers have recently found that the optimization of InP-based APDs for counting photons may require innovative design approaches that are quite distinct from those shown to optimize APD linear mode performance. For this program, we propose to design and fabricate InP-based APDs for which the avalanche dynamics are optimized specifically for photon counting using design concepts that incorporate novel bandgap engineering approaches. In particular, these concepts will allow us to achieve increased detection efficiency at 1.5 um with simultaneous reduction of the dark count rate through the use of impact ionization engineering multiplication regions. One of the standard analytical tools on almost all electron microscopes (EM) is an energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) detector used for chemical analysis. However, there are many limitations with the current generation of EDS detectors for EM. The best potential for achieving larger detector active areas, superb energy resolution and an order of magnitude higher count rate compared with conventional EDS detectors, comes from a new detector technology - the silicon drift detector. We will develop a large solid angle detector (up to 0.8 srad), with low noise electronics, specifically for the high vacuum, demanding environments of the analytical EM. Phase I will include evaluation and selection of one of three preliminary spectrometer designs; Phase II will include optimization of the selected design, construction and full evaluation of the prototype spectrometer on the NIST analytical EM. A SMART Life Science prototype that facilitates the management of instrumentation data has far reaching implications. As much as the benefit is to an individual scientist, the greater impact affects the entire economy by facilitating the rapid launching of new scientific discoveries that cure disease and product new economic channels for firms. By improving process efficiencies in R&D organizations, SMART research environments will greatly improve the competitiveness of US firms by clearing the administrative barriers associated with innovation. RSI will develop a technology to improve fire fighter visibility and enable tracking of position/identity. The Coded Alternating Micromachined Retroreflector Array (CAMERA) will use RSI's microscale retroreflectors, a near-infrared (IR) coating and near-IR sources pulsing on alternating video frames to encode fire fighter identities, and a near-IR video camera. These grain-of-sand-sized markers would have different spectral signatures. To filter out IR-emitting fires and provide spectral information, a pulsed light interrogation scheme will be used. The IR diodes will alternate, and an inexpensive near-IR-capable camera will be used to observe the scene. The ratio between the signal on alternating frames will identify the target. The Phase 1 program will involve improvement in the optical quality, creating a unique IR coding scheme, development of a laboratory interrogation unit, and a demonstration of the concept. NIST desires to develop a standard of pressure in the range 0.3 MPa to 10 MPa based on measurements of the dielectric constants of gaseous helium and argon. This requires capacitance measurements having a better linearity than can be made with any currently available product. It is proposed that the design of the currently most precise commercial capacitance bridge be modified to improve its linearity by at least an order of magnitude. Resolution, stability and temperature coefficient are also to be improved. Adopting open standards such as the X3D and H-Anim reduce costs and ensure the longevity of applications involving human avatars. However, graphics hardware currently requires customized of vertex shader programming to optimize rendering. Yumetech, Inc. and Vcom3D propose the H-Anim+ Browser API: a generic vertex-skinning scheme for the H-Anim specification. The Phase 1 objective is to develop a generic scheme for applying a vertex-skinning program to an H-Anim compliant model using NVIDIA's Cg language. The technical approach for Phase 1 is to adapt the Xj3D Toolkit-a Java-based, open source API for creating VRML 97 and X3D applications-for the prototype H-Anim+ browser. Both companies will perform benchmark performance tests and document Phase II objectives and tasks based on results of the proof-of-concept implementation. We will focus our diode based multiplier technologies toward achieving a source suitable for the NIST imaging system in the 200 – 400 GHz band. To date our best doubler to 200 GHz generates up to 55 mW of (CW) power with 30% efficiency and 15% (3dB) bandwidth. However, the NIST imaging system requires pulsed performance with more than an order of magnitude higher peak input power. Thus, the multipliers must be fundamentally redesigned. This will include optimization of components for pulsed operation, a vast increase in the peak power handling and reconsideration of the fundamental design trade-offs. Through our innovative terahertz integrated circuit designs and fabrication technologies we will create an innovative new multiplier that will enable the final development of the proposed NIST imaging system and also be useful for a host of other important scientific and commercial applications. Homeland Security/First Responder networks require increased bandwidth and reliable connectivity. Future networks such as Project SAFECOM may deploy software-defined radios (SDR) compatible with Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) Software Communications Architecture (SCA). We leverage our SCA compatible, high assurance “Smart Radio” prototype being developed under an AFRL sponsored Phase II SBIR as a infrastructure testbed accesible by academic and industry researchers. Our prototype includes a CC EAL4+ laptop with SCA core framework, PCMCIA module with NSA Type I AIM CS/S, Xilinx Virtex II Pro FPGA, and a High Assurance Wireless Computing System (HAWCS™) security layer which defeats blended wireless and Internet hacking attacks. In Phase I we define requirements and design cross-layer optimizer components, using MATLAB/SIMULINK to simulate their performance. This proposal focuses on developing Distributed Automatic Reconfigurable Trasponder (DART) system that is capable of achieving distributed multi-nodal voice/data communication for firefighters. Specifically, Williams-Pyro, Inc. proposes to develop an enhanced prototype of distributed Automated Reconfigurable Intelligent Radios, which consists of a series of distributed nodes that will relay voice transmission and data to the incident commander located outside the building. The proposed DART system will allow several distributed DARTs to communicate between individual team members inside the structure, as well as with the incident commander located outside the structure. This system will allow faster, more accurate information transmission, resulting in timely fire detection and safer firefighting. During Phase 1 Atometric developed and demonstrated principles of a four-axis micro machine. This machine is capable of machining metal parts that are sized within 50mm cube to an accuracy within one micron. Our goal is to develop a micro machine that is applicable to a broad commercial market. Three additional features need to be added to make the machine fully commercially viable. These three features are: an automatic tool sensor; an automatic tool changer; and, automatic part programming utilizing data from computer aided design programs. The proposed Phase 2 research focuses on developing those three features. Our proposed research will also focus on developing a micro machine that is to be operated in an office or laboratory environment, away from the usual manufacturing factory settings. When this capacity is fully developed a significant reduction in initial investment, energy usage, shipping costs and delay times will occur, with corresponding benefits throughout this now untapped market. Detector Technology will develop and manufacture a 10cm2 large format cone. The cone will be based on a ceramic substrate then coated with glass frit. The cone will then be attached to a standard single channel multiplier. Detector Technology will also investigate different low work function coatings to improve the first strike statistic of fluorescence. Simultaneous research in conjunction with sub-contractor, Nova Scientific, will include a large format microreticular, microfiber, or microsphere plate, which would also be enhanced by Detector Technology with a low work function coating. The final unit will be tested at Brookhaven National Labs for efficiency of the detection of fluorescence. A method to take three polymers with varying viscosities and mixing those polymers together at the point of interest or more specifically through a micro dispensing nozzle, is being proposed. An active mixing scheme to ensure proper mixing at the pen tip is a feasible approach to this problem. The materials being mixed will not only range in viscosity but also in particle loading, which will be handled appropriately without clogging the tip. The mixing, polymer ratios and dispensing volume will all be under computer control for consistent and repeatable results. This will also allow for a combinatorial approach to material discovery. While many applications and benefits will be observed, one true benefit will be the small volumes required for testing. The dispensed material will be less than micro liters in volume. We propose an uncooled infrared detector for the 8 to 12 micron wavelength range utilizing an integrated image converter with a thermal sensitivity as small as 2 millidegK based on modeling by independent research groups. Highly stable thin films coupled to a silicon readout additionally provide the desired spatial uniformity, linearity, dynamic range, and reduced cost for the detector representing an improvement in all areas over the commercial HgCdTe-based systems presently available. During Phase 1 a prototype detector will be delivered to NIST for proof-of-concept evaluations. Cyrano Sciences, Inc. proposes to develop and demonstrate a distributed sensor network that uses arrays of traditional and non-traditional detectors with data fusion to improve system performance and to perform a real-time survery of the fire ground to better protect and inform firefighters. Each node consists of multiple detectors, including a polymer-composite sensor array and other detectors, to reduce the incidence of false alarms and provide faster fire detection capabilities. Data fusion occurs at each node and alarm fusion occurs at a system-wide level, providing robust alarms and the ability to locate the source of a fire. The overall architecture of the system allows sensors to be added after installation and provides a communications center for mobile devices with GUIs. We envision using non-traditional sensors, such as video and force sensors, that will be installed in the structure and integrated with the system to provide complete and new information to first responders. We also envision that firefighters will have GPS and residual life indicators (for respirators) on their person and that these sensors will communicate with the building communications center, providing full information to the firefighter command center about the fire, the building, and personnel. Channel electron multipliers are used in a variety of applications including synchrotron research facilities. It is imperative that channel electron multiplier technology be improved for this type of application. Currently, the manufacturing process of channel multipliers is very inconsistent. When running an array of detectors each detector must act similarly. If the detectors are not matched then results may be skewed. During the shaping processes of the glass, contamination and surface imperfections can occur. Both causes inconsistency in the electrical characteristics of channel electron multipliers. In this project Detector Technology, Inc. will specifically concentrate on perfecting the manufacturing processes that contribute to inconsistencies. The resulting technology will provide a manufacturing process that will produce array detectors with matched electrical characteristics. Launch vehicles for the Space Based Infrared System will include Titan Launch vehicles and the Air Force Space Operations Vehicle(SOV). Composite structures on the SOV (the military version of NASA's Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) will be too large to cure inside existing autoclaves. Electron Beam processing is one of the most promising approaches for out-of-autoclave composite curing and bonding. Recent technology demonstration programs have shown potential cost savings and the ability to make large parts using EB curing at low temperature. However, additional development of EB-cured materials is required to meet RLV and SOV mechanical and thermal design specifications. Science Research Laboratory will work with the University of Dayton Research Institute to fabricate EB cured composites and to test the properties of these composites over a wide range of temperatures from 250øF to -423øF. These materials promise to meet or exceed the properties of Cytec Fiberite 977-2 (baseline for RLV cryotank composites) and to exceed the properties of the EB curable cationic epoxy currently used in the Lockheed Martin EB program. Electron beam curing and electron beam curable composites, adhesives and coatings have applications as reduced cost materials and processes for fabrication of large and small commercial and military aircraft structures, reusable launch vehicles, space operations vehicles, helicopters, cryotanks for liquid propellants, ground vehicle structures for military and civilian applications, in the fabrication of commercial automobiles and in the fabrication of composite shelters for military and humanitarian use. The total market is estimated to be at least $20M over the next five years. This Phase I SBIR proposal describes high dimensional data classificationalgorithm applicable to the problem of real-time intrusion detection. Ourapproach to this problem involves using generic, robust data classificationalgorithms for very large sets of high dimensional data vectors. Thealgorithm is based on three successful projects in data clustering carriedout in recent years by researchers at the University of Massachusett. Ourphase I goal is to test our clustering algorithms on ground truth data ina mutually blind fashion and to clarify the concept of similarity used inthe particular case of intrusion detection. The algorithms are developedindependently of the ground truth data and will be generically applicable. Applications of this technology include protecting government, military and private computer systems against unauthorized intrusion. Visual object recognition has been an active research topic for decades, but a robust solution to this difficult problem is yet to be identified. During this Phase I SBIR project, we propose to approach object recognition from a different point of view, by applying to it a technique that has worked very well for speech recognition, namely Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). HMM's success with speech recognition can be attributed to its flexibility and ability to solve two problems at once, namely segmentation and recognition. This is precisely the case with object recognition, as well. In the HMM based object recognition technique we propose, the hypotheses formation and verification steps of traditional object recognition architectures are thus merged without a mandate for a priori segmentation: HMM receives a set of image features in context, and in response, produces an "object word." The words may be connected to form sentences. Two or three dimensional "object sentences" may be synthesized from object words. Hierarchies of object primitives defined in this manner will further embellish the extent of the object description.During Phase I, we will design feature detection and analysis algorithms and define hierarchies of HMM topologies for object recognition. The work will also include an investigation of the impact of occlusion, lighting, and shadows on the proposed architecture. Object recognition, especially in real dynamic environments will be benefit many commercial and military applications. A specific application that analyzes existing video footage to label objects can create virtual representations of real world data and at the same time allow for searchable databases of visual information - much like text keyword search on the Internet. Fibre Channel(FC) is a high-bandwidth, high-performance network technology which is gaining market momentum in both commercial and military arenas. For routing topology flexibility, today's system area networks require switches. To date, however, the FC technology has not been developed to efficiently support real-time quality of service (i.e., guaranteed bandwidth and latency) in a switched environment. Such real-time quality of service is needed to meet future commercial and military requirements. In Phase 1, we determined that virtual circuits would meet our goal of developing a real-time FC switch. We further specified the architecture and protocol necessary to implement switch FC virtual circuits. For Phase 2, with a combination of FasTrack and SBIR funds, we propose to build a 4x4 prototype FC virtual circuitry real-time quality of service switch. The tasks will be comprised of completing the engineering and protocol design specifications, keeping the FasTrack-funded and SBIR-funded tasks synchronized, developing the prototype switch hardware and firmware components, integrating the prototype switch components, testing and debugging the prototype switch, and conducting a final demonstration of the prototype switch. The prototype will be designed such that it can be moved into an ASIC implementation during the post-Phase 2 activities. Fibre Channel was a $1+ billion industry in 1999. Estimates are that by 2010 Fibre Channel will be a $10-20 billion industry. Applications that can make use of a real-time quality of service switch include system/storage area networks, tape/disk jukeboxes, video broadcasters, videoconferencing, real-time systems(avionics, data acquisitions, etc.), e-commerce transactions, and interactive databases (airline/hotel/car reservations,. credit card processing, banking, etc.). Since commercial Fibre Channel switch companies do not currently support real-time quality of service switch include system/storage area networks, tape/disk jukeboxes, video broadcasters, videoconferencing, real-time systems (avionics, data acquisition, etc.), e-commerce transactions, and interactive databases (airline/hotel/car reservations,. credits card processing, banking, etc.). Since commercial Fibre Channel switch companies do not currently support real-time quality of service in their products, our switch's capabilities will meet future demanding commercial and military real-time network requirements. Mitigation of Single Event Upset (SEU) to electronic devices and components has traditionally been and expensive problem to overcome. Dramatic improvements in electronics technology have rendered many prior SEU solutions ineffective and have created the need for more advanced and innovative design tools. One of the more promising SEU solutions has been triple modular redundancy (TMR), where each processing and control circuit path is tripled and voted, such that when the outputs of the three circuit paths are not the same, assuming single failure, the odd circuit is disregarded. Through an algorithmic approach, the same results can be obtained with single circuits by reusing idle clock cycles. Such an approach is far more economical, and more reliable, became there is no need to triple the circuit. Except for a small increase in area and power, a radiation hardened circuit can be produced for the same cost, area and power as a non rad-hard commercial component. The feasibility of developing a tool named ART (Automatic Reconfiguration Tool) to create Virtual Redundancy in circuits was proven during Phase I, which included a demonstration at Space and Missile Defense Command in Huntsville, Alabama on September 12, 2000. Improve reliability and radiation tolerance of electronic devices efficiently through automated circuit reconfiguration in design phase. Specifically, the program will create a tool able to modify a completed design to add tolerance even to Single Event Upsets(SEU), the radiation effect which eludes most hardening techniques. The concept allows a completed design to be reconfigured with minimal added overhead to provide radiation tolerance and improved reliability through circuit design. A comprehensive rigorous unified physical formulation and accurate efficient robust computation technique are described for simulating complex compressible viscous reacting multiphases flow phenomena which can affect or control the performance or signature of a flight vehicle during al phases of operation. The method is designed to enable continuous seamless predictions for internal, external, and unbounded subsonic and supersonic flow regions (nozzle, plume, body, wake) from ground to space including turbulent, laminar, and noncontinuum regimes and transitiooons. The computations provide flow properties for evaluting engine propulsion/products, body aerodynamics/heating, plume/wake signature, etc. This unique fully-automated computation capability combines the efficiency of special-purpose tools such as the BMDO standard plume codes with the utility of more general tools such as commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes. Advanced enabling technologies include a automatically the local flow features and boundary conditions (surface or free) and is ideally suited for treating coupled nonequilbrium reactions and transport phenomena. Benefits to BMDO include enhanced capability, fidelity, and speed for flow computation to support target optical signature analysis and simulation with application to detecting, tracking, typing, targeting, and intelligence. Potential commercial applications include advanced computational fluid dynamics and imaging methodlogies with broad utility for investigating flow-dependent physical phenomena and related optical effects. EDAptive Computing, Inc. presents a solution to the problem of effective high-frequency, mixed-signal system design, using a hardware description language (HDL), under the subtopic of "Very high-level language (VHLL) design for development and testing extremely large systems." Through our RF Applications in VHDL-AMS Environments (RAVEN) approach, we can enable VHDL-AMS to simulate RF designs as well as merely low-frequency analog and digital designs. This will provide an order-of-magnitude improvement in RF sensor system design effectiveness, enabling more efficient and less costly development of the RF sensors which are so vital to missile defense systems. Our RAVEN program will apply the standard constructs of VHDL-AMS, embellished by supporting tools and applications, to the problem of simulating secondary RF effects such as coupling and interference. This will permit immediate use of VHDL-AMS for RF design, without the need for any language revision. Our Phase I Objectives are to (1) define requirements, (2) prepare a preliminary design, (3) develop and test an experimental prototype (using an actual RF receiver design and test results for comparison), and (4) assess commercialization potential. The results will be an experimentally-tested and analytically-quantified feasibility assessment, a working, demonstrable prototype, and a preliminary design to carry into Phase II. By enabling VHDL-AMS to function as an RF design tool, we open the potential for significant government and commercial sales. Military RF systems developers (RADARs, ESM receivers, warning receivers, etc.), and commercial RF product developers (CBs, wireless communications, cell phones, radio and television, etc.) will be our markets. By enabling HDL-based RF design and simulation, RAVEN will enjoy immediate market demand as an extension to already-popular VHDL/VHDL-AMS tools and design suites. Survivability countermeasures against nuclear, laser, EMI/EMP and radar/microwave radiation are needed, particularly with the strong dependence of US defense on more complex microcircuitries incorporated in the various military components. Furthermore, the increasing use of composites, which do not incorporate conductive elements, in electronic equipment, aerospace and other hardware requires radiation hardening. In the absence of inadequate hardening, failure of electronics could result due to, for example, changes in frequency characteristics of the various components such as capacitors, resistors and inductors. In this program, we will develop novel products that encompass several materials with different electromagnetic properties at the particle level, which can be easily processed in one layer into the desired shape. The materials will be engineered for specific applications with performance throughout a wide frequency range, in collaboration with our industrial and military partners. The Phase I program will address materials fabrication, processing and characterization. Our partner Lockheed Martin Skunkworks will perform absorption/reflection measurements. The Phase II program will be geared towards material optimization so that it meets the necessary electrical and mechanical requirements. The successful materials will be easily commercialized due to the existence of a wide market for their use through our commercial partners. Low cost, easily processable and multifunctional radiation hardening materials in one single layer, with high performance in a wide frequency range, will be beneficial for immunity in a large number of military and commercial components. Aeronautic, telecommunications, missiles and electronic equipment are examples of potential markets for the proposed technology. A comprehensive rigorous unified physical formulation and accurate efficient robust computation technique are described for simulating complex compressible viscous reacting multiphase flow phenomena which can affect or control the performance or signature of a flight vehicle during all phases of operation. The method enables continuous seamless predictions for internal, external and unbounded subsonic and supersonic flow regions (nozzle, plume, body, wake) from ground to space including turbulent, laminar, and noncontinuum regimes and transitions. The computations provide three-dimensional nonsteady flow properties for evaluating engine propulsion/products, body aerodynamics/heating, plume/wake signature, etc. This unique fully-automated computation capability combines the efficiency of special-purpose tools such as the BMDO standard plume codes with the utility of more general tools such as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes. Advanced enabling technologies include a finite-element flow-conformal computation grid which is coupled to the flow and determined simultaneously. The grid captures automatically the local flow features and boundary conditions (surface or free) and is ideally suited for treating coupled nonequilibrium reactions and transport phenomena. The proposed Phase I effort is intended to demonstrate the essential proof-of-concept and validation for each enabling technology as a basis for full implementation in Phase II. Benefits to BMDO include enhanced capability, fidelity, and speed for flow computations to support target optical signature analysis and simulation with application to detection, tracking, typing, targeting, and intelligence. Potential commercial applications include advanced computational fluid dynamics and imaging methodologies with broad utility for investigating flow-dependent physical phenomena and related optical effects. Survivability countermeasures against nuclear, EMI/EMP and radar/microwave radiation are needed, particularly with the strong dependence of US defense on more complex microcircuitries incorporated in the various military components. Furthermore, the increasing use of composites, which do not incorporate conductive elements, in electronic equipment, aerospace and other hardware requires radiation hardening. In the absence of inadequate hardening, failure of commercial and military electronics could result due to, for example, changes in frequency characteristics of the various components such as capacitors, resistors and inductors. Following a successful Phase I effort, we will develop in this Phase II program novel shielding materials that encompass several materials with different electromagnetic properties at the particle level, which can be easily process in one layer into the desired shape. The materials will be engineered for specific application in agreement with our industrial and military partners, and will have the capability of absorption and dissipation of electromagnetic radiation throughout a wide frequency range. Our efforts will be geared towards material optimization through extensive testing so that it meets requirements of potential end users. Scale up efforts towards commercialization of the products will also be undertaken in this program in collaboration with our commercial partners. Low cost, easily processable and multi-functional radiation hardening materials in one single layer, that are efficient in a wide range, will be beneficial to the shielding industry in a large number of military and commercial components. Aeronautic, telecommunications, surface-mount and electronic equipment are examples of potential markets for the proposed technology. VLSI systems implemented in VDSM technology are vulnerable to radiation effects such as neutron, total ionizing dose, transient dose, and Single Event Upsets (SEU). ASC proposes to develop an EDA tool for the reconfiguration and optimization of behavioral VHDL into RTL synthesizable code for radiation hardened designs. This will require an extension of the proven technology that was developed for reducing power in DSP in fixed architecture semiconductor circuits. Off-line testing and on-line fault-tolerance techniques will be applied to detect errors and correct them "on the fly." ASC will use XML information architecture and methods for these EDA tools. A comparative study of existing XML resources and methods will be conducted. The goal is to create and utilize spare capacity for error checking. The validation laboratory at Boeing will be used because this independent resource has the facilities and expertise to validate the functional performance of new Rad Hard designs that have been optimized by the new ASC Reconfiguration Tool. The ASC Reconfiguration Tool will equip designs for radiation tolerance by creating and utilizing spare capacity for error checking. Both military and commercial markets can benefit from radiation tolerance achieved through circuit design rather than expensive foundry qualification. Calculations of radar scattering, acoustic scattering, electromagnetic interference,high frequency circuit's properties, antenna patterns, etc. often strain or arebeyond the capabilities of even today's computers. Roughly half of the computerprograms used in these fields are based on integral equations, and result in a largefull matrix which must be stored and inverted. Wavelets can compress the matrix toreduce storage requirements. However, they are difficult to use for generalgeometries and at best require extensive rewiring of existing programs. An algorithmhas been discovered for taking the matrix from existing computer programs andtransforming it to reduce storage requirements by two orders of magnitude. This isdone one block of the matrix at a time, so all of the original matrix is never storedat once, resulting in a new matrix in a wavelet like basis. Our new algorithm allowsthis transformation to be computed from readily available information. Thetransformed matrix is sparse, and the locations of the non-zero elements allows arapid sparse inverse of the matrix to be calculated by well known methods. A solverbased on this algorithm will be tested as a way to speed up existing computerprograms. We have discovered an extremely efficient algorithm which allows the solution ofwave scattering problems in realistic times with very high accuracy on objectssignificantly larger in size than possible with currently available methods. Ouralgorithm can be implemented in existing computer programs with minor changes tointerface to our solver module, in a way transparent to the end user. There is noexpensive retraining of the user. The wave scattering problems to which our solvermodule applies include radar scattering, antenna design, circuit design, acousticswhether for undersea for medical ultrasound or for nondestructive testing, syntheticarray performance modeling, electromagnetic interference, etc. Our solver removesthe need to rewrite each computer program to improve its speed and memoryrequirements. This Phase II SBIR project will design and implement visual object recogniton modules based on Hidden Markov Models (HMM). HMM is a technique that has worked very well for speech recognition and genetic discovery. HMM's success with these problems can be attributed to its flexibility and ability to solve two problems at once, namely segmentation and recognition. This is precisely the case with visual object recognition, as well. In the HMM based object recognition technique demonstrated in Phase I portion of this project, the hypotheses formation and verification steps of traditional object recogniton architectures are merged without a mandate for a priori segmentation: HMM receives a seeet of image features in context, and in response, produces an "object word." The words may be connected to form sentences. Two or three-dimensional "object sentences" may be synthesized from object words. Hierarchies of object primitives defined in this manner further embellish the extent of the object description. Visual object recognition, especially in real dynamic environments will be of great benefit in many commercial and military applications. A specific application in the commercial domain is the audio visual speek recognition and enhancement system we will develop for automotive telematics and hand-held devices. Many additional uses grow out of this audio visual interface, such as user authentication, tracking and logging of access, and customization of user safety features, such as speed and other features of airbag deployment in vehicles. A military application to be demonstrated in Phase II is the automated analysis of video footage to label airborne objects and create their virtual representations. The basis of current optical computation involves nonlinear optical materials for optical switching, mass storage and other related functions. Current nonlinear optical (NLO) molecular materials, however, are relatively inefficient and subject to environmental and thermal degradation. Thus, new classes of highly efficient NLO materials are required in order to make feasible certain components of optical computation. In this application, recently discovered polyhedral-based NLO molecules are proposed as a new class of optical materials with potentially very high second-order response and significantly improved chemical and physical properties. These materials have several distinct advantages for NLO applications arising from their synthetic availability and accessibility, the diversity of available three-dimensional structures, the extreme chemical and thermal stability of the polyhedral units, the aromatic electronic nature of the polyhedra, their stability to photochemical and neutron irradiation, and the UV-visible and infra-red features of the polyhedral species. New NLO materials would find a significant number of direct commercial applications to areas such as frequency doubled lasers, video displays and optical computation-based markets. The ultimate goal of the proposed Phase I work is to demonstrate the feasibility of miniaturized compact 1.55 mm acousto-optic tunable filters (AOTF), and to establish the technical foundation for the fabrication of the tunable filter. This proposed innovative approach will permit the development of compact tunable filters capable of advanced performance for commercial and military applications. This tunable filter could be met by a WDM International Telecommunication Union (ITU) standard grid for channel spacing of 100 GHz, higher spectral resolution, a tuning range covering the entire EDFA, and a very fast response time. This filter also permits simultaneous and independent selection/routing of many wavelength channels, and is designed for multi-channel dense WDM filters/routers/switches or fast scans optical spectrum analyzers. This acousto-optic tunable filter will permit simultaneous and independent selection/routing of many wavelength channels, and is designed for multi-channel dense WDM filters/routers/switches or fast scans optical spectrum analyzers. The tunable filters can be applied to both circuit-switched networks, and to packet- and cell-switching networks. This proposal addresses the fabrication of a novel uncolled IR detector array having significant spectrum coverage, size, weight, speed , and cost advantages over the current ones. The innovation is based on the utilization of micromechanical-system (MEMS) of high figures of merits and Si monolithic integration compatibility. The proposed simple MEMS photon detector structure allows both electrical and optical read-out design. Optical read-out is an attractive alternative to uncooled IR imagers, which potentially eliminates the major drawback of electronic means that inevitably introduce additional thermal loss to the signal due to the contact made to the detector element. Based on a Phase I feasibility demonstration, we propose to further develop this new technology realizing commercial products. The proposed Phase II work is in collaboration with Rockwell Science Center, a leading IR imager producer, and with VC matching funding. Success in the Phase II effort will indentify a viable manufacturing route for advanced uncooled IR imaging array fabrication. These devices have a wide range of "dual use" applications, from various DoD's space-based applications to commercial applications of fire fighting, law enforcement, industrial control, and driver's aid. This Phase I SBIR project will develop an innovative new technology to enable the implementation of robust, high-performance adaptive beamforming wireless communications receivers using low-cost digital signal processing (DSP) hardware. Athena possesses an advanced DSP technology capable of performance levels well beyond those of conventional DSP technologies. This project will adapt well-known robust beamforming algorithms to enable their optimization within Athena's DSP technology. Beamforming algorithms have historically been developed in the context of general purpose computing environments featuring floating-point arithmetic. Athena's DSP technology is not suitable for general purpose computing and does not use floating-point arithmetic. Therefore, it will be necessary to carry out significant reorganization of the selected beamforming algorithms to implement them using Athena's DSP technology. The commercial value of the developed technology is substantial. Affordable beamforming antenna array processing could potentially be retrofitted onto any existing cellular communications system. The benefits of applying beamforming to a cellular communications system include increased performance and quality of service, increased handset to basestation range, and increased system capacity. The result would be lower cost and greater quality of service. Contamination due to incomplete combustion of effluents can cause a reduction inefficiency of spacecraft propulsion systems and instrumentation. For example,liquid droplets from spacecraft verniers can condense on surveillance sensors suchas infrared detectors, or reduce power generation of solar panels. While suchproblems have been addressed for large scale propulsion systems through extensivediagnostic analysis, the results cannot be extrapolated to small scale systems,because the physical principles involved cannot be applied to such small dimensions.Also, because of the large scale of diagnostic equipment, most propulsion system measurements have been ground-based. However, the extrapolation of these results toflight conditions remains uncertain.Rice Systems, Inc. propose to resolve many of these problems with the developmentof miniature nonintrusive optical diagnostic sensors for measuring the flowcharacteristics of microthrusters. These microdiagnostic sensors are based onmonolithic silicon optical bench technology, and can be made an integral part ofmicrothruster walls, providing real-time, in-situ measurements, even in flight.This project will result in the design of an integrated optics microsensor capableof nonintrusive monitoring of combustion exhaust parameters, to increase thrusterefficiency and control sensor contamination. The ultimate goal is the reduced costof miniature satellite propulsion systems used for surveillance, communications, andother applications. The development of surveillance and communications microsatellites would greatlybenefit from the development of the proposed microdiagnostic sensors, in terms ofreducing contamination, increasing efficiency, and ultimately lowing the cost ofproduction. An ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) with a discharge ionization source will be coupled to a gas chromatographic (GC) column for fast gas chromatograph analyses. Provide a fast GC/IMS capability with a selectivity better than GC or IMS alone. Molecular biology, particularly the identification of microorganisms by their nucleic acids, is becoming an essestial tool in biowarfare defense, clinical diagnostics, environmental characterization, and food safety testing. Nucleic acid identification has excellent potential for automated instrumentation that, due to the fundamental basis of DNA and RNA, will be more universally applicable than the species-specific customizations of cell culture and immunoassays. Therefore, we are developing a compact, rapid nucleic acid identification system for bacteria, rickettsiae and viruses. In Phase I, we successfully demonstrated feasibility by: 1) isolating ribosomal RNA (rRNA) from bacteria, 2) disrupting the bacteria with a novel, electromagnetic "blaster", 3) developing oligonucleotides for specific 16S rRNA fragments, and 4) detecting fluorescent oligonucleotides probes with a hand-sized optoelectronic fluorometer. RNA identification has multiple advantaes including intrinsic amplification from thousands of intracellular rRNA copies, and direct application to hazardous RNA viruses such as Ebola, HIV, Rubella, rabies, and polio. Our Phase I accomplishments demonstrated key components of the prototype instrument to be developed and delivered in Phase II. In contrast to alternative systems, the proposed approach is compact, robust, and converts collected samples to data in 15 minutes or less with potential for significantly shorter times. While nucleic acid identification of microorganisms is currently restricted to controlled, trained laboratories, the proposed system would allow routine and rapid field measurements. Specific applicatiions would include viral and bacterial identification in isolated geographic locations and medical field clinics. Food and water safety testing is another important potential application. Modern chemical-protective clothing must provide effective protection from chemical agents while avoiding undue thermal stress on the wearer under battlefield conditions. Currently, design of protective garments relies on slow and costly trial-and-error laboratory or field testing to assess performance. The proposed project will develop advanced computational models for a clothed human that will enable the military to develop new and improved protective clothing more rapidly and less expensively. The models utilize state-of-the-art computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software to model the transport and sorption of chemical agents and the heat transfer due to convection, diffusion, and phase change through the clothing layers. In Phase I, proof-of- principle models of a clothed human were developed and demonstrated. During Phase II, more detailed models for a clothed soldier will be developed and applied to specific clothing design issues. BENEFITS: The proposed models reduce the cost and time required to develop new protective garments while helping to improve their performance. These models have direct and immediate application in development of improved garments such as JPACE. Commercial applications include industrial protective garments and advanced outdoor clothing. Q-Peak, Inc. proposes to develop a broadly tunable, l0-W-average-power IR source suitable for use as a DIAL system transmitter and based on the combination of a Nd-doped pulsed pump laser and optical parametric oscillators (OPO) The laser source, a compact, diode-pumped, 5-10 kHz pulse-repetition-rate, Q-switched Nd:YLF laser, will pump a tandem OPO system consisting of an angle-tuned, 3-5 um KTA OPO, and a pump-tuned, 8-12 um CdSe QPO pumped by the KTA OPO idler. Diode-pumping and nonlinear conversion will substantially increase the efficiency of the proposed source whereas high pulse rates and fast wavelength switching will allow the possibility of reducing the data acquisition time. The Phase I effort will demonstrate a laboratory breadboard 2.5-5 W JR transmitter and develop a design for a higher-efficiency l0-W, 3-12 um tuning range IR-source. BENEFITS: Laser Source will enhance selectivity and sensitivity of chemical and biological agent identification in a low cost standoff detector. In the commercial sector the applications include wide-area pollution monitoring, process control and general scientific investigations. This SBIR proposes the development of a new hood material as an alternative to bromo-butyl rubber for an aircrew B respirator application. This new material provides for a significant improvement for dispersi on of water vapor and heat generated by the head. The new material r etains all the necessary material performance characteristics for Hea d-Eye-Respiratory (HER) protection. The feasibility of bonding this hood material to polycarbonate will be demonstrated. This prototype would represent achievable performance and producibility goals for in corporation into a aircrew respirator hood. Technologies will also b e researched for complimentary approaches to manage head heat transfe r for the combined respirator and flight helmet systems. DOD documen ted data will be used for threat information, aircraft platform IPE r equirements, shipboard operational and maintenance conditions, and CB design/material guidelines. Technical analysis and Phase I evaluatio ns will be accomplished for the new hood material. Current CBW protective flight handwear consists of three pairs of glo ves: an inner cotton liner glove for comfort and perspiration absorpt ion, a 7mil butyl rubber glove for agent protection and a nomex fligh t glove for fire protection. These three pairs of gloves when worn t ogether are very bulky and cumbersome making it very difficult to per form aircrew tasks that require high tactility, such as depressing sm all buttons and switches. The current Nomex glove is particularly bul ky due to the cut-and-sew technique used, which results in extra mate rial on every finger and in every crouch. Federal Fabrics - Fibers (F FF's) will evaluate the current state-of-the-art CB flight glove ense mble technology. Develop and recommend an integrated glove for use b y aircrew and submit material samples. A report shall be delivered t o NAWCADPAX on the recommended design concept. The first task of this project will be to test and evaluate the current CBW three glove syst em. Testing will encompass the areas of comfort and dexterity, chemi cal protection, insulating value and finally fire protective ability. The first task of this project will be to test and evaluate the curre nt CBW three glove system. Testing will encompass the areas of comfo rt and dexterity, chemical protection, insulating value and finally f ire protective ability. The second task is to produce a glove that p rovides equivalent or better protection than the current three glove system with improved comfort and dexterity. FFF will produce, test, a nd deliver both material samples as well as several pairs of gloves. FFF will make our internal test data available to NAWCADPX for compar ison with current system. In addition, FFF will deliver material sam ples and several pairs of gloves to the Navy so they can be evaluated and compared to the current three glove system at There is a critical need for the detection and identification of toxic industrial materials (TIM). This proposal concerns the development of an array-based chemical sensor that has a real time response, is highly sensitive and inexpensive, and requires a minimal attendance and maintenance. The array-based sensor will be composed of incrementally diverse conducting polymers. They are formed by a new lithographic fabrication method, and have unique advantages and detection capabilities compared to existing gas sensors. By controlling the properties of the Triton Systems Inc. proposes to develop a new generation of SAW sensor coatings for the detection of TIMs. The proposed innovation employs a convenient, highly-controlled, and reproducible method to deposit conductive and nonconductive substrate coatings on SAW sensors. Since the proposed coatings can be used to operate on different transduction modes, they exhibit a high level of chemical Independence leading to enhanced selectivity and sensitivity. In Phase I, both conducting and non-conducting coatings will be deposited on SAW crystals and their response to TIMs will be characterized. Systematic changes in coating properties will be examined in order to optimize their response characteristics. Since these coatings have high chemical flexibility, introduction of specific chemical functionalities to further increase their chemical diversity will also be attempted. In phase II, the most promising coatings identified in phase I will be used to construct and demonstrate a TIM sensor. We will also examine the viability of using these conductive coatings in chemiresistor sensors.The proposed family of coatings will expand the collection of chemically independent interfaces available for SAW sensors. When incorporated in electronic noses, the proposed SAW sensors will find commercial applications in the food, beverage, and cosmetic industries. These sensor are also well suited to environmental pollution monitoring and industrial process monitoring. The Chemical and Biological Defense (CBD) Agency needs a coating for MCU-2/P and MBU-19/P facemasks that provides 24 hours of protection against such chemical warfare agents as GD, HD, and VX. Such a barrier material is expected also to provide protection against many toxic industrial materials. The MCU-2/P and MBU-19/P masks are made from silicone rubber EPDM rubber, respectively. Both rubbers are flexible, so the desired barrier coating must exhibit comparable flexibility. The coating also must adhere to the mask while it is subjected to flexing and stretching over a range of temperatures between -48 and 49 oC. METSS proposes to develop at least one polymer-based coating that will provide the desired level of performance and protection for each mask. The approach is to identify candidate polymers from the general classes of barrier polymers discussed in the proposal, and to experimentally verify the performance of one or more barrier polymers or polymer composites that meet(s) the requirements set by the CBD Agency. METSS plans to use its extensive knowledge in CWA resistant materials to select and examine the performance of pure polymer coatings as well as polymers whose barrier performance has been enhanced by the addition of exfoliated nano-scale platelets.The benefits of improving the protective capabilities of the rubbers currently used in making facemasks will be considerable. Chemical warfare is insidious and deadly. All efforts to protect soldiers and civilians in targeted areas will result in the saving of lives and reduction in long-term, detrimental health effects. In addition, there are numerous commercial and industrial applications related to working with toxic chemicals where improved protective equipment can increase worker safety and health. Emergency response personnel also will benefit from improved personal protective equipment. The chemically resistant barrier materials developed in this program may even find use in the growing area of biological protective equipment. METSS has identified a potential commercial partner and a manufacturer of facemasks to assist in the commercialization of innovative coatings that are developed in this SBIR program Spray applied acrylic coatings are proposed as barrier materials for the Air Force MCU-2/P and MBU-19/P gas masks, to provide protection against a broad range of chemical warfare agent (CWA) threats. The MCU-2/P and MBU-19/P are fabricated from silicone and EPDM rubber, respectively. They afford exceptional comfort, durability and fit. However, these materials offer only limited protection against chemical threats. The acrylic-based coatings will address this shortcoming by providing continuous thin film barrier coverage of the rubbers. The coatings are formed by spraying of mixtures of commercially available monomers and then curing using ultraviolet initiators. The coating process will be both rapid and inexpensive. The versatility of the acrylic polymerization process will allow the coatings to be specifically tailored to optimize compatibility with the substrate rubbers, while maintaining high barrier properties. An investigation will be conducted to assess the viability of acrylate coatings as barriers for silicon and EPDM rubbers. Samples will be directly compared to standard fluoroelastomer coated materials. Coating adhesion, rubbery modulus, mechanical robustness and strength will be measured. Tests will also be conducted to determine the resistance of these barrier coatings when exposed to a wide range of solvents, chemicals and chemical warfare agents.Many of the hoses used in automotive or industrial applications are made of rubbery materials. These are often used to carry aggressive chemicals or are exposed to harsh chemical environments, which attack or otherwise decompose the rubber. Easily applied, elastomeric coatings would do much to prolong the life of these materials and might eliminate the use of more expensive rubbers in some applications, resulting in substantial cost savings. Almost all rubbers are subject to oxidation and ozone attack, which causes the rubber to crack and fail over time. A mechanically robust barrier coating might prolong the life of rubbers used in such demanding applications as vibration or shock mounts. The threat of military and terrorist deployment of chemical weapons has increased alarmingly in recent years. A universal decontamination system is required for safe and effective neutralization of standard and thickened chemical warfare agents (G, V, and H). The system must be non-toxic, non-corrosive, and non-hazardous to equipment and personnel. For effective implementation, the system must be stable, inexpensive, and easy to transport and deploy under field conditions. Current decontamination systems such as DS2 and supertropical bleach are toxic and corrosive. Physical Sciences, Inc. proposes to develop an inexpensive, stable, non-toxic, non-corrosive polymeric decontamination system for G, V, and H agents. The system will be formulated as a water-soluble dry powder to reduce logistical burdens. The system will be effective in either dry or aqueous (reconstituted) form, and will provide a colorimetric indication of the progress of the decontamination reaction. The system will be safe for use on a variety of material including medical decontamination of skin and wounds. In Phase I a prototype system will be formulated and used to demonstrate the rapid, effective decontamination of a material surface coated with standard and thickened agent simulants. A preliminary formulation of the Phase II decontamination system will be completed. The ability to detect minute quantities of toxic biological substances will provide the ability to quickly assess a situation so that an appropriate response to exposure can be orchestrated. Not only will the development of this technology be important in toxic agent warfare detection, the biological sensors would be pertinent in commercial applications such as process control and point-of-care diagnostics. Because rapid diagnosis of medical situations can result in better patient care, there is a great desire to have portable test facilities, bases on affinity sensing technology, that can produce analysis instantaneously. The main advantage of affinity sensors is that separation procedures are not required thereby providing results with specific binding of select target molecules. Devices can be small, rugged, and can demonstrate sensitivity levels equal to or greater than traditional instrumentation. Interest in these devices has grown steadily with the recent advent of inexpensive, mass-produced MEMS devices. More specifically, microcantilevers can now be produced to detect the presence of biological samples through changes in resonance frequency, deflection, amplitude, and Q-factor. F&S proposes to commercialize a microcantilever sensor that is capable of measuring intermolecular binding forces. Recent events in the Middle East have focused worldwide attention toward the escalating threat of chemical and biological warfare. Naval Aviators exposed to potential CBW threats need a means to rehydrate themselves in the cockpit. Numerous studies have shown that proper hydration is essential for maximum physical and mental performance. Texas Research Institute Austin, Inc. (TRI/Austin) will team with Trelleborg Viking, Inc. to produce the most CBW resistant water pouch ever devised. A two layer design will result in the best possible agent protection, durability, flexibility, and water potability. Candidate inner bladder materials and threaded penetrator materials will be tested, and the best materials will be selected for the design. The integrity of the mechanical seal between the outer CBW barrier material and the threaded penetrator will be evaluated, along with the integrity of the edge seals in the inner bladder material, using chemical agent simulants as the challenge media. Viral penetration tests and pressure tests will also be performed. The prototype pouch will be further tested against altitude change, temperature, and drop resistance. A draft specification will be prepared that will allow complete replication. A prototype CBW resistant water pouch will be delivered to the Navy. ChemMotif has developed several new colorimetric vapor sensors. These will be tested as end-of-service-life indicators for carbon-filter gas-masks in Chemical Biological Defense applications. Current geopolitical strategies require effective warfare countermeasures to protect U.S. forces against biological and chemical threats. Today's molecular biology and immunological detection technologies cannot be used to produce automated biodetectors useable in the battlefield. New, improved detection technologies are needed to minimize the impact of chemical and biological weapons on Army personnel and provide a means to construct automated biodetectors that can identify a very few particles of any hazardous agent, regardless of interferant background. The final objective of the work proposed is to develop a highly sensitive RNA probe methodology to identify pathogenic bacteria and viruses. The methodology will underlay the foundation of RNA based tests that will be easy to perform as a simple enzymatic reaction at 37 degrees C under isothermal conditions in a single test tube format and can identify less than 100 target molecules in a specimen. Because of its extreme simplicity, the test could ultimately be incorporated into a small, portable, personal deviceuseable in battlefield environments without special training. This technology goes beyond normal evolutionary development approaches because it breaks the existing paradigms of the diagnostic industry by demonstrating the technical feasibility of detecting a non-nucleic acid target using a nucleic acid detector system. Electrochemical systems are among the most promising candidates for the miniaturization of chemical and biological sensors due to their close association with today's advanced semiconductor technology. Further miniaturization of the electrochemical part is expected to enable on-chip integration of the sensors. The result will be a highly portable microanalytical sensor system with fast response time and high selectivity. It is proposed to use arrays of carbon nanofibers as ultimate nanosize electrodes. The fibers can be produced well aligned and with good mechanical strength on a variety of substrates. MER's experience in the fabrication and tailoring of carbon nanofibers will be utilized to produce nanofiber structures, which meet the requirements for nanoelectrode arrays. Existing electronic designs will be used to interface the microelectrode arrays and to obtain electrochemical data. Redox modifying compounds will be immobilized on the electrode surface to improve selectivity and sensitivity of the electrode arrays towards biological agents. BENEFITS: Besides an improvement of the safety of battlefield personnel, handheld biosensors with fast response time and good selectivity could be used in clinical health care applications, pharmaceutical production and in agricultural applications. These devices could also be used for the detection of chemical agents. CombiMatrix employs CMOS integrated circuitry to produce analog VLSI arrays of individually addressable electrodes. Existing electrode array chips will continue to be upgraded to make arrays of nanometer-scale ultramicroelectrodes. These chips will be used to develop multiplexed assays for chemical and biological agents, from small molecules such as saxitoxin to cells as salmonella. Assays to be developed will use highly sensitive immunochemical methods and electrochemical detection. The advantageous electrochemical properties of nanodes will be exploited to improve the limits of detection and speed of these biochip sensor devices. Furthermore, CombiMatrix hardware and manufacturing methods allow for multiplexing numerous assays on a single biochip. Multiplexed assays will be part of the final product. BENEFITS: This proposal will have direct application to development of portable environmental sensor devices, as well as biochip applications such as genomics, proteomics and drug discovery. Chemical weapons are highly lethal, inexpensive weapons of mass destruction. Present methods for detection of exposure to sulfur mustard are expensive and time-consuming. Accordingly, there is an urgent need for the development of rapid, simple, and reliable detection methods capable of monitoring of toxic compounds for clinical treatment and diagnosis after exposure to sulfur mustard. In phase I, we propose the syntheses of four analogs of bis ((2-acetylamino-2-carboxyethylthio) ethyl) sulfone and their conjugates with two carrier proteins (KLH and BSA) for production of antibodies and immunoassay development. Haptens will be coupled with carrier proteins through either the central sulfur atom or terminal amino group via a linker. BENEFITS: An immunoassay for rapid determination of exposure to sulfur mustard would contribute to improved diagnosis and treatment of individuals during military or terroristic acts. A hapten based upon the molecular structure of a metabolite of sulfur mustard (HD), namley bis(2-acetylamino-2-carboxyethylthio)ethyl) sulfoximine, (dimercapturate)2S(O)Nhwill be synthesized. This will be conjugated with proteins to yield the antigenic haptens (dimercapturate)2S(O)N-HSA,BSA and-PTG. Preliminary studies will be carried out using the know (CH3)2S(O)NH. A phosphorus atom marker unit will be covalently attached to each hapten protein conjugate and the hapten: protein ratio will be determined by 31p NMR. A hapten will be synthesized using the terminal carboxyl group of the same metabolic substrate as the site for conjugation to BSA. The antigenic haptens will be used for the production of monoclonal antibodies, which in tLLm will be applied to the development of a noninvasive immunodiagnostic test for exposure to sulfur mustard. Such a test device would be use fill for the detection of sulfur mustards used in chemical warfare agents in combat or by terrorists. Commercial applications would result from use of the detection device forensically by local, state and federal agencies. BENEFITS: Device for sulfur mustard(HD) fits a need for early detection of this chemical agent in the battlefield as well as in terrorist activities. This device would be acquired by local, state, and other government agencies. Foreign governments involved in combatting terrorism would be candidates for this method. This Phase I Proposal aims to maximize gene transfer by means of polymeric-based micellar and nanoparticulate delivery vehicles in order to elicit protective immunity against Brucella. In-vitro cell mediated cytotoxicity and in-vivo pathogen protection in a challenge test will be demonstrated. For Phase I Option we will further characterize the protective immunity by means of cellular and humoral responses and analyze the protective effect over an extended period of time. BENEFITS: Development of protective (and therapeutic) vaccine against Brucella as a commercial product MesoSystems Technology, Inc. and Battelle Memorial Institute propose to design, fabricate, and evaluate a miniature plasma reactor (MPR) system as an augmentation of the current gas mask filter. A laboratory prototype demonstration (Phase I) will be followed by the development and demonstration of a lightweight, partially ruggedized, fieldable unit (Phase II) which will be delivered to the millitary for further evaluation. The proposed technology effectively treats chemical and biological warfare (CBW) agents simultaneously. The preponderance of biosensors under development today rely on labeling reagents such as fluorescent, radioisotopic or enzymatic tags. As a result, the added complexity of these reagents and their incorporation into the detection system has resulted in designs that are difficult to implement or that require significant sample preparation steps before introduction into the detection instrument. While increasing signal, these labels also increase noise, can negatively impact on specificity and overall in the signal-to-noise ratio. In short, the need for reagents by current systems has created significant obstacles to fielding a truly portable, reliable and easy to use biosensor, i.e., one that can be used by the warfighter without significant training or preparation. To meet these needs, Agave BioSystems proposes to develop a truly labeless and reagentless biosensor based upon the optical diffraction of analyte bound to reflective silicon. Key to this effort is the innovative, proprietary microcontact printing technology of Agave BioSystems and its collaborator. This technology allows the precise placement of arrays of biological recognition molecules to form gratings which coupled with optical defraction allows the reagentless detection of multiple targets. InMat will develop multilayer chemical protective gloves (CPGs) that provide the function currently provided by several separate gloves. The key material in these gloves is aqueous nanocomposite elastomeric coatings specifically optimized for this application. The objective of this Phase I proposal is to develop novel decontaminating adsorbents based on Reactive Nanoparticle Technology to address chemical and biological threats. Nantek's reactive nanoparticles have demonstrated excellent results as reactive decontaminants for of both chemical and biological agents. Building on this research and success, Nantek proposes development and extensive evaluation of non-toxic nanoparticle formulations to be used to decontaminate personnel, cargo and airspace. A hand-portable prototype will be developed, various nanoparticle metal oxides and propellents will be evaluated as surface decontaminants against mimics of chemical and biological warfare agents. Thus, at the completion of Phase I, technical feasibility for the nanoscale metal-oxide based hand-portable waterless decontamination system for personnel, surfaces and airspace will be demonstrated.Successful completion of this research will lead to the development of emergency decontamination technologies to address contaminated airspace, personnel and surfaces for military and industrial applications. In a collaborative effort with one of the pre-eminent microwave chemistry research groups in this country, this project offers novel and simple approaches to kg-scale microwave remediation of three types of hazardous wastes: Chemical warfare (CW) agents; Biological warfare (BW) agents; and infectious medical waste. The unique microwave methodologies to be applied include: For CW agents, unique hydrolysis and heterogenous oxidation methodologies developed in our labs and demonstrated successfully with a variety of relevant organic substrates; for BW agents, unique remediation procedures demonstrated in our labs very recently for anthrax-like bacteria and related methodologies; for infectious medical waste, an array of a combination of methods demonstrated in our labs and more effective than extant shred-steam-and-microwave methods; and for all three waste types, an additional array methods selected from microwave-induced organic reaction enhancement (MORE) techniques pioneered and refined in our labs and especially apt for the targeted remediations. The Phase I work will demonstrate the viability of the techniques for each of the above three waste types, scale up to a medium (100 g) scale, and select the microwave configuration and equipment to be used for further studies. Wearable, passive detectors for toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) and chemical warfare agents (CWAs) will greatly improve the safety of military personnel operating in chemically-threatened environments. Cyrano Sciences, Inc. (CSI) uses polymer-composite sensor technology to construct sensor arrays, that are uniquely positioned to address applications, such as detector badges for TICs and CWAs, that require compact, light-weight, wearable, rugged, stable, low-cost, low-power, analyte-general detectors. CSI manufactures the Cyranose 320 (C320), a COTS handheld vapor identification system that consists of: a polymer-composite sensor array that returns a signature pattern for a given vapor; a pneumatic system; and pattern recognition algorithms to identify the vapor based on the array pattern. The C320 has been successfully tested as a detector for a small number of TICs and CWAs. In addition, CSI has developed wireless badge-type detectors without pneumatic systems for proprietary consumer applications that have stringent requirements for size, cost, power requirements and ruggedness. The proposed Phase I work will determine the feasibility that a badge detector using a polymer-composite sensor array can meet requirements for detection limit and accuracy of appropriate CWAs and TICs, and will also develop design requirements and a preliminary design for such a badge detector. This type of personnel monitor has readily extensible application in the emergency response market place and homeland defense. Further commercialization could result in monitors for widespread marketing to the general public. A suite of modular, rugged, easily deployable, field maintainable sensor pods capable of acquiring weather, chemical warfare agent, pollution, geographic and seismic data that can be tailored for multiple missions would provide essential battlefield intelligence. These sensor pods would auto-network together to relay spatially and temporally stamped data back to a central hub with little user set-up. The variably configured sensor pods could be rapidly deployed by hand or aircraft. Data from the system could be fed to modeling software to obtain source attribution and determine meteorological conditions without having to rely on outdated ground force or satellite information. The Department of Defense Chemical and Biological Defense Program has a need for a highly effective, relatively low cost, low human toxicity coating or surface treatment that can be applied to fabrics and other surfaces to render them self-decontaminating to chemical and biological warfare agents. ETEC has identified a novel chemistry that promises to be a highly effective self-regenerating decontaminating agent at room temperature. The chemistry can be applied as an active coating or as a modification to cellulosic fibers. The novel agent will fully neutralize both chemical and biological agents, and it will have very low toxicity to humans. The Phase I effort will demonstrate the feasibility of this agent through preparation of the new chemistry on cotton cloth and as a coating on a metal substrate, decontamination effectiveness testing, and cost estimation. The Phase I effort includes selecting the best embodiments, determining decontamination effectiveness using simulated contaminants, developing the bonding and coating chemistry, estimating cost, and reporting results. Phase I will determine the feasibility of the novel chemistry. The result of Phase II will be two products, a self-decontaminating fabric treatment and a durable self-decontaminating surface coating. The benefits of the products will be greater operations efficiency and lower cost, better availability and increased life of equipment and clothing during CBW scenarios, and greater personnel safety. Potential commercial applications are for faster, easier, and more effective decontamination of certain types of medical equipment (particularly emergency and field equipment), equipment for civilian emergency response personnel, and perhaps hazardous materials response equipment. The estimated market is $50 - 500 million per year. The current methodology for testing the penetration resistance of textile materials to various chemical agents has a number of drawbacks, including significant uncertainties in the resulting data, inefficiency and expense, risk to test personnel, and limited range of test conditions. The objective of the proposed work is to develop a new system for testing of these materials that remedies these problems by incorporating real-time sampling, automated sample changing and agent challenge, and precise control of test conditions. In Phase I, key aspects of the system design will be developed and demonstrated using simulants. During Phase II, the full system will be developed and tested using live agent. The proposed swatch test system will dramatically improve the accuracy and repeatability of penetration measurements as well as improve the throughput and range of test conditions and reduce the cost of the tests and personnel exposure to agents. It will provide immediate benefit to the large-scale testing laboratories that serve defense and homeland security needs as well as offer improvements for research and development into improved protective materials. The early genomic responses of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to in vitro infection with specific microbial pathogens will be assessed by DNA microarray technology. Host gene expression "signature" to microbial pathogen exposure and distinct host responses will be characterized. Detailed in vitro studies will permit forecasting/predicting expected early molecular markers of in vivo infection with biological warfare agents of high interest with regards to bioterrorism threats (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] Category A biological agents). Phase I will evaluate differential immune response of PBMCs to Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli and will validate in vitro studies by evaluating in vivo immune responses to Bacillus anthracis vaccinations and Escherichia coli urinary tract infections. Investigation of other pathogens to generate a comprehensive database of human genomic response to various types of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and viruses will be undertaken in Phase II in a larger group of subjects at multiple sampling times after infection. Our company goals and plans are to develop a biomedical sensor (or sensors), a field kit or other device for rapid detection of early differential immune responses (lymphokines, cytokines, or other serum markers) to specific microbial pathogens. Understanding the human genomic response to specific infections and identification of key molecular markers will allow rapid detection of human exposure to specific microbial pathogens and biological warefare agents to allow early intervention. These findings will enable development of biosensors to rapidly detect early human exposure to biological agents which will have tremendous utility both within the DOD and the private sector (both nationally and internationally). Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) offer a particularly insidious threat to both military and civilian populations. The U.S. DOD uses a series of tools at the troop level including individual detection, point detection, and standoff detection to warn of CWA attack. These technologies are prone to various problems, including scuffs, lack of selectivity, and lack of sensitivity to gas-phase CWAs. Of particular interest to the Army under this SBIR solicitation is a lightweight, wearable device for detecting and alerting the wearer of low-level exposure to Chemical Warfare Agents and high priority Toxic Industrial Compounds, TICs. The present obscurants used in the smoke are in the range of submicron to micron-size. Recent theoretical calculation suggests that the ideal obscurants will be conducting nanorods having diameter of 20 nm and length of 4 micron. Nano Interface Technology, Inc. (NITI) proposes to develop monodispersed metal-coated silica nanorods of above size using self-assembly technique. The core of silica nanorods will be developed by the self-assembly of lipids/phospholipids/surfactants. These lipids/phospholipids are obtained from biological system. The nanorods will be made conducting by the electroless coating of the metal. Using self-assembly technique, NITI has successfully synthesized core silica nanorods having diameter of 32nm and length in micron size and the preparation method can be reliably used for synthesizing larger quantities. The thin coating of metal will oxidize easily and the inner core of silica will be nontoxic. In the Phase I feasibility study, the company will synthesize various sizes of metal-coated nanorods (diameter = 20-40nm and length = 2-4 micron) and its physico-chemical properties will be characterized. The multi-spectral range of the smoke can be broadened by mixing nanorods having different aspect ratios and/or different types of metal coatings. We at NITI have worked out that the proposed obscurants will be highly economical because of its production via the self-assembly route. Father, owing to the use of the self-assembly route, the nanorods produced will be monodispersed with a yield as high as 95%. In the Phase II, the company will optimize the production process and nanorods will be produced in kilogram quantities. The packaging of nanorods in the tape form will be worked by an innovative approach as discussed in the proposal so as to enhance the efficient delivery of obscurants along with smoke. The proposed innovative self-assembly technique will significantly reduce the cost of obscurants and as predicted in the recent calculations, this technique will be most effective in threat reduction. Further, it will broaden the multi-spectral range, simplify storage, and transport. The potential benefits to the Army will be significant in saving life of force and reduction in the cost of smoke generation and dissemination. The other potential application of these nanorods will be as ultra-light, nano-structured ballistic materials. The present proposal describes strategies leading to the development of an array-based universal biosensor for detecting and differentiating microbial species, or differentiating at the DNA or RNA level between cell types of the same species. The proposed strategy relies on the differential hybridization of genomic DNA, extrachromosomal DNA, mRNA, or ribosomal RNA from different sources to a common, intelligently designed oligonucleotide probe set to produce a useful or diagnostic pattern or fingerprint. The rational design of the probe sets may be accomplished without a prior knowledge of specific sequence information, but will account for principles governing nucleic acid hybridization with regard to genome complexity and base content. Furthermore, the described approach allows for and, in fact, exploits deviations from predicted ideal hybridization behavior for individual probes. Interrogation of multiple species or sources of complex nucleic acid populations as systems using such common arrays allows for the design of universal-type biosensors or other bioanalytical devices without explicit prior knowledge of sequence content and without the use of cumbersome and, in some instances, unreliable bioinformatic tools for individual probe design. Successful implementation of the principles outlind in this proposal may lead to the development of an array-based universal biosensor for detecting and differentiating microbial species without explicit prior knowledge of sequence content and without the use of inefficent bioinformatic tools for individual probe design. This technology may enable many applications, including bio-defense, agricultural and food processing monitoring, and biomedical research and diagnostics. Ultimately, this approach may find other diverse applications, where complex and uncharacterized nucleic acid populations need a first tier, but sophisticated, approach toward a greater understanding of their systemic characteristics. While stand-off detection of chemical and biological warfare (CBW) agents is a critical component of CBW defense, the military has no established capability for stand-off detection of liquid agents on surfaces. Low vapor pressure chemical agents such as VX can persist on surfaces and pose a lethal contact hazard many days after they are dispersed. The technical innovations to be demonstrated in Phase I will be hardware and software to enable Physical Sciences Inc.'s Adaptive Infrared Imaging Spectroradiometer technology to detect liquid contamination on surfaces as well as chemical vapor plumes. In order to facilitate data analysis and software development, we will develop physics-based models to predict and account for the infrared spectra of liquid-contaminated surfaces. The hardware and software developed in Phase I will be refined and integrated with an AIRIS unit in Phase II to provide the Army with a prototype sensor capable of detecting both liquid and vapor phase chemical warfare agent. The proposed program will lead to a single sensor for performing sensitive, selective stand-off detection of both liquid AND vapor phase chemical warfare agents. AIRIS's imaging and adaptive spectral sampling capability will enable wide areas to be surveyed more rapidly than with conventional stand-off sensors, e.g., imaging and non-imaging FTIR and grating spectrometers. In addition to military applications, the proposed sensor will be useful for surface contamination/composition measurements in industrial environments as well as for screening of biological samples (biopsied tissue) for medical applications. A thermal infrared imaging spectrometer is proposed for the remote detection of surface contaminants. The instrument will use pulsing lasers to vaporize liquids The threat of terrorist or military attack using biological or chemical warfare agents is one of the largest concerns to U.S. military forces. Development of defense initiatives that can be implemented to decontaminate personnel, equipment and buildings are required to counter the effects of such an attack. A series of dendrimer-quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) biocides have been identified that demonstrate potent antimicrobial activity against bacteria. These materials are more than 100 times more effective at killing E.coli than a comparable amount of free QAC. It is anticipated that these materials will be able to decontaminate chemical agents also. We propose an innovative combination of machine learning techniques and pragmatics modeling in pursuit of high accuracy, domain- and language-independent First Story Detection. Our Topic-Oriented Pragmatics and Invariant Chaining (TOPIC) system will automatically construct topic category models that explicitly capture the pragmatics of how topic cohesion is maintained across the stories that constitute a news topic. These models will be used to generate predictions about the types of stories expected on diverse news channels, providing a hitherto untapped source of novelty discrimination. Central to our pragmatics-based approach is the idea that the invariant entities and events that constitute a topic are better determinants of topicality than full-text similarity measures. Our model-based techniques combine with statistical text-similarity algorithms to provide independent perspectives on story topicality. Committee-based methods arbitrate these multiple classification viewpoints. TOPIC also exploits redundancy in pragmatics expression across news channels and source languages. Phase I research and development of a proof-of-concept limited prototype will demonstrate the feasibility and utility of TOPIC's First Story Detection capability and will lay the groundwork for its Phase II implementation and eventual commercialization. Besides being an important tool for intelligence analysis, TOPIC would also prove useful in numerous commercial domains (e.g., competitive market analysis and epidemiology) where the identification and monitoring of topical news articles is a requirement. Another exciting application is in the creation of individually customized news reports. To reduce total life cycle costs of Army munitions, state-of-the-art health monitoring technologies are being applied in the diagnosis and prognosis of missile system health. Due to size and cost, MEMS technology has the potential to enable advanced health monitoring systems. However, energy storage is at a premium, and even though MEMS devices consume extremely small amounts of power, the power budget is still too tight to easily meet system requirements. Therefore, the use of no power sensors and limit detectors is potentially invaluable in the development of low-maintenance health monitoring. This proposed Phase I effort will determine the feasibility of a particular no-power transduction mechanism that can be applied to inertial, chemical, temperature, and humidity sensors. The approach can result in advanced functionality including device arrays, programmable limits, and settable latching modes. This first phase will develop simulations and perform proof-of-principle experiments to verify the approach. In addition, designs and process flows will be developed in anticipation of a Phase II award. Phase II will then prototype, package, and integrate a sensor array into a health monitoring system. The MEMS devices proposed in this effort have a number of military and commercial applications. As individual devices, they would find application as trigger sensors for packages in transport, food, and health monitoring systems for missiles, rotary- and fixed-wing aircraft, automobiles, and other high-value assets. When implemented as arrays, the devices could function as triggerable electronic noses and wide dynamic range discrete-value environmental sensors. Wireless communication systems are normally designed and optimized for line-of-sight propagation. In reality, however, the propagation scenario may be very complex involving a multitude of terrain features and obstacles, which generate multipath reflection, diffraction and scattering. An accurate evaluation of the communication channel performance would not be possible without a detailed knowledge of the physical features of the propagation medium. This Small Business Innovation Research project proposes a physics-based approach to channel propagation modeling. The input to the model is a database that includes topographical information, terrain features, natural and man-made scatterers, etc. A user friendly software environment will be developed to interface the physical database with an advanced ray tracing code enhanced with a comprehensive library of full-wave scattering and diffraction models. Special emphasis will be placed on polarization characteristics, fading statistics and spectral and temporal decorrelation of the channel. The proposed software package will be used for evaluation of channel performance and reliability in military mobile distributed networks as well as palnning of commercial communciation system. Rainbow Communications proposes to investigate a compact, high-output-power, cost efficient, light-emitting diodes (LED) based on III-V nitride materials, quantum-well, and a tapered-optical-amplifier structure for applications in pathogen eliminations, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. The LED will be capable of producing more than 50-mW output power in the UV and/or visible wavelength region. Several unique features distinguish it. First, Rainbow will monolithically integrate a light emitting waveguide, and a tapered optical amplifier into a INGaN/AlGaN quantum well substrate. Second, a tapered waveguide structure will increase the coupling efficiency between the LED section and the optical amplifier section, and improve the optical amplifier efficiency. Third, by providing different wavelengths and broad-beam characteristics, the LED source will be a superior method for wound healing and tissue regeneration comparing to traditional suturing or lasers. Forth, the LED source can be used to excite visible fluorescence from the light sensitive detergent, thus providing the residual distribution of pathogens. In Phase I, Rainbow will demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed Gallium Nitride (GaN) LED source for medical usage. In Phase II, a LED source based sensing, decontaminating, and regenerating system will be developed and demonstrated under in In response to DARPA's request for a new technology that provides: 1) rapid detection and elimination of pathogens in contaminated traumatic skin wounds (including thermal, radiation and chemical burns) and 2) accelerates wound healing in a sterile environment using light emitting diodes (LED), Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposes to develop a unique Photodynamic Decontamination and Biostimulation (PDB) system. The system is based on the topical application of lipid-coated microbubbles (LCM) enclosing Methylene blue as a photosensitizer and illumination of the wound with two NASA light-emitting diode (LED) arrays. One of the LED arrays is used for photosensitizer excitation and generation of antimicrobial reactive chemical species. The second array will produce a powerful biostimulating effect on wound healing. LCM formulation of the Methylene blue allows eradicating both extra-and intra-cellular pathogens. Decoloration of a small portion of the dye (released from the LCM during light irradiation) will indicate the presence of a pathogen and/or an active inflammation. The PDB system integrates three major components: an LCM generating subsystem, an LED array subsystem, and a transparent wound bandage. In Phase I, POC will demonstrate the PDB system's ability to eliminate pathogens and stimulate wound healing within vitro experiments. The successful completion of this project will result in a reliable, portable, and cost-efficient device using a novel technology for open wound decontamination and treatment, which's also suitable for a wide range of commercial applications, notably treatment of serious burns, crush injuries, traumatic ischemic wounds, radiation tissue damage, compromised skin grafts, and hospital infection. In the published scientific literature, various articles have described the process of "photobiostimulation". This process involves the irradiation of tissue with infrared light sources resulting in the improvement in such conditions as wounds and arthritis. Some authors have described the improved healing of wounds and arthritis not only at the irradiated sight but also on contralateral limbs. These findings suggest the presence of a humoral substance which may be formed as the result of tissue irradiation by infrared light. DARPA is seeking to develop an advanced omnidirectional beacon-eye for robotic applications. Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposes to develop a new compact Omnidirectional Robotic Beacon-eye (ORB) based on a solid panoramic head, which will transfer an input area of ñ7ø in elevation and 360ø horizontal to a conventional conical input field where it can be imaged to the receiver. In the reverse path, the receiving beacon-eye can be used as a beacon. The special orthogonal grooved structure can provide retroreflection of incoming beams. This allows members of the robotic team to use another robot for triangulation even if the other robot is disabled and without power. The proposed ORB offers several advantages including compact design involving eye, beacon and retroreflection in one device modular design easily mountable on the robot and low cost. In Phase I POC will design, fabricate and evaluate the prototype of the proposed ORB. In Phase II the beacon-eye will be integrated and tested in an actual multicommunication scheme. The proposed robotic beacon-eye can be used in the commercial sector in a variety of multicommunication schemes including security systems, law enforcement and many other current and future potential applications. Net Exchange proposes a Phase I DARPA SBIR study into the use of combinatorial information markets as decision support tools. The specific application studied will be the estimation of international military instability. The efficiency of U.S. troop deployment can be significantly improved if better estimates of international stability can be made. We will test whether information markets can do this. International stability, as well as many other military and commercial applications, involves the estimation of separate events that are, none the less, complexly inter-related. To provide probability estimates of interrelated events, an information market must be able to handle conditional probabilities. Simple information markets, exemplified by the Iowa Political Stock Exchange, do not and cannot deal with conditional probabilities. A combinatorial market can. In the case of an information market, this functionality is precisely what is needed to handle conditional probabilities among future events. The founders of Net Exchange, while still at Caltech, designed, built, and operated their first combinatorial market in 1992 to assist NASA in R&D resource allocation for its Cassini Saturn mission. The firm was spun out of Caltech in 1994 and has since been a pioneer in the development and commercial use of combinatorial markets. Information markets based on combinatorial processes offer promising solutions for problems and concerns within the DoD and the private sector. Within the DoD, information markets can augment the extensive wargaming activities undertaken by the various services and other DoD functions. In this role, the information market pools the opinions of a broad array of spectators and can be used to compare the actions taken by the wargame participants with the predictions formed from the aggregation of spectator opinions. An information market that can handle conditional probabilities among interrelated and contingent actions provides the level of detail needed in this sort of wargaming application - such functionality is exactly what combinatorial processes bring to an information market. Also within the DoD, but directly affecting actual military operations, is the potential to apply information markets to allocating operational resources. An operational extension of the international military instability application proposed in this proposal could be used to help direct the strategic positioning of resources. More sophisticated and dynamic combinatorial information markets could be used for increasingly fine tactical situations, including, in the extreme, battlefield management functions. Within the private sector, combinatorial information markets offer great potential for improving the management of certain key business processes. The management of a portfolio of internal research and development (R&D) efforts would be a high-valued and rather straightforward application of a combinatorial information market. As the critical information required to make the portfolio decisions is held by the researchers involved with each effort while the portfolio decisions must be made by levels of management above these researchers, an information market is motivated. Many industries have similar R&D structures and many business processes in addition to R&D can benefit from combinatorial information markets. This Phase I SBIR to DARPA brings together five remarkable elements relevant to elastic protein-based polymers for the development of diverse nanosensors: i. the incomparable protein compositional control of biology, ii. a consilient mechanism of energy conversion utilizing inverse temperature transitions capable of eighteen classes of pair-wise energy conversions, iii. polymers that develop the highest known acoustic absorption on undergoing the transition, iv. polymers with perfectly reversible elasticity for efficient mechanics-based transduction, and v. adding dynamic force spectroscopy capacity to atomic force microscopy for monitor the free energy transduction. Intelligence organizations want to know when an unprecedented event or new information is reported. While there is good technology for searching, tracking, and filtering on known topics, current methods do poorly at detecting something new. The chief mechanism of search and topic tracking, spotting important words, is innapropriate-new stories are not ones with no important words. Because the degree of difference of new and old is different for different topics, uniform thresholds for overlap, as used in current filtering technologies, are also inapproriate. DARPA recognizes the need to capture and transform human experience and, based on those experiences and incoming information, develop a schedule of actions to augment the cognitive abilities of humans. One reason for capturing human experience is to alleviate the increasing number of demands on the warfighter who has a limited cognitive capacity. Another reason for capturing human experience is to allow knowbots to perform the work of the warfighter on the battlefield. Biology provides a vast number of examples of nanostructures produced at a level of precision that is superior to those that we can produce in the laboratory. The diversity of naturally occurring S-layers suggests that the nature of these self-assembled structures is genetically controlled and can therefore be manipulated through recombinant processes. In this Phase I research plan, Agave BioSystems proposes to combine S-layers, a self-organizing component of bacterial cell walls, with newly described luminescent nanoparticles to generate novel structures containing regular arrays of photoactivatable fluorescent materials. This approach can yield complex optical nanostructures much faster and much cheaper than by other nanofabrication techniques. Of particular interest is the use of these optical nanoarrays for high-density data storage. Data storage using this technology would not only yield significantly greater capacity, but would also increase access speeds, improve reliability and reduce manufacturing costs. Revolutionary new electronic and optical devices could be made possible with the ability to reliably create large arrays of nanoparticulate systems. Possible applications include optical data storage devices, deep UV and x-ray diffraction devices and optical components, and novel biomedical fluorescent detection devices. Once the technology is fully developed, these nanostructures could have a significant impact on the multi-billion dollar computer, optoelectronics, and communications markets. An ultra-dense wavelength-division-multiplexed optical communications system is proposed which utilizes a patented technique for optical injection-locking of multiple laser diodes to an optical reference comb generated by a mode-locked laser. The injection-locked laser diodes form an ultra-dense array of transmitters that are individually modulated with independent data streams. Locking of laser diodes to a MLL comb with frequency spacing of 1 GHz was demonstrated under a previous DARPA contract. Novel detection schemes are proposed to be investigated for separating the channels at the receiver, as well as system performance issues.The proposed ultra-dense WDM system will enable very high aggregate data rates, while allowing each channel to run at data rates less than 1 GB/sec. In addition to the benefits of interfacing with low-cost, low-power CMOS circuitry, the proposed technique will permit ultra-long distance transmission at improved data transfer rates on installed legacy fiber/amplifier chains. A project to explore extending electronic prediction markets for use as a decision aid tool. Investigation focuses on issues of a military interest but has broader implications. Issues explored include methods to identify suitable issues, relevant events, screen events for suitability for electronic markets, identification of market participants, and identification of appropriate incentives. Related issues of legality, acceptance, regulatory restrictions, and adjunct decision making benefits are also explored. Test markets are designed and demonstrations planned. Improved accuracy of predictions resulting from aggregation of individual knowledgeable inputs, even when knowledge is of limited scope. Responsive nature of predictions offered to users with minimum intrusion on responding individuals. Anonymity and potential for personal reward provides envrionment for honest response. Methodology offers improvements over surveys. XCom Wireless is developing a novel packaged RF MEMS relay that can be incorporated into a wide variety of RF systems. The primary goal of this program is to develop these relays such that the relay actuator is encapsulated between an RF circuit and a protective package; the circuit and package are integral parts of the relay itself. The relay structure combines an RF circuit, actuator, control ASIC, and package coverplate in a way that promises the superior RF performance typically found only in fully integrated devices while retaining the manufacturing and design flexibility inherent to discrete components. The package provides electromagnetic interference shielding and a hermetic seal for complete environmental protection against humid or corrosive conditions. This novel XCom Wireless design promises military ruggedness combined with RF design flexibility for high performance integrated systems.Commercialization of the technology to be developed in the present SBIR proposal represents a fundamental component of the XCom Wireless business strategy. RF MEMS relays with environmentally secure packaging and low insertion loss are enabling elements for each XCom Wireless product, and sales revenue for all subsequent products may be attributed to the present initiative research. The estimated time to first product release is 18 months, with profitability possible in three years with sales estimates of 200,000 units at $10-30 each from defense industry customers. Production facilities require expansion by the end of the fifth year of operation to deliver high-volume products for consumer applications; this expansion is likely to require an initial public offering at that time. A strategy of continuous patent development is instrumental to XCom Wireless growth and strength in the RF community, with two or three patents expected to result from the Phase II effort of this proposal. This proposal seeks to conduct exploratory research to develop hybrid locomotion techniques that enable a wide range of traction capabilities at small scale to achieve the Compliant Surface Robotics (CSR) goals. The concepts we intend to examine extend current capabilities of wheeled vehicles into "morphable" articulated systems, with overdetermined legs, feet or other motive actuation and that can traverse otherwise impassable surfaces. The uniqueness of our proposal is our:- breadth of kinematic exploration of variable volume techniques- utilization of a MEMS-based, "from the ground up" custom design methodology(MEMS - Micro Electro Mechanical Systems)- utilization of electro active polymer technologies in several of our concepts to develop systems that transform between configurations to comply with the current surface terrain.Our goal is to build a system that is back packable (~5 kg) and supports two phases of operation by transforming from one kinematic configuration to the other, each tuned for the appropriate operational phase, which are:INITIAL PHASE (0 - 10+ miles range). Transit over hard pack ground to light gravel or dirt, desire higher speed transit (20+ kph), stealth of track left (if any) is not critical.FINAL PHASE (0 to several miles). Mission Configuration ("Loiter, Survey, Recon &/or Deliver Payload" , over mushy surfaces from sand, to light snow, at lower speed (0 to 10 kph, and the need to leave "no track" or a "bio-track" that does not appear man made, but appears animal like for the indigenous locale.small robots that are robust to ground surface terrain, including otherwise impassable terrain such as soft snow, deep mud, swamp land, will provide considerable enhancement to Search and Rescue efforts for many applications. Moreover, the development of MEMS integrated designs to support the goals herein will have a broad range of applicability in many aspects of commerce and industry. Current robotic platforms lack the versatility in mobility that is required to fulfill future semi-autonomous missions. Although many creative developments have been introduced that enable robots to mimic insects, crustaceans, reptiles, etc. in terms of locomotion, that work has largely focused on specialization rather than versatility. Missing is a means to incorporate multiple forms of complementary locomotion so that platforms can take advantage of each modality's strengths without suffering from their weaknesses. Creare proposes a traction management system (TMS) that uses a robot's suite of organic sensors to determine the optimal modality in real-time, autonomously, and on a continual basis. Creare's TMS enables a platform with multiple forms of locomotion to expand its range of autonomous mobility to the superset of the modalities involved. Phase I will develop the TMS and prove the feasibility of the concept with a hardware demonstration. Creare is well suited for this work; with considerable experience in hardware and software development, signal processing, robotic control systems, and extensive facilities.The proposed innovation greatly expands the autonomous mobility of robotic platforms through a system that provides an intelligent bridge between the platform's organic sensors and its multiple forms of locomotion. Higher autonomy provides reliability during periods of lost communications, and enables missions that demand stealthy maneuvers. Higher autonomy also permits a broader range of missions in which real-time human-assisted navigation and obstacle-avoidance cannot be provided; such as remote explorations, security inspections, search and rescue activities in rural and urban settings, the delivery of blasting explosives, etc. Furthermore, the automotive industry could benefit from the traction management system to optimize comfort and fuel efficiency while providing traction when needed. DARPA seeks innovative processes for fabricating novel composite materials exhibiting microwave properties superior to conventional ferrites in antenna or rectenna applications. At microwave frequencies (> 1 GHz), ferrites are used in microwave devices and media. Ferrites have been used in soft magnetic applications for five decades without major innovation despite significant power loss as the key factor limiting the miniaturization of magnetic devices. InframatO Corporation proposes to demonstrate the feasibility of exploiting novel soft magnetic nanocomposite materials for significantly improved performance in microwave applications. Insulator (SiO2 or polymer) coated Co nanoparticles will be chemically synthesized using Inframat's economically viable aqueous solution method. The synthesized metal/insulator nanocomposite will be consolidated into desired magnetic component shapes, tested, and compared with conventional ferrite materials in the microwave frequency range for performance. The design of the Co/SiO2 nanocomposite is based on exchange coupling, a quantum effect taking place between neighboring nanoparticles. The Co/SiO2 nanocomposite is expected to possess higher permeability, higher electrical resistivity, higher Curie temperature, and lower core loss than ferrite materials. This advancement can be useful in an entire series of magnetic nanomaterials, including Fe-, Fe-Ni-, or Fe-B-based magnet/insulator- nanocomposites, which is expected to have a major impact on the electronics industry.Commercial applications of the proposed technology include: microwave antenna or rectennas, high frequency electronic parts made by ferrites, such as inductors, chokes, sensors, core-shape transformers, ultra high radio frequency telecommunications, planar transformers, and hybrid circuits. Other applications include telecommunications, industrial electronics, computers, entertainment, automotive, and multimedia equipment. The purpose of the proposed DARPA SBIR program is to demonstrate the feasibility of forming artificial ferrite materials for next generation microwave frequency electromagnetic field control devices. NanoSonic, Virginia Tech and a major U.S. materials and instrumentation company would work cooperatively to investigate molecular-level self-assembly methods to form magnetic nanocomposite metamaterials compatible with microwave frequency waveguide and antenna structures. Such self-assembly processes allow the incorporation of multiple molecules into a unified multilayered or three-dimensionally structured material with macroscopic properties different from those of the individual initial molecular species. NanoSonic has demonstrated the ability to form such self-assembled nanocomposites and to control their optical, magnetic, electronic, mechanical and other macroscopic functional behaviors through design at the molecular level. In particular, we have demonstrated the ability to form magnetic nanocluster-based materials that exhibit giant magnetoresistance and control over permeability and magnetization properties. During the Phase I program we will study how such self-assembly processes may be extended to incorporate a wide range of molecules, determine design rules relating molecular and macroscopic magnetic properties, and form and evaluate initial prototype materials. This will allow us to design and fabricate specific artificial ferrite device components for evaluation for specific applications during Phase II.Metamaterials offer new opportunities for the design and implementation of electronic, optical, magnetic and other devices with functional properties not obtainable using native materials alone. Magnetic ferrite nanocomposite devices have immediate and widespread military and commercial applications in mobile and portable radio systems, antenna systems and microwave engineering devices, including isolators, rotators, circulators, phase shifters, mixers and parametric amplifiers. Thin film ferroelectric materials are being heavily studied for potential applications as electrically tunable microwave devices including resonators, filters, and phase shifters. Phase shifters play an essential role in phased array antennas, for example. As opposed to the conventional ferrite-based devices, which rely on magnetic fields to vary the magnetic permeability of the material, ferroelectric devices possess an electric permittivity (or, correspondingly, dielectric constant) that is varied by an applied electric field. Electrical rather than magnetic tunability allows more compact and power-efficient devices. Thin film ferroelectrics have further advantages over bulk ferroelectrics in that they operate at lower voltages. Work on ferroelectric materials for microwave applications has concentrated primarily on ceramics such as barium strontium titanate. In this Phase I SBIR project, Luna will develop a new class of materials for electrically tunable microwave device applications that are based on organic polymers rather than ceramic ferroelectric materials. These films are easily fabricated using the simple spin-coating technique. The advantages of polymers include low cost, good processability, low dielectric constant and loss tangent, and the versatility of a wide range of potential materials that can be optimized for a given device through organic synthesis.This technology would revolutionize the fabrication of microwave switching and phase shifting components by reducing size, cost and power requirements while improving performance compared to existing component technologies. Current technology for defense against coordinated computer system attacks is passive, trying to perform analyses on attack fragments with limited information. One major problem is that the relationship between fragments-for example, the relationship between a port scan and a later buffer overflow attack-is unknown. The defenders' lack of information about the overall structure of an attack hampers attack assessment and response. In this Phase I SBIR, we propose to create Active Smart Targets (ASTs), which feed "marked cards" to attackers during the reconnaissance phase of an attack. The marked cards serve both to identify later phases of the attack, regardless of how many IP addresses are used, and to influence the attacker's choice of target machines, possibly away from valuable resources. By identifying all IP addresses involved in an attack, the AST approach facilitates early warning, attack assessment, including attack redirection and countermeasures.The main benefits of this technology are twofold. First, when used in conjunction with existing security mechanisms, this can provide enhanced protection and earlier warning of vulnerable systems with lower false alarms than is currently possible. Second, attackers can be identified and redirected away from important systems. The main beneficiaries of this technology are sites with large installations of systems, which have a high risk of attack. Commercial applications of this are applications for administrators of such large systems to provide a higher level of protection. Modus Operandi and Professor Sushil Jajodia propose an innovative approach - called the Intrusion Isolation Virtual Network (IIVN) - that takes a pro-active defense posture to intercept, track, redirect, and respond to system intrusions. IIVN assists in gaining intelligence on the source, identity and goals of an intruder and provides an informative view of the intruder's actions. This information is used to formulate a set of responses and to recommend alternative courses of action to decision-makers. IIVN is a virtual space that represents a network topology, complete with various services that are commonly found in an information system environment. IIVN's virtual network is a single computer with multiple IP addresses, running virtual services that seem legitimate when viewed from the Internet. IIVN implements techniques to isolate and confine intruders and possible damage to the information system from an attack. However, instead of providing services that may/will have vulnerabilities, IIVN provides an emulation of systems and services by supplying request/response actions that take place in a real system and that would be expected by an intruder during an actual system intrusion. This allows tracking and possible identification of the attacker without exposure to the inherent vulnerabilities of actual system services.Vulnerabilities and intrusions into military systems have their counterparts in commercial and other government organizations. Intellectual property, trade secrets, monetary transactions, and the ability to do commerce are all at risk from cyber attacks. The IIVN system adds one more level of defense toward a comprehensive security solution. The IIVN system assists in tracking, identifying and prosecution of intruders, as well as, protecting information systems from damage using isolation and confinement techniques. All branches of the military, corporations that are vulnerable to industrial espionage, from the outside and from within, banking and financial institutions, and other entities identified in the report by the President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection can benefit from this technology. The Phase I effort will investigate the utilization of MachineLearning (ML) and Statistical techniques for active detection andintent inference of malicious insider activity. These data-driventechniques will be combined with domain knowledge at two levels. Atthe bottom level, the raw data of system calls and commands will becoded into a more semantically meaningful vocabulary. At the toplevel, domain knowledge will be used to set up a hierarchicalstructure for fusing the detection blocks, and for ranking thedetections according to lethality. ML and Statistical methods willenable the following capabilities: (1) Sensitivity to the temporalrelation among events; (2) Reasoning with intermediatedegrees-of-belief; (3) Adaptive Thresholding according to variationsin the environment; and (4) Optimal combination of multiple detectionsystems. Aprisma Management Technologies (manufacturer of SPECTRUM)will provide consulting in network management and network security,and access to real datasets. These datasets will be obtained on aresearch testbed combining SPECTRUM, and attending systems managementsoftware. Professor Wenke Lee from North Carolina State Universitywill provide consulting in machine learning and computer security. The best techniques will be further developed on Phase II, whereschemes for active monitoring and response will be designed andprototyped.The National Center for Computer Crime Data reports that maliciousactivities from Insiders is responsible for far more damage toInformation Systems than attacks from outside. Protectinginstitutional networks from malicious activity accounts for about 25billion US dollars each year. 95 percent of the DoD communicationspass through the National Information Infrastructure (NII) at somepoint. The proposed technology has the potential to provide the NIIwith a much needed capability for detecting malicious activity fromInsiders. Maliciously constructed boot firmware is a threat to our information infrastructure that has largely been ignored. Boot firmware controls the power-up procedure initializing a computer's hardware and loading its run-time system. This code, embedded in all third-party device drivers, can easily be corrupted and then exploited to undermine security engineering and enforcement implemented at the operating system, protocol, application, or enterprise levels. Authentication techniques (e.g., digital signatures) provide limited protection by ensuring the provenance of the firmware. Efficient Code Certification (ECC), the technique we propose, can establish the trustworthiness of code regardless of its origin. ECC guarantees certain dynamic safety properties of compiled code by performing efficient static checks. A single ECC module would verify the safety of all boot firmware (before it is run) every time a system is booted. It relies on a certifying compiler that produces particularly well-structured code, so that a verifier can perform the static checks. The user need only trust the verifier, a particularly simple program that can be persuasively validated by inspection. By applying ECC to boot firmware based on the widely used Open Firmware standard (IEEE-1275) we can provide an effective countermeasure to potentially devastating attacks.At the end of this project we will have a practical new technique for detecting malicious code in boot firmware. Our result, based on direct examination of the code for safety properties, will be complementary to existing and proposed schemes that employ digital signatures. Our technique is targeted at Open Firmware, which is an IEEE standard for boot firmware, and will be able to detect malicious fcode programs within such systems. The total integration of micro/nano-systems with several different technologies (such as chemistry, biology, fluidics, electronics, optics, mechanics, etc.) on the chip scale presents a daunting challenge for engineers and scientists. There are currently no computational modeling tools that can simulate fundamental experimental measurements and predict microsystem performance over a range of operating conditions. Intelligent Optical Systems, Inc., with its unique combination of skills in biolayer deposition, optical waveguide biosensor design, and high-accuracy modeling of the collection and propagation of optical energy in guided-wave systems, proposes to develop a highly innovative optical biochip microsystem computation model (MCM). The proposed optical biochip modeling system will provide a method for researchers to develop a quantitative understanding of the interaction between the guided light, optical waveguide cahnnels, and biological layers, will and also provide a tool for the routine analysis and design of integrated optic microsystems. The primary goals of this Phase I effort will be to obtain a quantitative characterization of 1) the integrated optic chip configuration, 2) the bio-molecular recognition process, and 3) the transduction of the molecular recognition signal into an optical signal.Integrated microsystems have become the new generation of bio-medical and military analytical devices. The proposed MCM technology will lead to the development of new sensing devices and applications. Significant potential markets include chemical and biological warfare agent detection, medical diagnostics, high throughput drug screening, environmental monitoring, chemical process control, and food process control. There is an urgent need for fast, man-portable point chemical and biological agent detection technologies for both civilian and military applications. Microsystems employing high volume air samplers integrated with microfluidics and highly specific detectors show great promise but many issues need to be resolved to develop this new lab-on-a-chip technologies. To facilitate the development process, MRC will develop a Web-based, expert-assisted graphical user interface called a "Virtual Instrument Development and Test Suite". This comprehensive software package will encompass fundamental sensor component physics and scaling laws, full sensor and sensor system modeling, functional requirements definition and CONOPS models. The finished product will be compatible with the Virtual Proving Ground. MRC will perform the project in collaboration with the New Jersey Institute of Technology and the City College of New York.The Phase I program will develop the prototype software with specific emphasis on dielectrophoresis separation of bioagents from natural species with Raman detection. Phase II will incorporate the full range of microsystem configurations from sample collection to detection and will include key supporting experimental measurements. At the end of the program, the completed software will be compiled on a CD-ROM and made available to technology developers and the Virtual Proving Ground.We anticipate a limited number of sales of the VIDTS software to biological and chemical agent technology developers. A broader market will result from the extension of this technology to other systems engineering applications. Visidyne proposes to address the design of a wideband, low noise photonic RF frontend to improve on the trade between a channel's signal-to-noise or capacity and its aggregate channel count. The underlying technology to do this is a photonic parametric amplifier, where an optical carrier is linearly deviated over a large phase angle with a modulation index approaching unity, and powered by a laser diode. In recent history, battle damage has tended to be large-scale, and battle damage assessment (BDA) from a distance has been effectively done through manual interpretation of imagery. However, modern smart munitions are designed to do surgical strikes on targets of military significance, and are not meant to do large-scale damage to surrounding areas. Thus the BDA problem has become more difficult. Battle damage assessment must now involve detection of very small physical changes in the target in question. Vexcel proposes here to explore advanced SAR signal processing techniques to this new BDA challenge. In particular, we will explore the application of coherent change detection, dynamic imaging and other advanced techniques. We expect to rank the potential of the techniques with regard to type of damage, extent of damage, and signal processing requirements. Furthermore, we will consider the existing SAR capabilities as well as offering insight into the value of future SAR architectures for the BDA problem. Vexcel will prototype the various algorithms and provide a summary of their performance using GFI data.The type of applications we are proposing to develop under this SBIR will be capable of measuring very small change in targets using SAR. There are a number of military and non-military applications to which this basic ability would be applicable. Some examples include remote monitoring of facilities and storage yards, as well as change detection in urban areas. These can be used for tax assessment, structural health assessment as well as automatic enumeration. Impact Technologies, in cooperation with the Penn State ARL, propose the development and validation of prognostic tools for predicting the remaining useful life of complex mechanical systems through fusion of stochastic physics-based failure mode models, relevant system or component level health monitoring data and inspection results. The proposed life determination and prediction strategies will be implemented within a probabilistic framework to directly identify confidence bounds associated with specific component life consumption. A major thrust for improving the accuracy of structural integrity predictions that is addressed in this proposal is related to minimizing the current level of uncertainty that exists in the critical parameters that drive specific component failure modes. The link between advanced health monitoring, feature extraction, inspection results and model-based prognostics is key to determining and reducing this uncertainty thus enabling effective risk-based maintenance practices, higher system availability and improved safety. With the ever-increasing demands on engine performance, emissions reduction and better fuel economy, reliable pressure transducers are needed for in situ aircraft turbine engines. To meet these needs, Orbital Research Inc. proposes an in-situ pressure transducer enabled via a thin film ternary shape memory alloy sensing element. The proposed sensing element theoretically outperforms the most promising SiC transducers by at least 800% at high temperatures (400-600øC). Conventional adaptive optics systems employed to compensate wavefront errors introduced by atmospheric index of refraction variations are limited to correcting relatively small turbulence errors due to the physical limitations of the corrective devices available. A high density deformable mirror actuator array using piezoelectric single crystal MPB PMN-PT would provide far greater stroke to correct large turbulence errors at high spatial frequencies. In addition, it would be applicable to error correction in a host of optical communities who have a direct and current need for such a device. The objective of this Phase I program is the development of MPB PMN-PT single crystal high density deformable mirror actuator array prototype to demonstrate higher authority actuation response, dimensional stability, and wavefront control.Higher Amplitude Error Correction in Satellite Surveillance Systems High performance fiberoptic switches are in critical demand for use in the ever-growing communication networks and modern defense systems. Fiberoptic switch is the key component to enable much simplified and higher performance Active Optical Networks, where optical signals/channels are dynamically switched, routed, reconfigured, multiplexed, protected and restored all in the optical layer, eliminating the current very expensive optical-to-electronic-to-optical conversions. Current fiberoptic switches do not simultaneously meet the requirements of high speed, low loss, high extinction ratio, and high reliability. The recent progress in single crystals of relaxor that exhibit extraordinary properties opened an unprecedented opportunity to realize state-of-the-art optical switch. Our unique design overcomes all the major drawbacks of competitive technologies. Such a device will drastically reduces network complexity leading to lower cost and high reliability. For defense applications, this switch is also a key enabling element for ultra-wideband optical signal processing applications, including programmable single mode fiber-optic switched delay lines, optical transversal filters for wideband true-time-delay elements, and optical filters for microwave electronic surveillance and radar phased-array antenna beam forming. The development of this advanced state-of-the-art switch will greatly increase the feasibility of these systems applications. A prototype switch will be demonstrated in the Phase I.Telecommunication is currently the fastest growing industry. The anticipated commercial communication switching market is very large with forecasted reaching billion dollars by year 2006 By exploiting the unique properties of single-crystal peizoceramic, STI will develop a new class of device for suppression of structural vibration. The proposed device, a frequency agile vibration absorber (FAVA), will be compact, robust, and demand minimal power for operation. Unlike today's adaptive absorbers the FAVA will tune over a wide range of frequencies and respond rapidly to controller command. The magnetic field distribution in a current carrying plasma, such as Z-pinch, can be used to infer the currents flowing in the pinch and to study physical process such as the Rayleigh-Taylor (R-T) instability during the implosion phase. The current commutation process is particularly difficult to measure in nested array loads and in concentric magnetic flux compression experiments. Faraday rotation techniques are too insensitive for measurements during the implosion phase. Similarly, the Zeeman splitting of spectrally resolved line profiles are difficult to infer when the Zeeman shift DlZ is much smaller then the absorption line width Dla. HY-Tech proposes to infer the Zeeman splitting from recorded spectra of the right and left circularly polarized s components. The spectra are recorded while viewing the plasma along the field direction using a polarimeter to spatially separate the two circular components at the input slit of the spectrometer. Radially or axially resolved spectra with a 1 mm resolution at 10 spatial locations will be used to study the R-T instability and current commutation during the implosion phase. Science based assessments of the response of systems and material to hostile nuclear environments require detailed verified material response and failure criteria for confident results. Consequently there is a need for the development of experimental techniques to measure low pressure equation of state parameters accurately and economically using radiation simulators. The development of a soft x-ray driven flyer plate (XFP) technique is proposed as the solution to this problem. Present reflex triode (RT) design performance is limited by debris shield response. The shield designs were derived empirically to satisfy specific experiment requirements. Optimizing the RT design will double target dose. Debris shield deformation defines the closest permissible location of the test object and therefore determines the maximum dose achievable. The deformation of the debris shield can be reduced without sacrificing transmitted fluence by (a) minimizing the debris shield stimulus and (b) by designing a low Z debris shield that minimizes the transient deformation. Ktech proposes to reduce converter and cathode foils impulse by optimizing the material selection, configuration and thickness. Hydrocode analysis will be used to model converter blow off and define the debris shield dynamic loads. Ktech has pioneered the development of thin, large area, high Z foils. Advanced low atomic number, composite honeycomb shield designs achieve a high effective bending modulus and therefore minimize deformation. This reflex triode optimization approach increases the useful output of existing pulsers without changing the pulsed power systems to provide a needed high fidelity simulator for the examination of thermomechanical response of weapon and delivery system components.Optimizing the reflex triode and debris shield design will achieve factors of 2 increase in dose allowing simulators to meet customer requirements. Debris shield technology has a myriad of applications including armor systems, blast resistant structures, automobile crash protection systems and personal safety devices. The team of Visidyne, Inc. and Mission Research Corporation proposes to develop a high-fidelity, real-time Nuclear Optical Dynamic Digital Image Generator (NODDIG) to support the development and testing of algorithms for the mitigation of optical clutter in nuclear environments. The NODDIG concept is a software/hardware digital scene generator. It will complement and support infrared sensors under test by DTRA's Nuclear Optical Dynamic Display System (NODDS). Presently available image generators are either too slow or afford incomplete models of the burst-disturbed backgrounds from high-altitude nuclear events (HANEs). The IRSim code, developed and maintained by Visidyne, is the DTRA standard for producing high-fidelity structured scenes and scene sequences. However, IRSim is several orders of magnitude too slow to be used in "real time" for hardware-in-the-loop sensor testing. Other, faster stochastic methods have been used to generate background clutter images, but they lack the fidelity and traceability inherent in DTRA's IRSim. In Phase I Visidyne demonstrated that nuclear background structure can be displayed on a PC at frame rates exceeding requirements using a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) 3-D graphics accelerator. In Phase II the Visidyne Team proposes to develop and demonstrate a novel, real-time nuclear digital image generator to complement the NODDS display system. The innovation consists in adapting the key algorithms from IRSim to be evaluated as instructions on a COTS 3-D graphics accelerator and in dividing the work across multiple processors. In the Phase I SBIR program OptiSwitch Technology Corporation (OTC) demonstrated that an advanced solid-state switch composed of a purely optically triggered switch and a purely electrically triggered switch can replace the rail gap switch in DTRA's Fast Marx Generator (FMG). Being solid-state it will have longer life, higher reliability, higher reprate and lower cost of ownership than the rail gap switch. The advanced switch utilizes a proprietary combination of a light activated switch and an advanced thyristor. To achieve superior switching performance the advanced thyristor incorporates a proprietary diffusion profile that can be constructed using standard integrated circuit processing techniques. This allows the thyristor to be fabricated at numerous foundries using reproducible processes and at a low cost. Arrays of these switches will be necessary for the higher power pulsed systems. Light triggering with its associated low jitter will simplify the triggering of these arrays. In the Phase II program OTC will conduct a credible scalable demonstration of the switch to verify the predicated performance. The Phase II program will be conducted in three independent phases each demonstrating one key aspect of the switching technology. The proposed project will design, demonstrate, and market a very deep submicron cell library and design system for radiation hardened ASICs and standard products. Specifically, we will develop a scaleable 0.18 m, hardened by design (HBD) cell library to support the radiation hardening of ASICs fabricated in commercial silicon foundries, but exhibiting total dose hardness in excess of 300 Krad(Si), single event effects immunity, and dose rate hardness in excess of 1x10^9 rad(Si)/s. The library will support synthesis of ASICs from VHDL or Verilog descriptions of the circuit function. Macrocell and megacell functions to be supported include boundary scan I/O, JTAG, LVDS I/O, ROM compiler, SRAM compiler, phase lock loops, and scan path cells. The performance and radiation hardness will be demonstrated by designing and fabricating a digital signal processor, which will also become an embeddable megacell in the library. Full Circle Research proposes a Phase II SBIR program to continue the development of a new technique for suppressing single event latchup (SEL) in COTS ICs. SEL suppression requires the use of wafer preparation technologies such as SOI, SOS, etc., of fabrication of ICs in an epitaxial layer of silicon on a wafer of heavily doped silicon. The latter is already widely used in commercial IC manufacture, and is much preferred over the former. For epitaxial processing to work, however, the layer must be thin, e.g. less than 6mm¹ thick in today's technologies and thinner still in future technologies. Often this is not the case. FCR's technique involves implanting a heavy ion from the back of the to within a few microns of the top surface. Back-surface implantation could occur at the wafer level, or after the chip is packaged, and thus would be non-intrusive, and would greatly facilitate upgrading COTS ICs to rad-tolerant (RT) chips. Using this technique, space system manufacturers could procure a wider range of part types from a wider range of suppliers, and make them immune to SEL. Space system manufacturers must be able to procure ICs that function in a space radiation environment. Non-intrusive process changes have already been identified that permit many ICs to satisfy space mission requirements for ionizing dose, but single event latchup continues to be a major limiter in attempts to use advanced ICs in space. An affordable method of suppressing SEL in ICs fabricated in commercial processes would dramatically advance the technology for producing radiation tolerant ICs, and permit the use of advanced COTS ICs in commercial and military systems concerned about SEL. A field-usable multi-analyte BW sensing system employing an integrated sample preconcentration stage is proposed. To enable operation in real-world environments, the system employs a particle filter and magnetic immunobeads to clean and concentrate the target analytes in the solution. A highly compact, imaging, optical arrangement subsequently monitors the sample fluid for a large number of analytes in parallel. By using a photo induced immobilization technique, a multitude of different antibodies is immobilized on the surface of a glass carrier, each type being located at a specific position on the chip. When sample fluid containing the analytes is flowed over the sensor surface, the top plane of the optical carrier chip is interrogated by an imaging ellipsometer to provide a spatially resolved measurement of the sample surface. This allows precise monitoring of binding events to the individual sensor fields. Use of semiconductor sources enables highly compact realization; employing several wavelengths further enhance the sensitivity. The imaging technique yields highly resolved information about the binding status of a vast number of different antibody fields without the need for labeling reagents. This system will be of high commercial interest for chemical and biological screening and for environmental monitoring applications. The proposed system is intended to serve as a compact, sensitive tool for analyzing environments on site for a large number of reagents. Combining sample pre-processing with the high sensitivity and labeless operation of multi-spectral ellipsometry methods and the fast readout of an extremely high number of parallel channels, this setup will find multiple commercial applications in drug screening, environmental monitoring, and DNA analysis applications. Physical Sciences Inc. proposes to develop and test a prototype low-cost, small-footprint system for sensitive, class-specific detection of target compounds (TCs) associated with the production and degradation of chemical warfare agents. The device will address critical DTRA needs in CWC treaty monitoring operations, particularly in pre-screening and location of samples containing TCs. The detection system will utilize a novel disposable sensor chip containing arrays of polymeric microsensors for key classes of TCs associated with G, V, and H agents. The Phase II sensor array will build upon the polymer technology successfully demonstrated in Phase I. The detection system will provide a rapid, real-time assessment of TC concentration and identity in solid and vapor samples containing multiple chemical species. The Phase II program will result in the implementation and field-testing of a field-capable TC detection system, and delivery of 10 systems to DTRA for further evaluation and testing. The effort will provide a small rugged device for rapidly assessing TC concentration in field environments. Commercial applications of the device include high-throughput screening of pharmaceutical candidates, personal protection, breath analysis for rapid medical diagnostics, regulatory compliance, and monitoring of hazardous waste sites during remediation efforts. This proposal addresses the need for a fast running, multi-purpose fire simulation computer code for Weapon System Safety Assessments (WSSAs), with direct applicability to the evaluation of threats to/from weapons of mass destruction (WMD). This proposal would extend the Isis-2D fire code to 3-dimensions while maintaining its "fast running" attributes essential to practical risk analysis. The proposed effort would also extend the code's existing flexibility to address issues related to hazards associated with WMD. In its present form as a 2-dimensional code, Isis-2D has limitation relative to accurately representing complex "real world" problems. Due to (a) the highly 3-dimensional nature of fires, (b) the 3-dimensional complexity of "real world" environments, and (c) the 3-dimensional interactions between the fires and the real world, the evaluation of "real world" fires requires a 3-dimensional mechanistic code. In addition, to support the scoping nature and thus the requirement for large number of risk-compatible evaluation, Isis also satisfies the necessary requirement of flexible modeling attributes and fast computational run times. The results from this research have several anticipated benefits to DTRA. First, a fast-running, 3-dimensional fire model would help reduce uncertainties and reliance on engineering judgment. Second, we have identified many conditions or phenomena where a 3-dimensional tool would provide a defensible method to reduce requirements for conservatism. The ultimate objective is to reduce the likelihood of needless recommendations for costly procedure or hardware changes. Finally, completion of such a tool will allow, with little additional effort, a general-purpose code for the analysis of fire challenges and subsequent behavior (e.g., transport, decomposition, inhalation, and deposition) of biological and chemical agents in weapons of mass destruction. The objective of this Small business Innovation Research Phase I project is to devise accurate techniques for predicting turbulent mixing with a view toward estimating the effectiveness of strategies for neutralizing bio/chem hazards. Recent, substantial progress by Krispin Technologies, Inc., in developing 3D vortex methods for turbulent flow simulation as part of a DOE supported SBIR Phase II project will be leveraged to yield immediate application to realistic hazard scenarios of interest to DTRA. Among these are scalar plumes emanating from multiple sites within confined or open air domains. The unique capabilities of vortex methods derive from the versatility of their grid-free character; their computational speed; and, their capacity to represent essential physical properties of turbulent flow. In particular, they are better positioned to model the essential effect of small scale vortices on scalar mixing than traditional grid-based closure and large eddy simulation techniques relying on unphysical diffusive models. The accuracy of the proposed methodology will be tested for scalar plumes in atmospheric flows under a variety of conditions as well as for turbulent jets. Subsequently, methods for quantifying mixing between species will be devised and then applied to problems for which scalars originate from separate sources. The proposed new technology is important to DTRA interests and is applicable to a broad range of DTRA and defense applications. It can be readily adapted for civilian use; it can be utilized for better analysis and control of numerous industrial activities, ranging from chemical to energy applications, natural and industrial pollution, and other health hazards. The dispersal of special nuclear material (SNM) from US nuclear weapons has been given high level attention from the executive and legislative branches of government since the early 1990s. The studies and assessments to date have focused on abnormal environments initiated by accidents during normal peacetime military operations. These studies have identified some abnormal environments in which disposal is likely to occur. These environments can be initiated by accident or intentionally by terrorists. Dispersal by intentional means is likely to have the same health and political consequences with respect to public consequences as dispersal by accidental means. Phase I research will develop a methodology to assess intentional actions such that the quantified risk of these actions is comparable with the risk quantified by accepted methods for accidents. The specific objectives are to assess the likelihood and effectiveness of a terrorist attack and support their integration into DTRA's Nuclear Weapon System Safety Assessment. The primary objective of this proposed research is to develop a new detector that uses the wavelet transform for accurate, reliable and automatic detection of secondary phases such as Pg, Lg, and pPn. We propose to extend the semi-automatic wavelet detector of Tibuleac and Herrin (1999) to an automatic, multi-component detector for use on both single-component array data as well as three-component seismic data. Additional research tasks include developing a rigorous statistical framework to evaluate the wavelet detector's performance on seismic data recorded in regions of high monitoring interest, where Pg and Lg propagation ranges from highly efficient to complete blockage. We will demonstrate that a wavelet detector offers significant improvement in secondary phase detection by comparing the method to traditional Fourier-based detectors. The final task will be to demonstrate the capability of wavelet detectors to detect and identify regional depth phases, primarily pPn, including a parallel comparison with Fourier-based depth phase detectors. Based upon the preliminary successes demonstrated by Tibuleac and Herrin (1999, 2001), we believe that arrival times determined from automated wavelet processing will produce a higher level of accuracy in the hypocentral estimates for small-to-intermediate magnitude seismic events than has previously been achieved. A major challenge for nuclear monitoring organizations is the detection, location, and identification of small seismic events at regional distances. In regions with relatively few seismic stations and small-to-intermediate magnitude events, traditional location methods cannot provide the location accuracy needed to satisfy existing operational monitoring requirements. Secondary phases, such as Pg, Lg, and pPn, must be considered to improve location accuracy. The development of an automated secondary phase detector that identifies reliable and consistent arrival times would greatly enhance the seismic event location capability of monitoring organizations. The method would provide the Air Force Technical Applications Center (AFTAC) and the Center for Monitoring Research (CMR) with a technique that would eliminate the well-known inconsistencies associated with human analyst picking of these important seismic phases. There is a pressing need for simplified, user friendly, field level data management and archival tools with which data providers can efficiently archive all forms of test information and which will result in increased utilization of DARE asset. SARA proposes enhancements to the Test Information Management Enhancement (TIME) and similar systems which will benefit both the data provider (DP) at weapons effects simulators, and the archivist, also known as the Data Engineer (DE), responsible for maintaining the data archive. Our enhancements are designed such that the DP will benefit by being provided with reusable web-based tools which simplify logging and tracking of data products during test operations. DARE users will benefit from the prospect of a substantial increase in simulator data becoming available on DARE; and the program which use ARES, PHETS, LB/TS, and NTS facilities will benefit by having secure access to data; and by the potential for a reduction in the number of data management products which DTRA/AO or other DTRA agencies must support. The immediate benefits of this effort are the rapid availability of simulator data to DARE, and improved management and access to photos, test documents, and numeric data for test scientists, engineers, and program managers at DTRA/AO. The long term benefits include acceleration of data loading into DARE, an increase in the number of DARE data providers, an expected resulting increase in the number of DARE users, and reductions in the cost of simulator data management. Power electronic devices based on gallium nitride (GaN) have a wide range of advantageous properties. However, to date, GaN-based electronics have been limited by substrate quality, size and cost. The two substrates that are used most widely are sapphire and silicon carbide (SiC). Sapphire is available in large diameters but has a large thermal coefficient of expansion (TCE) and lattice mis-match to GaN and a low thermal conductivity. This results in high defect levels and reduced device and circuit performance. SiC substrates have high thermal conductivity, but are extremely expensive and available only in small diameters. Also SiC is not lattice or TCE matched to GaN (the mis-matches are smaller than to sapphire however). This proposal describes a novel approach to eliminate these defects, and make highly conductive GaN wafers of large diameter at commercially acceptable cost that are TCE matched to the device layers and provide high thermal conductivity. These substrates will be used for the development and commercialization of GaN-based Schottky diodes. A key application is to replace silicon PIN diodes; in this case GaN Schottky diodes will match the breakdown voltages but provide much higher switching speeds and lower losses. This development will result is a process to make high power GaN Schottky diodes on large area substrates with improved characteristics at a low cost, permitting widespread use of these devices in both Government and commercial applications. M.F.S. units can be used in many Military Aerospace applications such as for Airborne Laser (ABL), Launch Vehicles and Spacecraft (Space Based Infrared). Implementation of this project can result in lower mass and volume. Typical savings can be as high as 70 % depending upon application. It can also result in higher reliability due to reduction of human labor during assembly / testing operations. Enhanced testability is another strong point due to the ability to have redundant test nodes on M.F.S. CBL Technologies and Stanford University propose a VPE growth process and novel GaN epilayer design for electronic/optoelectronic applications. In our low-cost, high-efficiency growth technique, thick GaN and related compounds can be deposited on a variety of substrates. Sequentially, but with altered growth parameters, the process also allows for device quality layers. Typically in other materials systems extremely thick buffer layers provide limited benefits; however, here thick buffer layers of various structures may provide significant electrical contact layers, thermal heat sinking, structural layers for lift-off processes, and improved crystal quality. We believe such a system has a wide range of applications from low-cost light-emitting diodes to solar-blind detectors and high temperature, radiation hard devices. InP-based devices have applications encompassing the entire communication technology including wireless and fiber-optic telecommunications. It is especially suitable for very high frequency (up to 200GHz) operation. Therefore they are increasingly a critical component in all military missions. Their manufacturing costs are high in large part due the high cost of InP substrates, and their much smaller size compared to that of Si. Device throughput per wafer is proportional to the square of wafer diameter, so to gain economy of scale larger wafer size is much more favorable. Furthermore, system performance may benefit from integration of the compound semiconductor devices directly on silicon. We propose an investigation of growing InP on silicon wafers which, when scaled up, could lead to 300 mm wafers for device fabrication. The robustness of the Si substrate will also lower processing costs. Such Si-based wafer platform could make the manufacturing significantly less expensive, and provide advanced architecture for integration of opto- and micro-electronics to silicon-circuits. Larger substrates will produce significantly less expensive devices for optical and microwave communication, automotive electronics, medical equipment, and consumer electronics. The objective of this proposal is to demonstrate the feasibility of large-area aluminum nitride (AlN) wafers for III-nitride substrate applications. The growth strategy consists of growing single crystalline AlN on adequately prepared SiC templates using a sublimation process. We propose to employ a multi-step deposition process to (1) avoid SiC decomposition, (2) prepare the SiC seed surface for AlN growth, and (3) to greatly reduce stress in the overgrown, single crystalline AlN. The use of SiC templates is appealing due to the ability of instantly producing large area growth. In this project, the feasibility of the proposed growth process will be explored on 1" 6H-SiC wafers. The proposed growth strategy will demonstrate the growth of large-area, single crystalline AlN crystals using specially prepared SiC wafers as seeds. The availability of large-size 6H-SiC wafers will enable and expedite future upscaling efforts. AlN wafers that will be fabricated eventually from the grown crystals will find an immediate application as lattice-matched substrates for high-quality epitaxy of III-nitrides and will enable the fabrication of superior quality AlGaN electronic and optoelectronic devices, including blue and ultraviolet solid state laser diodes, high-power and high-frequency transistors, solar-blind UV detectors and surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices. Since the epitaxial processes and a variety of III-nitride device structures have been developed during the past ten years on less favorable substrates with large lattice mismatch, the penetration of these new AlN wafers into the market place can occur without delay and to the immediate benefit of device performance. This effort will develop a novel flexible space system simulation architecture for predicting the on-orbit performance of large aperture space systems such as those envisioned for Space-Based Laser and other MDA/DoD applications. The principal objective of this proposal is to develop an architecture for a single unified simulation capability that encompasses all of the effects needed to accurately predict and subsequently control the complex dynamics of future lightweight flexible space systems. Specifically, this architecture will include orbital dynamics and perturbations, attitude dynamics, flexible body dynamics, formation control, and other effects to produce a physics based visualization tool for assessing the behavior of these systems. This effort will provide an improved capability for modeling and simulating the performance of flexible spacecraft and other complex systems (e.g. robotics). Benefits include: higher fidelity models, decreased design time, and visualization tools for understanding the complex dynamical behavior of these systems. We propose to develop a very long wave infrared (VLWIR) FPA (focal plane array) for missile seeker and space surveillance applications, for which the LWIR region is very important. It consists of a 2-D array of micromachined micro Fabry-Perot interferometers (FPIs), each of which contains a micro airgap cavity formed by two partially-reflecting mirrors, enclosing a micro-volume of air, and a photvoltaic detector sensitive to visible radiation. One of these mirrors is attached to a movable membrane that forms one wall of the cavity. When VLWIR radiation falls on the cavity, the movable mirror moves relative to the non-movable mirror due to the heating of the air by the incident VLWIR. This movement causes an interference of the visible light beam allowed to incident the cavity, and the inteference amplitude proportional to the heating of the cavity is detected by the visble photovoltaic detector attached to the non-movable mirror. Thus, the photovoltaic detector is highly sensitive to the VLWIR radiation falling on the cavity. The proposed FPA is essentially an array of visible detectors operated at room temperature and fabricated with the 0.25-micron CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) process. Its high VLWIR sensitivity is due to the interference effect caused by heating of the micro-volume of air in the cavity. Its fabrication involves the CMOS as well as the MEMS (micro electro-optical mechanical system) process technologies. Phase 1 will define the FPA system requirements, design the FPA system structure and delineate the fabrication processes. Phase 2 will fabricate the FPA using foundries and integrate and test a beadboard FPA system. Missile tracking, weapon systems, medical imaging and gas sensing Recent advances in SiC power semiconductor devices offer opportunities for developing smaller, lighter, and more efficient power converters because of the superior switching characteristics of these wide band-gap devices and their ability to function at high temperatures. However, the state-of-the-art packaging technology based on wire-bonding and solder reflow presents a technical challenge for realizing the full advantages of these devices in a power converter circuit. This Phase I STTR program proposes to develop an innovative nanomaterials technology for packaging these power devices by investigating the use of free-standing nanometal cluster-filled thin films fabricated by a novel ionic self-assembly monolayer (ISAM) process. Since the driving force for densification of a powder compact increases with decreasing particle size, it is theoretically achievable to densify a nanocluster film at low temperatures. Our joint team between Luna Innovations and Virginia Tech consists of researchers with extensive expertise in ISAM process, materials characterization, packaging and assembly, and testing of power devices. Successful completion of this program will provide packaging solutions that fill the gap in the technological development of wide-band gap semiconductor devices for power electronics applications and significantly impact the future growth of the trillion-dollar electronics industry. Successful completion of the proposed project will lead to the development of a novel nanomaterials-based processing technology for high-temperature power semiconductor devices. The technology will enable the military to build more powerful electronic equipments capable of operating at harsh conditions. The technology has a very broad application in any commercial sectors that involve electronic devices, especially in automobile industries. True time delay (TTD) is essential for optically coupled phased array radars. How to implement the phased array is not so clear since a complete manifold of delays for transmit and delays must be implemented without introducing glitches associated with switching. In a continuous transmit and receive mode, it is difficult to interrupt the operation to implement a new TTD delay combination in a noiseless way. However, TTD could be used more directly to eliminate spurious signals such as cancellation of transmitted signals on a separate nearby receiving antenna. In such a case, the TTD delay is fixed. By implementing an adjustable signal gain, with 180,a of phase shift, the delay can be used for cancellation of excess transmitter signal. We introduce an optoelectronic technology in the form of integrated circuits to implement the TTD. The technology provides lasers (at 980nm, 1300nm or 1550nm), directional coupler switches interconnected by passive waveguides, HFET logic and detectors all in GaAs based epitaxy. A single integrated circuit combined with a fiber delay line and a duplicate transmitter on the receive circuit offers a rugged , low power, light weight transmitter canceller. In this STTR, we will develop the integrated components to realize TTD. Successful development of this technology will provide high speed optical delay lines and will enable linear arrays of vertical cavity lasers to be coupled to fibers with controlled rf optical frequencies as required for many potential applications including photonic phase shifters, optoelectronic oscillators and optical beam forming networks. The components also enable interconnect technology required for many commercial applications including multi-gigabit networks, distributed computing architectures and high quality real-time multi-media distribution. An uncooled long wave infrared (LWIR) focal plane array (FPA) is proposed. It is fabricated with ultra-sensitive micro bolometers, micromachined entirely out of silicon using the MEMS (micro electro-optical mechanical system) technology. It consists of a 256x256 array of micro bolometers, each micromachined in a special form to possess an extremely high temperature-resistance coefficient for a detectivity of about an order of magnitude higher than that of the state-of-the-art bolometers. Integrated with on-chip readout and control electronics, the FPA is capable of a thermal imaging sensitivity of 0.001 K, ideal for space interceptor and missile seeker applications, for which compactness and uncooled operation are premium requirements. Phase 1 will define the FPA requirements, design the FPA and delineate its fabrication processes. Phase will fabricate, integrate and test a breadboard FPA with supporting electronics and optics. Interceptors and seekers, medical imaging and gas sensing Electro-optical modulators and switches are needed for increased speed, capacity and flexibility of modern optical communications systems. The designs for these devices exist, as do materials with suitable electro optical properties, such as LiNbO3. However, their potential has not been realized, due to the limitations of diffused structures in bulk LiNbO3 crystals. Recently, our STTR partner at The University of Wisconsin - Madison (UWM) have demonstrated that high quality epitaxial LiNbO3 thin films can be produced by MOCVD. The UWM team has also invented a simple process for defining patterned structures from these films. This technology opens the way for a new class of electro-optical devices, including compact high-speed modulators and optical switches. The goal of this Phase II STTR is to develop a portable multi-spot beam steering system and demonstrate it to potentially interested companies and agencies. The demonstration activities will serve to identify ways that the product can be applied, suggest ways that the hardware and software comprising the system can be improved, and customize the product for specific military and biomedical applications including multi-target laser designation and tracking systems (specifically the DARPA STAB project), and multiple trap laser tweezer systems (specifically in collaboration with the laser tweezer company Cell Robotics.) The development of this portable breadboard and its ability to be customized is critical to convincing system developers, engineers and investors in various business sectors of the feasibility of the system to their specific applications. Though during the Phase I STTR we did demonstrate the feasibility of real-time multi-spot beam steering through a variety of laboratory experiments, extensive hardware and software development is required during Phase II to permit potential customers to focus on evaluating the system for their specific applications. The Phase II breadboard will serve to expedite evaluation by interested parties and further it will help in the identification of many new ways that parallel and independently steered laser beams can be applied. Spot generation for directing light to disparate destinations is needed for dynamic optical interconnects. Controlling focal plane distance which is one of the proposed tasks could be useful for non-mechanically addressing multi-layer optical disks. Wave front correction, for astronomy as well as medical and industrial environments is another potential beneficiary of the proposed technology. Additional possible applications range from laser marking for large scale manufacturing to laser tweezers for bioresearch and medical testing. Organic field effect transistors (OFETs) are gaining rapid attention for their vast technical and commercial potential. Their low cost, low-temperature processing, and compatibility with flexible substrates are key attributes and are especially suitable for large format electronics manufacturing. Although organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) are already in production for displays in cell phones and PDA's, the electrical properties of these organic compounds have not been as well exploited due to technical difficulties. By developing the OFET one can envision the enabling of large area display drivers (together with organic light emitters), electronic circuits on smart cards, and many other commercial and military applications. Here we propose vacuum processing which is more difficult than wet chemistry processes such as spin coating, but allows better control on device structure and interface properties to address the material challenges. In Phase-I, we propose a combination of device modeling and process development for tight control of the process parameters, leading to a better understanding of the material deposition and device performance. Low cost production will be investigated in the follow-on phase. Once the process is developed the OFETs can be scaled up for manufacturing using existing OLED production tools. Organic electronics is an enabling technology for large format displays on flexible substrates and smart cards. It would benefit consumer products from wearable personal computers to secured electronics commerce. The multi-channel, wide-band phased array antenna systems operating at a number of high microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies without the need for switching or reconfiguration are desirable for high volume data transfer in a timely manner. A number of multi-band phased array antennas in a network (on the air platform) will allow instantaneous communication link with the ground stations and with the other airborne systems. The conventional design approaches to phased array antenna generally result in very complex, expensive, narrow-band and less efficient systems because of high RF loss in the diplexer circuits needed at the antenna to isolate the transmit and receive frequencies. This proposal circumvents the problem by an innovative design approach in which the necessary isolation between the-transmit and receive frequencies is achieved partially by the field orientation between the-transmit and receive signals and partially by the low loss filters. The new approach will result in low loss diplexer design thus providing more efficient antenna system design in terms of high EIRP and low receiver noise figure. The system noise figure is expected to be 2 to 4 dB lower than the conventional design at (Ka-band). Low cost beam scan techniques are also described. Such multi-band phased array antenna design will significantly enhance the system flexibility for air platforms. The proposed research will have a far-reaching impact on future high data rate communication systems, cross link communication between the airborne systems, surveillance, planar active arrays, and sensors. The Missile Defense Agency (MDA) has future missions that require space-based surveillance and interceptor platforms to support the National Missile Defense effort. Rapid, affordable deployment and validation of these platforms is a necessary step toward operational architectures. However this will require lightweight, low-cost solutions to providing power generation and storage on-board these satellites. Ever-increasing power needs for the surveillance and tracking sensors proposed for space-based missile defense platforms are driving the solar energy collection systems to sizes that require large and expensive launch vehicles. Mass and cost reductions are needed to meet these demanding requirements of spacecraft electronic power components. Unfortunately, the state of the art (SOA) rigid space solar cell technology has reached its limitations in system cost & specific power: ITN Energy Systems, Inc. proposes to develop its direct conversion device (DCD) consisting of a high speed diode coupled to the feedpoints of a microantenna, to address the BMDOs need for next generation IR focal plane arrays and sensor suites. ITN believes that by replacing existing detector technologies (bolometers and photodiodes) with its DCD, we can achieve greater sensitivity, greater bandwidth, and reduced cost. The key to the antenna based detector is the high-speed diode monolithically integrated into the antenna array. The commercialization of this exciting technology is limited by unifor and reliable fabrication of the high speed tunneling diode. ITN proposes to use advanced processing techniques to create an engineered diode barrier with improved uniformity and reproducibility and increased stability in performance. ITN's antenna based approach to high frequency detection (>THz) provides a versatile approach to sensing/imaging applications from the RF to Optical portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Using an advanced high frequency diode, ITN's technology provides superior bandwidth, increased sensitivity, target tracking, and decreased cost, compared to other state-of-the-art detectors (e.g. bolometers, photodiodes). A natural application of ITN's detector technology is uncooled IR detection where ITN's technology will serve as the detector in a focal plane array. Current application are both government and commercial including surveillance, night vision, mobile targeting, and direction finding. Photonic approaches are attractive for next generation computing and communication systems. In particular, photonic switch matrix is useful for reconfigurable optical interconnection of several high-speed computing systems for missile defense applications. Existing switching device architectures requiring N square cascaded matrix switching elements for N x N non-blocking switching limits the scalability of switch matrix. The large number of switching nodes involved makes the switch matrix suffer from significant crosstalk due to imperfect analog switching. New Span Opto-Technology Inc. and University of Miami propose herein a novel photonic switch matrix using all optical control for switch pattern reconfiguration. It is based on a new laser writable polymer waveguide and recording of instant gratings on such fast response waveguide. By minimizing the switching nodes and incorporating binary switching the novel device should minimize the switch crosstalk, improve device throughput, and offer the simultaneous advantages of large scale matrix forming capability and fast switch pattern reconfiguration. It further minimizes switch system sensitivity to EMI due to all-optical binary switching. Phase I will demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed switching concept. Phase II will realize a large-scale photonic switch matrix for reconfigurable optical interconnection for missile defense applications. The successful development of the photonic switch matrix with large-scale matrix forming capability and fast switch pattern reconfiguration can result in dual use applications. It will benefit greatly to military and MDA systems for fast computing and signal processing for targeting, missile interception, and fast access to large intelligent database. The reduced EMI sensitivity can improve the system reliability under hash environment. It will also benefit the communication industry to improve network routing speed for better video conferencing, video e-mail, and internet access. TDI, Inc. and Arizona State University propose to develop production technology for fabrication of high quality GaN homoepitaxial layers on bulk GaN substrates. Recently bulk GaN substrates were demonstrated by TDI, Inc. These substrates were sliced from GaN bulk crystals. Arizona State University performed a detailed investigation on mechanisms of defect formation in GaN epitaxial layers grown by heteroepitaxy on foreign substrates. Results of these developments open an opportunity to develop a novel technology for homoepitaxial deposition of GaN. The goal of Phase I is to prove the concept and demonstrate high quality GaN homoepitaxial materials grown on bulk GaN substrates. Samples will be delivered. The continued proliferation of imaging infrared (IR) missile systems has created the need for fully representative IR scene generators. In order to test these imaging IR systems correctly, a very large dynamic range is required of the scene generator. This can not easily be produced by the standard approach of an array of suspended resistor heater elements. IR optical modulators based on thermal switching property of thermochromic (TC) materials, in particular, vanadium dioxide (VO2) thin films, is a promising alternative to the conventional resistor heater elements. In addition, with the fast increasing need for more energy and the decrease of energy resources, there is also an increasing need for new technologies to reduce energy consumption. TC glazing windows coated with VO2 thin films have been being investigated widely for this application. It is reported that one can lower electricity bill by 30% by using glazing windows in summer time alone and can also save fuels if used for automobiles. Both of the military and civilian applications represent a huge market. Using its innovative, high volume, low cost and open-air Combustion Chemical Vapor Deposition (CCVD) technique, MCT's proposed Phase I program is to deposit dense, single-phase, and epitaxial oxide thin films on single crystal substrates for the optical modulation applications, and to evaluate the materials and thermochromic properties of these films. The overall objective of the proposal is to improve performance of polymer matrix composite materials for cryogenic tank applications. The specific objectives of the program are: In this Phase I SBIR program, a team consisting of Advanced Ceramics Research Inc. (ACR) and the University of Arizona (UA) propose to develop a novel, low-cost, integrated micro-channeled heat exchanger system for high power electronic applications such as that for space, high-speed missiles, and other weapon systems. The increased power density for these applications result in demanding conditions such as CTE mismatch and the need for increased thermal dissipation. In radar and other applications involving power electronics, thermal dissipation from the electronics approach levels as high as 500 W/cm2. ACR's Extrusion Free Forming approach will permit the fabrication of geometrically complex, three-dimensional structures directly from CAD designs. ACR will partner with UA to evaluate the effectiveness of these novel heat exchange structures for thermal management of high-power electronic modules. The components will be tested in single-phase and two-phase (boiling) flow in the UA Heat Transfer Laboratory to assess the overall heat transfer coefficient of several different geometries of heat exchangers that can be used in both passive and actively pumped cooling systems. Improved cooling techniques are required for reliable electronics with current trends toward increased packaging densities and higher power levels for applications such as aircraft avionics, electric power systems, radar and weapon systems. A low cost, out of autoclave manufacturing process is proposed for large composite structure fairings for advanced launch vehicles that will be used to launch future MDA large payload systems such as the Space Based Laser (SBL) and Space Based Infrared Sensor System (SBIRS) components. Current composite manufacturing technologies for large fairings are limited by the size of the processing autoclaves and the amount of time to fabricate the structure before the prepreg materials cure. This innovation is based on the combination of two diverse enabling technologies: (1) a novel, newly demonstrated process for low cost, net-shape preform fabrication via robotic fiber placement--the Programmable Powdered Preform Process for Aerospace (P4A), and (2) low cost, out of autoclave processing of complex shapes via High Performance Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (HyperVARTM). The use of dry P4A preforms and secondary, out-of-autoclave HyPerVARTM processing addresses the conventional composite processing constraints; shear size of component and the amount of time to layup the structure. The P4A/HyPerVARTM processing approach limits the size of the component only by the size of tool that can be fabricated and the amount of space required to subsequently store that tool for processing. The demonstration of the P4A/HyPerVARTM composite manufacturing process for large fairings for advanced launch vehicles will establish a cost-effective approach for manufacturing large lightweight composite structures that have been limited by available autoclave facilities and current manufacturing processes. The results will be applicable for large fairings for launch vehicles for commerical space launches, and also for other large structures such as public transit buses, train cars, monorail cars, and other very large unitized body composite structures applications. The objective of this effort will be to demonstrate the feasibility of producing at low cost, a removable write-once random access volumetric digital storage system that is capable of very high capacity (~TByte per removable media), fast access time (~100ms), and ultra fast recording and readout data rates (~1Gb/S) while achieving very high volumetric densities (~3Tb/in3). These figures make the proposed hybrid tape and disk based system ideally suited for security, and reconnaissance systems supporting high-speed data filtering, and content as well as index based data searching algorithms. The proposed hybrid tape recording disk readout approach presents the opportunity to launch a series of new products targeted for security and reconnaissance systems by the second half of this decade providing revolutionary performance critically needed for these applications. Sinmat Inc. working with University of Florida, proposes to develop an economical and scalable process for fabrication of diamond light emitting diodes (LEDs) that operate in the deep ultraviolet regime. These LEDs are expected to have significant usage in BMDO related activities as compact sources in detection and probes. The formation of diamond LEDs has recently been shown on doped homoepitaxial films that exhibit room temperature exciton emission. However, commercialization of diamond LEDs is limited by poor crystal quality achieved during diamond growth, lack of reproducible n-type doping and prohibitively high cost of homoepitaxial substrates. Sinmat proposes to solve these challenges by fabricating LEDs on large area (50-100 mm2), nearly dislocation-free, synthetic diamond substrates. Such substrates have not been readily available until recently. Sinmat estimates that the cost per LED will be reduced more than one thousand times by using this methodology, while at the same time enhancing yield and performance of the LEDs. Issues dealing with homoepitaxial growth, reproducible "p" and "n" doping during growth, and patterning/ohmic contact formation will be investigated in this project. Research in this project will be conducted in collaboration with Prof. Steve Pearton at the University of Florida who has extensive expertise in processing of wide band-gap semiconductors. The research team is known worldwide for its expertise in the the area of diamond film synthesis, wide band- gap processing and have the necessary infrastructure to meet the goals of the project. The successful development of DUV diamond LEDs is expected to be used as sensor and probes in military applications and as white light sources, pathogen deactivation, and sensors in civilian environments. A drastic reduction in structural weight is an indispensable prerequisite to realize future Theater High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) systems. Boost Defense segments of the program such as the Airborne Laser (ABL) and Space-Based Laser (SBL) require the storage and transport of large amounts of cryogens. All elements contributing to the cryogenic system mass must be as light as possible. Advanced composite materials have the potential to meet reduced weight requirements. Clocks and pulse sources are critical elements for next generation IC­Ýs such as DSP­Ýs and ŸYprocessors which depend critically on stability and jitter. Clock skew becomes significant because of the large chip dimension. ADC­Ýs and DAC­Ýs are mixed signal circuits which demand extremely precise clocks at multi GB/s rates. Telecommunication transceivers and transponders at 40 GB/s require phase-locked-loops with fs jitter control. Digital radar requires pulse sequences with fixed pulse width and controllable duty cycle. The stable, low jitter pulse source is the key. We propose a novel pulse source built around an optoelectronic thyristor integrated monolithically with HFETs in a GaAs technology. As both a laser and a thresholding detector, it implements an oscillator which is optically triggered after a fixed optical path delay. The delay sets the duty cycle and for each optical switching event, an electrical pulse is generated of up to 15V with a width of 1 ­V 10ps. The path delay and thus pulse spacing are uniquely controlled by HFET logic activating directional couplers which are also integrated. The pulses are guided by transmission line to a integrated dipole antenna element at the chip edge. In this STTR, we will develop the integrated pulse source technology. The integrated OEIC technology has diverse applications in both military and space data processing. Applications include 2D parallel signal processing, read and write optical memories, transceivers, high speed optical switching and optical computing. While addressing current application needs for low cost integrated components it also defines a large number of new markets. The Missile Defense Agency's (MDA) ballistic missile defense system is made up of a variety of components including land- and sea-based missiles, satellites, and space-based laser, all part of the Theater and National Missiles Defense Systems. Reusable hypersonic and reentry vehicles are being designed to meet Defense Department requirements. Two specific programs, the MDA's Space Based Laser (SBL) and the Space Maneuver Vehicle (SMV) program have requirements for innovative Thermal Protection Systems (TPS). Touchstone Research Laboratory has developed two novel materials. One can be used as a stand alone TPS, Carbon Foam (CFOAM[R]) for environments between 1000 and 3000 degrees F. When combined with the second material, Brazed Aluminum Matrix Composite (BAMC[TM]), it provides a sandwich structure combining a structural thermal insulator, carbon foam, (with compressive strength of up to 4000 psi) with a high-specific strength metal matrix composite (BAMC[TM]), which maintains its strength even above 750 degrees F. SiC JFET technology for control IC's in space based systems enable the possibility of temperature-tolerant, rugged, radiation-hard circuit operation. Additionally, it offers the possibility of combining with SiC power devices, a high level of integration, reduced parts count, reduced cost and weight in satellite systems. SemiSouth Laboratories, Inc. plans to transfer critical JFET IC technology developed at Mississippi State University to prototype status, and work with key DoD customers to provide early adaptation of the technology. Will further SiC I.C. development, especially in integrated control electronics which are needed for high-temperature sensors and power modulators under distributed control. ZnO is an excellent candidate for the growing field of nanophotonics due to its index of refraction, availability of native substrates, and the possibility of light emission. These properties make ZnO an ideal candidate on this growing field. Phase I work will concentrate in designing and characterizing waveguides, which will be the interconnects of future ZnO based devices built homoepitaxially on ZnO or heteroepitaxially on silicon. The ability to produce a photonic integrated circuit will produce a large cost reduction on optical telecommunications circuits as many fiber interconnects will be eliminated. In addition, a substantial reduction in optical device size will also be possible. Moreover, a new generation of photonic integrated systems will be enabled. The objective of proposed research is to develop a commercially viable process for ammonothermal growth of gallium nitride (GaN) crystals suitable for fabrication of GaN wafers. The ammonothermal crystal growth method is modeled after the very successful process of synthesizing alpha-quartz in supercritical water. In this process, a mineralizer attacks bulk nutrient to generate anions that are soluble in supercritical fluid. These small molecules migrate rapidly through the low-density fluid to appropriate seed crystals in a lower temperature zone. This creates supersaturation with resultant deposition and crystal growth. Laboratory-scale studies of GaN have demonstrated dissolution and transport in supercritical ammonia. In this Phase I STTR project, we propose an innovative approach to develop the process for growth of GaN single crystals by the ammonothermal route to a point where it will be interesting for commercial growth of GaN. The proposed ammonothermal growth process for GaN single crystals is modeled after the commercially highly successful synthesis of alpha-quartz in supercritical water, a process that yields an annual production volume of one thousand tons of high-quality quartz. Optimization of ammonothermal growth of GaN thus promises to lead to a commercially interesting process route for the cost-effective production of high-quality, large-area GaN single crystals. Single crystalline GaN wafers are critically needed as lattice-matched substrates for III-nitride epitaxy, in order to greatly reduce the dislocation density in overgrown, active layers. Since electronic and optoelectronic, nitride-based devices have already been grown using a variety of deposition techniques on non-lattice matched substrates, GaN substrates can be anticipated to be introduced into the marketplace without any further delay. This effort will investigate a blending of Optimally Distributed Sensing and Actuation (ODAS) with Adaptive Filtering and Disturbance Feed-forward (AFDF) techniques with promise for simultaneously mitigating the impacts of Directed Energy (DE) system payloads on aircraft while improving the Acquisition, Tracking, and Pointing (ATP) performance of DE systems. The innovation is the integration and application of research in ODSA techniques with AFDF to coupled aircraft-flexible beam train applications. The ODSA techniques provide: 1) Sensor-actuator suite to measure and mitigate disturbances to the aircraft arising from the DE system; 2) Disturbance signal representing the structural/acoustic modes disturbing the forward path of the ATP system; 3)Similarly derived sensor set/signal representing those structural/acoustic modes disturbing the ATP feedback path. These signals are coherent with the beam control jitter induced by the respective modes and represent the dominate contributions of these modes. Thus they are ideal for use with AFDF to simultaneously control and mitigate vibration/acoustic induced effects on the coupled aircraft-DE system. AlGaN/GaN HEMTs offer excellent dc and rf device performance over a broad range of contact dimensions. Future refinements should focus on reducing defect density in the epi layers that can lead to current collapse and thereby provide more stable operation over commercially significant periods. There is an urgent need for insulating, lattice-matched substrates with good thermal conductivity. UF has recently demonstrated the use of MgO and Sc2O3 surface passivation films for reducing the effect of surface states on the dc and rf performance of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs. The major remaining hurdle to commercialization of HEMTs is the availability of insulating, lattice-matched substrates. TDI, Inc will focus on developing insulating bulk GaN, while UF will perform the epi-growth and device fabrication and testing. Insulating bulk GaN substrates developed by TDI, Inc will be used for growth and processing of high performance HEMT device structures. Homo-epitaxy will allow a reduction in defect density and the insulating nature of the substrate will avoid reducing the rf performance of the HEMT through additional capacitance. The company has developed and patented a proprietary crucible technology that is impervious to aluminum and nitrogen and can be used at high temperature for rapid growth of large AlN crystals. KSU will study the durability of the crucible material as a function of temperature and growth conditions and determine the best method for utilizing low-impurity, low-stress, self-nucleated crystals as seeds in crucibles or cones. TFGI will bootstrap small seeds to demonstrate the feasibility of growing AlN crystals up to 5 cM (2") diameter in Phase II. Large AlN wafers will be suitable for high temperature integrated electronics for controlling a wide range of military and commercial system that require operating temperatures that cannot be achieved with existing semiconductor materials. Building upon Fraunhofer Center's recently developed process of producing reactive nanoparticles (e.g., metals, carbides and nitrides) at high rates in a pristine environment, and Nanopowder Enterprises Inc.'s technology of dispersing nanoparticles uniformly as a second phase in a polymer matrix, we propose to develop a generic technology for fabricating polymer nanocomposites, wherein the dispersed phase is a reactive material. A novel aspect of the proposed approach is that the surface passivation layer is integrated into the matrix during post processing, thereby leading to a clean and continuous interface between the nanoparticle and the matrix. While the technology we propose to develop is generic and can be applied to metals and ceramics alike, we will demonstrate its applicability by fabricating essentially oxygen-free aluminum nitride - polymer nanocomposites that have a high volume loading of nanoparticles, thereby leading to exceptional thermal conductivity in heat sinks. Partnerships have also been formed with major corporations to implement the generic technology in multiple applications, once it is fully developed in Phase II. The lack of an effective surface passivation technology has prevented realizing the full potential of reactive nanoparticles, particularly because a majority of the nanoparticles do not lend themselves to self-passivation. The proposed approach is generic and applies to a range of electronic applications. We propose to demonstrate the technology for heat sinks (for use in power transistors, thyristors, LD and LED) in Phase I. Emitech, Inc. proposes an innovative approach aimed at the development of carbon nanotube (CNT)-based thin film actuators/sensors possessing gravimetric work density up to 24000 J/kg per cycle, operating at frequencies up to 1 MHz, and at temperatures up to 700 C. This new concept is based on the quantum chemical effect of nanotube dimension change under charge doping/injection. Development of a polymer-based semiconductor chip package integrated with embedded passives and active cooling is proposed. Integration will increase overall system performance, reduce the PWB real estate consumed in support of each chip, as well as reduce assembly costs and improve reliability. OCI envisions the use of a polymer insulated metal substrate onto which layers of resin-coated foil with conductive-paste-filled microvias and layers of copper foil bearing thick film capacitors and resistors are laminated to produce a high speed, functionally integrated electronic package. To directly remove heat from the chip and keep the embedded passives within their optimum operating temperature range, integration of thermoelectric cooling, either from patternable pastes or by building the package directly on a commercial thermoelectric module, is also envisioned. The proposed approach integrates the high performance and reliability of thick film passive devices with conventional copper wiring and the space savings of solid microvias. A metal substrate, in addition to providing integral thermal spreading and dissipation, will provide a flat surface to facilitate etching of very fine features. OCI's solution differs from other approaches in that it integrates a metal substrate, resin-coated foils, solid microvia, embedded passives and active cooling technology directly into the package. Competing polymer-package integration approaches lack integrated thermal management and tend to focus on standard parallel processing of multiple circuit substrates with plated through holes to interconnect circuit layers and access the embedded passives. OCI's solution will provide substantially higher circuit density, lower parasitics, and excellent thermal management - particularly in harsh environments. Diamond represents a multimillion market due to its unique combination of superior thermal, electronic, optical, dielectric, chemical, and mechanical properties. However its applications are far from fully developed. One of the hurdles is the lack of a suitable technique to make high quality diamond with low cost comparable to that of other materials in various application areas. MicroCoating Technologies (MCT) proposes to synthesize thin film diamond at lower cost utilizing its proprietary Nanomiser technology and Combustion Chemical Vapor Deposition (CCVD) process, and expertise in thin film deposition targeting applications in thermal management and electronics. Professor Zlatko Sitar at North Carolina State University, an expert in heteroepitaxial growth of diamond thin films, will collaborate with MCT on this Phase I effort. This novel concept, if successful, will result in a low cost, high quality platform for enormous electronic devices, enabling its widespread commercial and military uses. Envisioned applications include, but not limited to, field emission displays, electronic packaging, thermal management, super capacitors, IR windows, piezoresistive sensors, gas sensors, and surface acoustic wave devices. Cermet, in collaboration with researchers at Georgia Institute of Technology, propose to implement a lattice matched AlInN using existing substrate technology. The implementation of a lattice matched substrate promises to produce near dislocation free AlInN heterojunction for the first time while the use of an existing substrate technology dramatically lowers development cost and reduces the development cycle. Specifically, we propose to use existing semiconductor substrates to grow lattice matched AlInN by Molecular Beam Epitaxy to produce superior optoelectronic and electronic devices. The MBE technique to be employed will ensure a greater control over the composition of the metals in the AlInN. The target composition of AlInN will result in the optimum wavelength (263nm) UV-emitters possible (ideal UV emitter wavelength preferred by DOD being 280nm), and should lead to reduced defect densities in transistor devices. Highly efficient vertical current LEDs and FETs will be demonstrated early in Phase II, based on the successful completion of Phase I objectives. The successful completion of Phase I goal will demonstrate the use of this technology to improve the performance of UV-Emitters, short wavelength LEDs, Laser Diodes, and other high frequency electronic devices. This proposal discusses materials and related device research in the area of wide-bandgap compound semiconductors in the III-N system. The major tasks involve the growth of AlGaN/GaN heterojunction device structures and the development of improved materials. These devices are important for a wide variety of high-performance electronic systems, including high-power and high-frequency microwave and millimeter-wave amplifiers for phased-array radars, satellite communications, digital radio, wireless local-area networks, and wireless communications base stations, as well as for high-temperature and radiation-hardened electronics. While there is great potential for these applications, several important materials issues remain to be resolved. The current state-of-the-art performance for nitride heterojunction field-effect transistors is still below that theoretically projected for this material system. In Phase I, Magellus proposes to develop novel device structures in this program that are projected to provide improved performance at high currents and high powers. In Phase II, Magellus will develop stable materials and device process technologies that will be used to develop production models for devices and circuits based upon these devices. The Goals in this second Phase will be to demonstrate useful devices operating above 5W/mm with high yield and efficiencies above 60% with the reliability required for initial system insertion. Improved performance for communications, radar, and high-frequency electronic systems. Improved high-temperature and radiation-hard electronic systems. Instrumentation for oil field exploration and sensing. HYPRES, in collaboration with University of Rochester, proposes to develop a novel architecture for rf transmitters. A digital predistortion scheme will be developed for direct manipulation of the rf waveform at GHz frequencies, using the high-speed digital signal processing capability of low-temperature superconductor (LTS) electronics. This digital-RF predistorter will be integrated with a quantum-accurate digital-to-analog converter (DAC) to achieve performance levels that cannot be achieved by conventional baseband predistortion techniques. We propose to generate the rf waveform from an oversampled digital bit stream following up-conversion of baseband signals, all in the single flux quantum (SFQ) digital domain. The predistortion is performed directly on the SFQ digital bit-stream. HYPRES has already developed key components for a digital receiver for direct digitization of rf waveforms. Following the design of the predistorter circuit architecture in Phase I, HYPRES will develop, fabricate and demonstrate LTS integrated circuits for the digital-RF transmitter in Phase II. This will lead to the development and commercialization of a line of digital-RF transceiver products for the military and the commercial markets. Through better linearization of power amplifiers the spectral purity of the transmit signal is enhanced, yielding benefits, such as accurate target characterization and discrimination, elimination of false targets and extended range for radar systems. The amplifiers can also be made more linear over a broader bandwidth, enabling multi-carrier, multi-function (radar, communications, electronic warfare) operation. Finally, the ability to linearize strongly nonlinear amplifier characteristics allow the use of cheaper, more efficient amplifiers, resulting in significant savings in procurement cost as well as operational expenses. Theis technology will not only have a major impact on US military technology but also be extremely valuable for commercial wireless communication systems. Currently, surface material classification is performed by manual interpretation of various enhanced images that accentuate local differences. This procedure requires analysts with in-depth knowledge of the surface and a great deal of time. The overall objective of this Phase I project is to develop an implementation plan for development of a nearly autonomous, reliable PC-based surface material classifier for visible to microwave wavelength image data. Project tasks include: (1) Develop a surface material classification scheme that is indexed to existing standard terrain attribution systems based on the abundance and importance of surface materials; (2) Establish the intrinsic properties of these materials (and typical values) that can be obtained from remote sensing data; (3) Define parameters and radiometric models that can produce surface intrinsic properties from recorded surface signals considering variable image acquisition conditions; and (4) Devise a quantitative measure of uncertainty associated with the determination of each surface element's identity. These tasks will be accomplished by leveraging our knowledge, expertise, and algorithms from 20 years of research and applications in terrain analysis and classification and from our collaborations with a number research organizations. This technology will be exported to numerous commercial applications, some of which do not yet exist. Naval intelligence centers validate, correlate, and analyze information from various sources (cryptologic sensors, tactical airborne reconnaissance, units in contact with the enemy, etc.) to generate Indications and Warning (I&W) in support of friendly operations. Increasingly, naval intelligence centers are deployed in littoral regions around the world. The close proximity of littoral threats significantly decreases warning and reaction time for friendly forces, while anticipated reductions in shipboard manning and increases in the range and quantity of available sensor data further exacerbate workload for intelligence personnel. New information fusion technology is required to help intelligence analysts meet these challenges. There are many approaches to improving IW systems' ability to provide Indications and Warning (I&W) for the Information Warfare (IW) Picture. Traditional approaches have relied on rule based systems to infer the RF environment. But in the modern IW battlespace the rules may change too quickly to effectively write IW heuristics. We will develop engineering models for the structural response of kill mechanisms such as multi-fragment impacts, internal blast, and fire when acting separately or in combinations. The project scope will cover a number of conventional and advanced weapons and surface targets such as vehicles, buildings, and other equipment. Particular emphasis will be placed on the synergy between various kill mechanisms. The approach will cover a review test data and models from the literature, the development semi- empirical correlations of these data, and the development of first principles based model that improve on and complement what is in the literature. The test data will be used to guide the model development and validate the predictions. The models will enable the design of critical tests; the improvement of test data interpretation, the accurate extrapolation from tested conditions to new situations; and the effective design of new weapon concepts. The models would benefit the tri-services communities concerned with weapon development, munition lethality, and target vulnerability/survivability. The benefits will include reduce costs and schedules for R&D, testing, and new weapon systems. Undersea, fiber optic, cable systems are currently either battery powered or powered from shore via a conductor that is part of the cable. For the former, large battery packs must be deployed wherever electronics are located along the system. For the latter, the conductor in the cable dominates system size and controls system cost. An alternative concept is to power the fiber optic cable system by sending laser power from the shore side of the cable that is tapped off at locations where electronics are located and converted to electrical power for powering the electronics. In Phase I Aculight will extend a breakthrough technology it has developed on DOD funding to demonstrate diffraction limited diode laser bar sources that can be coupled efficiently into single mode fibers at the multi Watt level. In addition, Aculight brings new manufacturing techniques, based on semiconductor fabrication, that will result in robust and long life power sources. This combination will provide an efficient and compact device for supplying optical power into a single mode fiber for optical-to-electrical converters. Our proposed Phase I work will demonstrate the feasibility of achieving the Navy specifications in laboratory experiments. This ambitious plan is possible because of closely related research accomplishments.Techniques that deliver optical power into a single mode fiber, or multi-mode fiber, have significant markets in DOD (illuminators, power into fibers, pumps for fiber lasers) and the commercial sector (telecommunications, marking, materials processing, sources for end pumping solid-state lasers, and medical diagnostics). The objective of this SBIR Phase I project is to design, fabricate, and evaluate a low cost, low size and weight navigator. This navigator utilizes state-of-the-art multiple microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors and optimal filtering technology to achieve high precision navigation accuracy. Recently, a great deal of advancement has been obtained A low-cost, lightweight, stealthy broadband acoustic sensor is proposed to achieve surface and subsurface obstacle avoidance (no-compromise) for Advanced Amphibious Assault Vehicles (AAAV). The Marine Collision Avoidance Sonar (MARCAS) is based on a small size, retractable sparse planar array using a minimal number of commercial off-the-shelf transducers. The MARCAS provides both high vertical and high horizontal resolution over a wide aperture to provide AAAVs' drivers with WideViewTM detection without any moving parts. WideViewTM is important because drivers must make navigation decisions not only based on forward obstacles but also on potential obstacles on either side (similar to changing lanes on a highway). Thanks to the high vertical angular resolution and because of shallow water operation, the MARCAS will discern direct-paths from multipaths (reverberation) and differentiate obstacles above and below the 20-foot "safety-depth". Finally, the MARCAS is stealthy because it uses GORCA Technologies' proprietary concept, BiopulseTM, which is coded copies of naturally occurring biological transient pulses such as shrimp sounds. The broadband frequency content of these coded pulses drastically limits shallow water propagation interference and allows detection over a range of 400m. This distance represents the "safety cushion" that gives the AAAV driver approximately 30 seconds to avoid obstacles. An innovative concept for a fast, efficient, high-resolution near-to-mid infrared beam scanner is proposed. Existing scanners, either mechanical (swinging mirror), electro-optic, liquid crystal, or acousto-optic, have certain limitations, and none of them satisfies military requirements for speed, resolution, range, effectiveness, and reliability. To overcome existing limitations, Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposes to utilize the exceptional magneto-optic and magneto-elastic qualities of a certain class of metallic oxides. These qualities will lead to the excitation of a dynamic grating of local magnetic moments by propagating in the material an acoustic wave, and electronically tuning the spatial period of that grating by altering either the acoustic wavelength or the applied DC magnetic field. Thus, for the first time, two independent methods of beam scanning will be applied in a single element. In Phase I, POC will demonstrate the effective diffraction of infrared radiation on a magnetic grating induced by acoustic waves and wideband steering of the angle of diffraction by tuning of the driving (the piezotransducer) RF frequency and/or variation of the applied magnetic field. In addition to jamming, immediate military applications of the proposed scanner include missile seekers, target recognition, reconnaissance, and surveillance. POC's approach has the potential to reduce the size and power consumption of airborne and space-based jamming/tracking systems. Commercial applications include remote sensing, security systems, and switches for fiber-optic communication links. Tactical aircraft DIRCM systems require a compact, high-power laser source in the mid-IR band. Current IRCM lasers are costly and exceed weight, space and power constraints of Navy tactical aircraft. Phase I will conduct the necessary analyses and investigations to confirm the utility of the Lockheed Martin mid&#64979;IR semiconductor compact laser subsystem and commercial off the shelf CCD sensors and gimbals to fulfill this critical role. The various subsystems which comprise this solution will be integrated on a single optical bench requiring only a two-axis gimbal. Proof of concept will include atmospheric propagation analysis to define optimum lasing wavelengths and ensure sufficient J/S in real-life environments. LOWTRAN 7 and/or HITRAN atmospheric propagation models will be used to run the appropriate simulations. Additionally, overall system hardware and software requirements will be defined and preliminary real estate analyses will be conducted to verify the feasibility of integrating the miniaturized IRCM into the existing USN AGILE EYE jam head. The miniaturized IR countermeasure system that is the subject of this Phase I SBIR will provide low cost, onboard protection for a variety of defense and civil airborne platforms. Beyond the obvious protection of fixed and rotary wing military assets, the MIRCM is applicable to antiterrorist assets, coastal reconnaissance aircraft, and governmental and personal aircraft flying in high-risk areas worldwide. We propose to develop a remotely deliverable tagging device for both marking and tracking personnel, material, and vehicles. The approach is based on a new radiolocation technique we have developed, which is capable of highly accurate location determination using simple tag electronics. The research goals are to determine how small the device can be made using current electronic and battery technology, to identify delivery techniques capable of deploying the tag from a distance of 50 meters or more, to design low-cost portable base stations for receiving tag signals and determining location, and to study techniques to enhance performance in urban multipath.The system intelligence is contained in low-cost portable receiving/tracking stations that can track the target either stand-alone or collaboratively, as needed. The proposed system will be a major enhancement over our technology developed for applications such as locating patients with Alzheimer's disease and tracking cargo. In previous research the receiver stations were fixed 5 miles apart, and the tag, which did not need to be concealed, was too large for the application proposed here.In Phase II we plan the to implement the miniaturized tag, to refine the delivery concept, and to follow up with field testing with prototype receiving stations. The proposed technology would allow covert tracking and locating of people and valuable material or cargo with high accuracy. It has applications in less-than-lethal warfare and monitoring and locating stolen weapons, tracking cargo and packages, and locating stolen goods. Oceantek proposes to develop and validate a numerical tool to incorporate into existing software systems that will allow the user to compute a true and accurate representation of the cable/pipe shape as it lays on an irregular bottom terrain. It would also include the spans and points of contact on the bottom as well as the bend radii (to compute induced stresses) developed at the contact points. As the cable/pipe is laid over the ocean bottom, it bends over obstacles and free spans are created. The severity of these bends and the length of these spans are a strong function of the bottom roughness. Given the values of water depth along specific bottom tracks, the cable/pipe properties (wet weight and bending stiffness) and the cable/pipe bottom tension, the proposed software would determine the bottom contact points, the length and locations of the free spans, and the bend radii and global forces at the contact points. We propose that an RF-based personnel tracking system has significant advantages over presently used or contemplated ultrasonic/GPS systems. The proposed RF tracking system uses a central tracking station and multiple RF receivers to sense signals from personnel mounted transponder tags. The tags respond to uniquely coded probe signals by transmitting a second set of time coded RF signals. Triangulation to the receivers using proprietary signal processing algorithms allows accurate location of the tags in 2 and 3 dimensions. Numerical simulations of the algorithms indicate highly accurate distance measurement capability even under very low signal conditions and in the presence of RF reflective objects. The proposed system can seamlessly be interfaced with existing GPS systems to eliminate the tracking loss problem during building entry/exit. Furthemore, the system could also be extended to km distance scales for full coverage of training ranges. Such extensions could eliminate the need for GPS entirely, leading to a lower system cost. In Phase I we plan to develop and build a simple RF system to demonstrate tracking of at least one person. We will also refine the processor algorithms with a view to extending operating range and maximizing spatial resolution under low signal and multipath conditions. The proposed systems has applicability to fire fighter accountability systems, as well as location and tracking of inventories, equipment, and persons in secure facilities and prisons With recent advances in wearable computing and associated control and display mechanisms, there is significant opportunity to create a more effective operator control system for unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) operations. This Phase I effort proposes to study the UGV control problem, evaluate the advanced technology options for creation of a wearable control system, and design an optimum solution. Cybernet has significant experience to leverage in the development of advanced human computer interfaces, and in the development of portable UGV control systems. Advanced technology options that will be evaluated include: 1) hands-free interface solutions, such as voice recognition, eye tracking, gesture control, etc., 2) miniature force-feedback and other haptic devices, and 3) immersive and head-mounted displays. Selection of the advanced interface technologies will be performed based on satisfaction of the UGV control operation requirements, feasibility of implementation within a wearable computing platform, cost, potential benefit, associated risk, etc. The result of this Phase I effort will be the design of a highly intuitive and effective wearable computer interface for UGV operation, incorporating advanced control and display technologies. The immediate commercialization potential is for a wide range of military and other UGV control applications. The developed wearable operator control interface technology will also have broad reaching commercial potential for many other military and industrial control applications. This project is to develop a design for a wearable operator control interface for man-portable robotic applications. Typically, the controller will guide small, man-packable robots for tactical missions, such as reconnaissance in enclosed spaces like sewer tunnels. In military parlance, it is a "first man in" situation, where the robot relays video information back to the operator. The Operator Control Unit (OCU) also controls movement of the robot. Since this is a tactical situation, the OCU must allow the soldier to be free to carry out other duties without undo hindrance. It is especially important that the soldier remain free to perform battle tasks while operating the control system. The OCU will display video and other status information (direction of travel, velocity, tilt angle, etc). It will also accept control commands from the soldier and transmit the control data to the robot. In the first phase of this project, our goal was to develop a preliminary design for a wearable OCU. In Phase I, we successfully integrated Web authoring tools, LAN hardware and standard computers in order to demonstrate a prototype OCU interface. Phase II will refine this technology into an OCU that can comprehensively interact with the robot. Significant problems face the USMC as it plans its precision logistics pipelines for Advanced Amphibious Assault Vehicles (AAAV). The USMC now relies on inefficient, manual processes, primitive decision aids, and "time-late" communications in its legacy logistics efforts to support mobile warfighting platforms.An innovative Precision Sea Based Logistics System (PSBLS) - for AAAVs and other USMC mobile units - will address those problems with enhanced logistics velocity, visibility, and variability for Ship to Objective Maneuver. A robust PSBLS solution will embody intelligent agents, capable user interfaces, web-centric applications, plus open-systems interfaces to "operate in such a way that commanders have absolute confidence that required support will be provided when and where it is needed." General James Jones, CommandantORINCON's team will develop, test, and integrate cost-effective information technologies to automate, monitor, and recommend actions for the USMC precision logistics system. We plan to "instrument the pipeline" from factory to deployed units with automated tracking, cost accounting, prognostic evaluation, and total asset visibility.Our unique technical and operational experience will be leveraged to provide a comprehensive Performance Specification, a Decision Support System design, and a Cost Benefit Analysis for this innovative USMC AAAV logistics program. o The USMC and its AAAV organization will directly benefit from this system's innovative decision support, centralized computers/applications and human-factored total asset visibility (TAV).o Commercial merit of our feasibility study extends to focused logistics systems of all armed services and the DLA. Resultant PSBLS functions can further transition to commercial "just in time" high-volume logistics support systems that are multi-million dollar efforts annually.o Boeing Aircraft Company expressed initial interest in some of our intelligent agents for maintenance support of commercial aircraft systems Successful supply-chain management is an essential element in high performance military environments. Rapid delivery of key items to deployed mobile units is a must for military strategists. Effective logistics/supply-chain management allows just-in-time distribution of goods and services. Current technologies are available to evaluate inventory levels across the supply chain. The use of the World Wide Web allows faster flow-through times in supply chain pipelines. Many commercial and military organizations are feeling an urgent need to integrate an extended enterprise logistics system.USMC 's Precision Sea-Based Logistics is a human-factored, computerized system that requires Total Asset Visibility (TAV) of spare parts, issuance of repair notifications, tracking of maintenance history, and cost. USMC plans to deploy a sea-based logistics system. TPI proposes to develop a centralized information logistics system that is based on a fully extended enterprise model. This Precision Sea-Based Logistics (PSL) system will assist in information flow between components of USMC's sea-based physical logistics system. The PSL system will maintain the Total Asset Visibility (TAV) in a centralized database, which will include configuration management and maintenance history and is capable of wire or wireless communication with the mobile vehicles and maintenance facility. TPI believes that the proposed system once implemented would bring US Marines Corps logistics/supply-chain management capabilities into the next decade. It will support the N/MC Intranet structure. USMC is planning to build the N/MCI in the next five years that could be used for global application of the Precision Sea-Based Logistics (PSL) system. Furthermore, the proposed PSL system will assist USMC in achieving its goal of moving the logistics to a sea-based system. There are many direct benefits to USMC and among them are reduced inventory, effective logistics management and on time delivery to the mobile vehicles. General Dynamics Amphibious System (GDAMS) is building Advanced Amphibious Assault Vehicle (AAAV) for the United States Marine Corp. The proposed system can directly be used for AAAV logistics.The PSL system is capable of supporting trucking industry whether or not a truck is near its desired maintenance facility. A mobile truck may be able to quickly report to the base via PSL system its maintenance problems and parts requirements. TPI is planning to approach many Logistics companies once the system is built. Among them are United States Truck Stop Association, United Parcel Services, Federal Express, and others. The objective of this proposal is to demonstrate the feasibility of an innovative design that combines a water-selective and surfactant-inert filter cartridge, with cross-flow filtration (CFF), and a high capacity spiral-wound membrane element design into an, integrated and individually contained filter cartridge. The water-selective filter allows fuel oil to pass through its membrane and repels water on the surface. CFF makes use of the shear force parallel to the filter medium to reduce the contaminant formation and water adsorption on the filter surface. The spiral-wound element design gives the maximum membrane filtration area in a given volume. The filtration unit is composed of the individually contained cartridges (modules). The module design makes the upgrade and down-grade of the system capacity very flexible. The proposed design will offer a safe, reliable, high capacity, efficient, compact, and advanced filtration system. The design is also suitable for scaling to different sizes for various applications of the Navy. It can equally well be used in various commercial fuel oil filtration systems. Sensors Unlimited will develop and deliver a 5x5 InGaAs avalanche photodiode (APD) array for use in eye-safe laser rangefinders. The avalanche photodiodes will be fabricated using a process virtually identical to our current production focal plane array process. Thus, the reliable operation of the arrays will be assured. The InGaAs APDs will have primary dark currents below 1 nA, avalanche gains in excess of 20, responsivity >15A/W at a wavelength of 1.55 æm, and electrical bandwidths >2GHz. In Phase I the APDs will be fabricated in a 5x5 array and bump-bonded to a Si fanout for APD characterization. The final deliverable in Phase I will be a packaged 5x5 array with access to the 25 array elements via package pins. In Phase II, we will develop a readout circuit using small cell GaAs transimpedence amplifiers with scalability to arrays as large as 64x64 elements. The larger APD arrays will be hybridized to the readout ICs using our flip-chip indium bump process. In addition to the utility of InGaAs APD arrays in laser radar systems, there is a tremendous opportunity for commercialization of linear arrays of APDs in the field of fiber optic telecommunications. Currently deployed Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed (DWDM) systems operate in the wavelength band of 1.530 æm - 1.565 æm and use single element InGaAs p-i-n and APD based receivers. The ability to manufacture large arrays of receivers is ideal for such systems, as the benefits of reduced power consumption, reduction of interconnections, and reduced electrical parasitics are easily realized in hybrid integrated systems. The advantage of APDs over p-i-ns is the same in telecom as it is in LADAR: an improvement in the sensitivity of the optical receiver. The amplifier architecture developed within this program is directly applicable to use in DWDM systems in linear array devices. Foster-Miller proposes to extend our successful previous work involving intumescent fire retardant additives to develop a new class of zero halogen fiber optic cable jacket that is safer, fire-resistant and more economical. Our technical approach combines three enabling technologies to produce an innovative jacketing material that is ideal for shipboard and other cable applications. These key technologies include cross-linkable polyethylene polymers, intumescent char-forming fire retardant additives (IFRAs) and polymeric coupling agents that maintain jacket flexibility and enable high IFRA loadings. During normal service, our Intumescent Optical Cable Jacket (IOCJ) meets MIL-C-85045 performance requirements. Upon exposure to fire, the IOCJ expands into a tough, durable, insulating foamed carbonaceous/inorganic char that extinguishes burning and insulates underlying optical fibers from heat of the fire. The IOCJ meets UL 910 fire safety standards. It is self-extinguishing and non-dripping, produces no toxic, halogen-containing gases and emits low smoke, This feature protects crew members and provides time to transmit critical data before cable failure occurs. Phase I will demonstrate feasibility of meeting both MIL-C-85045 and UL-910 with the IOCJ. Our team includes an optical cable manufacturer and experts in zero halogen FRs as well as cable extrusion coating. (p00444) Our fire-resistant, zero halogen intumescent optical cabling jacket, the IOCJ, will improve the safety of U.S. Navy shipboard personnel in the event of a fire by self-extinguishing when ignited and not releasing toxic, irritating halogenated acid fumes upon burning. This technology will have strong commercial potential in safer, improved fire performance optical and electrical cable jackets and wiring insulation. A marine environmental compliance and analysis web-enabled toolset will be designed based on extensive prior experience with web and GIS enabled technologies in an environmental analysis and documentation environment. The objective of this research project is to develop an environmental tool capable of efficiently ensuring that the Navy has limited environmental impacts on the marine environment, while maintaining its force readiness and testing and evaluation programs. The toolset will consist of two parts. Part 1 will use existing data, acquisition policy documents, regulations and document design specifications to produce draft NEPA documents based on project requirements that are comparable to previous proposed actions. Part 2 will provide analysis tools for evaluating systems, sub systems, and technology at various stages in the acquisition lifecycle and the corresponding actions that are planned (tests, fielding, OPEVAL, etc). Two key features define this product. One: all the data is cross-referenced by the action or equipment being used, the resource impacted, the location of the action, time of year, the environmental standard operating procedures and regulations. Two: all documents and methods included at the outset will reference approved data, so that new documents can be built using approved language and methods. As changes occur in regulations, approved language and methods, these data will update automatically with minor software enhancements.Broad applicability for the resultant product is anticipated, both within the Navy and in the general environmental community. Any organization doing environmental analysis and documentation will benefit directly from a tool that allows quick and accurate access to previous related documentation. Although the content would change, no release of Navy information would occur, and the design would be useful elsewhere. Material Innovation, Inc. (MII) will develop a zero halogen fire resistant material for use in plenum cable jackets, which passes the UL910 flame test. Furthermore, the jacket will be cross-linkable with consistent process-ability and persistent fire resistance at a competitive price. Non-halogen fire resistant technology is one of the most effective methods of reducing fire hazards in a confined space such as the inside of a sea vessel or an aircraft. The zero halogen material offers several advantages over halogenated material upon burning, such as reduced toxic potency of gases, reduced corrosivity of gases, and reduced smoke generation. In Phase I, MII will first develop a silicone containing cross-linkable polyolefin base resin. Then this base resin will be modified by the addition of a phosphorous containing polymer, nano-caly, or polyethersulphone to give several candidates for screening. The ideal material formulation will be chosen based on flame and thermal tests using thermogravimetric analysis and cone calorimeter in conjunction with mechanical tests for tensile strength, elongation, and flexural modulus. Antioxidants and processing aids are also screened for consistent production. In Phase II, this material will be used to produce prototype plenum cables that pass UL910 flame tests for evaluations by interested government agencies and commercial manufacturers. The development of zero halogen, fire resistant cables provides improved fire safety in confined areas where human lives are at stake, and allows people more time to escape from a fire, for example, from an aircraft, a submarine, a shipboard, a subway, or a building. The reduction in corrosive gases during a fire minimizes the damage to sensitive electronic equipment such as in a telephone switching station, or a data processing center. The use of zero halogen cables also offers benefits in lower insurance costs, a reduction in environmental pollution, and compliance with government regulations. The estimated savings is 300 million dollars annually for industrial, commercial, residential, and hotel applications in the US using this new technology. To overcome the problems and performance limitations of traditional electronic compass designs and to achieve better performance at a lower cost, an innovative, simpler, more robust magnetic heading sensor is being developed. The approach is based on the thesis that heading sensor accuracy can be made better (and the heading sensor less complex and expensive) than traditional electronic compass designs. The approach employs the scanning magnetic angle comparator (SMAC) technique, which offers distinct advantages over conventional electronic compasses, because there are additional degrees of freedom to optimize performance by using feedback via a microprocessor to minimize error. During Phase I, an extensive error model analysis was performed. The analysis predicted an achievable accuracy of 0.1-degrees at 30-degrees latitude. The design study demonstrated the feasibility of implementing a precision, solid-state, non-inertial, self-calibrating heading sensor at a production cost of under $1,000 using commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) magnetic sensors and electronic components. During Phase II, a prototype -- 0.875-incles diameter and approximately 4.0-inches long -- will be developed. (A 0.5-inches in diameter unit for use in ThinLine towed arrays has been proposed as an option.) At the end of Phase II, a SMAC heading sensor will be available for testing on an AUV. GreyPilgrim LLC has patented and developed a long-reach manipulator that combines modular components in a reconfigurable, flexible, lightweight design suitable for a wide variety of commercial and government applications. We have demonstrated 8*, 15*, and 33* implementations of the modular EMMA* robotic arm technology under DOE Hanford contracts for use in retrieving nuclear waste from deteriorating underground storage tanks. The arm is also being developed with Boeing for aerospace manufacturing processes such as cleaning, depainting, and inspection of aircraft. Much of these R&D efforts have taken place under the auspices of a CRADA between GreyPilgrim LLC and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), where an open-architecture control system is being incorporated into the EMMA controller. The proposed multi-use manufacturing manipulator (MUMM) is similar in many respects to versions of EMMA already demonstrated. GreyPilgrim is therefore able to offer substantially greater progress than is normally possible with a Phase I SBIR contract. Proposed Phase I research will focus upon system modularity, portability, and flexibility requirements, deployment scenarios, and arm/tool integration. In Phase II a working prototype will be built and tested. BENEFITS: This research is expected to result in a reliable, cost-effective system capable of a wide variety of manufacturing tasks, including but not limited to cutting, fitting, welding, cleaning, blasting, painting, gluing, and inspection. In this proposal, Intelligent Automation Inc. (IAI) proposes an innovative new method of engine degradation monitoring, fault detection, and diagnostics, which is robust to sensor noise and is efficient in training and learning. This innovation will also allow us to detect new fault conditions that have not occurred before. This may include sensor failures and hence, the capability of validity self-checks. We propose to use two neural networks: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Fuzzy CMAC. PCA is a powerful technique for extracting the features inside the input signals. We have seen that PCA can reduce the signal dimension from 800 to 5 in several applications. A major advantage of PCA is that supervised learning is unnecessary. It can also be implemented in low-cost hardware. The Fuzzy CMAC (Cerebellar Model Arithmetic Computer) inherits preferred features of arbitrary function approximation, fast learning, and parallel processing from the original CMAC neural network, and the capability of acquiring and incorporating human knowledge into a system and the capabilities of acquiring and incorporating human knowledge into a system and processing information from the fuzzy inference rules of fuzzy logic. Our learning rates are at least an order of magnitude faster than conventional neural nets. The Universal Approximation Theorem that we have formally proven shows that any function can be learned to any degree of accuracy with enough learning cycles. The proposed method is relevant to the subtopic because our innovation can provide an early warning before the system actually fails. The purpose is to increase time between overhaul and safety. This proposal describes an SBIR Phase I program that identifies a candidate AAAV armor system and provides design rationale for its performance advantages. Ceramic and composite armor technologies are discussed and design guidelines are explained using ballistic data to substantiate performance claims. Ceramic facing materials and composite backing materials are combined using innovative construction methods to meet the AAAV armor weight goal of 17.0 lb/ft2. Armor materials and construction details are discussed and quantified using ballistic data. A ballistic test plan is presented, along with phased program objectives, to demonstrate that AAAV armor weight, protection level, and multi-hit performance requirements are met. Attaching objects quickly, quietly, reliably and securely underwater is required for various operations by Navy Divers. To present most of these objects have been attached to surfaces magnetically. Magnets can be detected and removed, redeeming an operation unsuccessful. Various other methods have been explored, but the harsh environmental conditions have limited approaches such as adhesives. The concept proposed here attaches mechanically to ill prepared surfaces. No adhesive and surface treatment is required. The device can attach to non-ferrous surfaces. The device utilizes a vacuum not unlike the system used by an octopus. This ensures reliable, quiet and secure attachment to any surface. Since PEM fuel cells are much more efficient than motor generators, their use by U.S. Navy ships would greatly improve fuel economy. Use of fuel cells would also allow power to be generated where needed throughout the ship, eliminating the vulnerability of a central electrical power generator. Since fuel cells run on hydrogen, a process is needed to convert diesel (or other liquid fuel) to hydrogen. EER has been developing such a process, Unmixed Reforming, but to make the process fully satisfactory for use by the U.S. Navy, an improved catalyst is needed. The research proposed herewith will develop that improved catalyst. In this Phase II SBIR effort we will investigate the fabrication of a composite, anti-corrosive applique that incorporates lightning protection capability as its main function. Although lightning protection is the main objective, the viability and usefulness of this applique will also be dependent on the materials' durability, ease of application, and its ability to provide appropriate E3 protection (using an applique system) that can easily be applied, removed, and repaired. Naval and Marine Corps aircraft must endure sustained operations in both an E3 and corrosive seagoing environment that requires the ability to rapidly reconfigure to fight an aggressor in any theater or climate in the world. Given the limitations with currently used systems, E3 protection has taken on a whole new meaning. In effect, the ever-increasing environmental challenge related to aircraft coatings demands that a mitigation system be applied that is long life, trouble-free, and provides a unique war fighting advantage such as lightning protection and E3 compatibility. Our proposed composite appliques hold the promise to significantly reduce drudgery, life cycle costs and enhance aircraft operational capability. BENEFITS: Commercial aircraft can directly benefit from the application of a paintless anti-corrosion, low surface energy applique and composites. Existing and future aircraft designs incorporating these materials will not only have the necessary protection against electromagnetic environmental effects (e.g., lightning strikes) but also improved fuel efficiency through reduced drag, longer and safer service lives, and significantly reduced application, repair, and removal costs. The Navy requires a trusted workstation equivalent to a B-1 Compartmented Mode Workstation (CMW) that can be built from a COTS PC. In response, Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposes an innovative low cost approach to implementing a CMW using multiple Single Board Computers (SBC) and an integrated Intelligent Secure Access Control Switch all integrated on a passive PCI backplane. The POC approach will have the following benefits: significant cost savings by using COTS SBCs hardware, a COTS operating system (OS) and application software and a single network connection; a modular design providing the best information partitioning with different security levels; significantly improved CMW fault tolerance; significantly improved security against both external and internal threats; easily upgraded with next-generation COTS operating systems and COTS application software upgrades. Phase I evaluation will be done using normal certification processes under the guidance of a Navy Certification Agent (CA). Phase I efforts will focus on hardware/software prototype construction, testing and security evaluation. In Phase II POC will complete the hardware and software design and demonstrate superior security capabilities. POC's CMW has a great number of military and commercial applications. It can be used as a low-cost secure work station at any location that maintains classified data or programs. In addition, it can also be used by organizations or individuals who desire to operate multiple computers concurrently in a single work station with a single user interface. Intelligent sensors and systems using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technologies for the health monitoring of energetic components are sought by the U.S. Navy Strategic Systems Program. To support the advancement of DoD initiatives in improved ordnance diagnostics, Intelligent Optical Systems (IOS) will develop a wireless multi-parameter sensor module for real-time, in-situ chemical and physical monitoring within energetic components. The IOS approach will use a novel MEMS-based microcantilever array, coupled with advanced spread-spectrum communications, to create a compact, low-power, embeddable multiparameter sensor suitable for use directly in and around energetic materials. In Phase I project we will fabricate unique low-voltage PZT thin-film resonant cantilever structures, and show that, with the use of selective coatings, these sensors can be used to detect propellant breakdown products (e.g., acetic acid). A complete engineering demonstration chip will be fabricated, including both resonant structures and microtelemetry electronics; the feasibility of our proposed approach will be conclusively shown in experiments where the sensor chips are exposed to know concentrations of target analyte. In Phase II, IOS will fabricate afield-ready launch tube gas generator-monitoring device and run systematic tests to evaluate system cost and reliability. After Phase II, the proposed wireless multiparameter sensor unit will be tested and commercialized with the help of a leading solid rocket motor manufacturer. The proposed technology could be used to make multi-element or multi-target sensor arrays involving hundreds of thin films and cantilevers without significantly increasing the size, complexity, or cost of an overall sensor package. The sensor module will find applications in warhead and rocket motor monitoring, weapon systems, and commercial chemical in manufacturing, storage, and transportation. We propose to develop a test bed to evaluate GPS performance on re-entry bodies. Available computational tools will be used to simulate those effects which potentially impact GPS operation including plasma sheathing, aerothermal heating, geometric shadowing and dynamics. Software will be developed to characterize these effects which will then be utilized to generate distorted signals which will be fed into the test GPS receiver. The test bed will allow hardware in the loop simulation of GPS performance under a variety of conditions. During the Phase I program we will define the test bed requirements, quantify the operational space, develop a conceptual design and demonstrate feasibility. The Phase I option will develop a preliminary test bed design and a Phase II program plan The availability of a GPS performance test bed will allow issues related to the guidance and navigation of high accuracy re-entry body designs to be evaluated in the laboratory prior to the implementation of expensive full scale field tests. Several DoD agencies should be interested in such a test bed and the strategies for overcoming re-entry guidance problems which we will evaluate. Derivative commercial applications are also thought to exist. Chemical kinetics based solid propellant combustion predictive capabilities have developed to the point where it is possible to compute combustion properties of solid propellants. Specifically burning rates over a range of pressures and temperatures. This capability will reduce the time, effort, and cost in developing solid propellants for a variety of combustion devices from rockets to air bags.The ability to predict solid propellant combustion properties will reduce cost and effort in designing and formulating new propellants. The cost savings to industry and the government are potentially enormous since only likely propellant formulations will be progress to the mix, cure, and testing phase of the development cycle. The Naval Education Training Support System (NETSS) is a networked, computer based, education deliver system. NETSS features a high bandwidth ATM based LAN, student Network Computers, and an Instructor Works Station which the distribution of whiteboard, and multimedia based audio and video training. NETSS also uses a Java based operating system and hybrid DVD-ROMs, allowing the updating of curricula both within the schoolhouse and in field units. Lastly, NETSS can deliver videoconferencing and tele-training The Advanced Training Technology Delivery System proposes a new training production paradigm for skill training. Based on an extension of the concept of dynamic web pages, this paradigm greatly reduces the requirement for skilled personnel in the maintenance phase, shortens the update time for training and automatically manages the consistency between the training and the equipment for which it is intended, such as aircraft. By building training from a common set of elements, consistency can be established in training given in the schoolhouse, in the squadron and on the flight line. By tying the training elements to the individual aircraft in which their target components are installed, a proper training configuration can be guaranteed. In this proposal we will extend a simulation techinique we used in cooperation with P&P Services of Moldova to produce the KONKRUS-TM trainer. Both the KONKRUS-TM trainer and the ASW helicopter have similar requirements. Each has a set of sensor and weapons systems which need to be emulated in an integrated environment. The proposed program will accomplish this by making each sensor and weapon system a component within a well designed interface. Java Beans meets the component requirements of the proposed software task and will be used to produce generic weapons and sensor models. Intelligent Decision Systems, Inc. (IDSI) proposes to identify and define the parameters for a web-based decision support conversion system that will lead to the reuse and integration of existing instructional components to reduce the cost and lead time of developing, revising, and maintaining computer-based training systems (CBT). This conversion system will be designed to include the decision "tree" for identifying the feasibility of cost saving factors, the structure for locating existing media elements, and the possibility of the whole conversion system being web-based. This research addresses conversion of existing training assets into a dual use scenario through the use of a decision model that leads to a conclusion concerning conversion potential and availability of the asset. This will be accomplished through determining feasibility of implementing cost cutting strategies (e.g., a reuse strategy of graphics and other critical media elements to cut the costs of CBT development). A strategy for storage and retrieval of media elements along with identification of requirements for establishing the conversion system on the web. A proof of concept for applying the conversion system to development as well as revision of existing courseware will be provided. Rapidly maturing smart materials technology can enable a new generation ofturning devices for naval surface vessels. These devices will offerhigh-authority control for a shrouded propeller, bypassing the need forconventional rudders and the undesirable noise and vibration that can arisewith current designs. The new concept involves shape control of anenclosing shroud via Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) devices. The SMA actuationtechnology will build on previous mechanisms that have been demonstrated inmarine environments under full scale loading. Phase I willinvolve a preliminary sizing and assessment of an active "Smart Duct"using validated flow field models and design optimization tools. Theperformance of several candidate configurations will be compared and theiradvantages over conventional rudders quantified. This work will also setdeflection requirements for SMA actuation hardware, and a first-iterationintegration study will be performed to establish power requirements andresponse time for full scale applications. This preliminary designwork will lay the groundwork for a full scale design and for scale model tests of key system components in Phase II, which will also include more detailedassessment of the impact of the new design on vibration, cavitation, andradiated noise. In addition to its potential use on naval surface combatants andnext-generation submersibles, the direct uses of this technology in themarine arena are potentially widespread, since a wide range of ocean-goingtransports could benefit from the novel ducted propeller configurationproposed here. Indirect avenues for commercial applications would includethe demonstration of a new class of very high force actuators based on SMAtechnology, as well as development of fast analysis tools for navalengineering. KaZaK Composites Incorporated proposes in this Phase I project to develop a novel composite process allowing low cost fabrication of high performance backing armor for AAAV. Key elements of this process implementation include pultrusion of multi-layered glass and hybrid glass/aramid preforms in which the layers are both differentially infiltrated with resin and interlocked with a through-thickness reinforcement. The type and degree of layer interlocking will be chosen to optimize ballistic performance. The varying density of matrix through the thickness of the composite, and the possibilities of multi-resin layering will also be evaluated to optimize the performance-weight-cost tradeoff. During the Phase I project, 12" panels of different constructions will be fabricated and subjected to ballistic testing to resolve key architecture details. Upon selection of a promising composite architecture, a trial run of continuous pultrusion for that composite will be performed. This trial of a multi-layer/material composite armor will not only shed light on processing, but will also provide specimens for ballistic testing. While we intend to evaluate novel composite architectures, our primary focus in Phase I will be to develop the continuous processing parameters allowing a "good" ballistic composite architecture to be fabricated at the lowest possible cost via pultrusion.KCI anticipates that the results of the proposed project will have widespread application in governmental and commercial arenas, both as a means of fabricating highly effective backing armor for various vehicles, and as a primary armor for those applications having less demanding threats. We believe that concentrating on reducing the cost of "good" architectures is at present more important than wringing out the optimum specific weight performance in order to enhance commercialization to law enforcement and VIP protection markets. Given a low cost processing scheme for the basic multi-layered/multi-material construction, architecture modifications to optimize ballistic performance can be easily implemented, either through material substitution or distribution and orientation. The AAAV requires lightweight components that can be affordably produced and assembled. The goal of this SBIR is to develop an effective armor system that can use low cost materials while minimizing overall weight. Reduction in fabrication and material cost of the armor solution translates into a meaningful reduction in the vehicle cost. In this SBIR, we expand the state of the art through the use of conventional materials in innovative ways. The technology focuses of on ways to reduce the overall installed armor costs through material, and manufacturing innovations.We expect that the technology developed in this SBIR will be immediately applicable to other application areas such as Navy patrol boats, Army spall liners, and aircraft armor, where weight and cost are important. Additionaly, we belieive that we can modify the material system to allow its use as a flexible body armor material for law enforcement. The law enforcement market is very price sensitive, and many of the materials in use today are very cost prohibitive. This material would provide a very attractive alternative. In today's military environment ships, systems, and equipment are being asked to perform at levels not thought possible a decade ago. The intent is to improve process operations and equipment reliability, availability, and maintainability without costly upgrades. Of course, these gains must be achieved without impacting combat readiness. Downsizing is also taking its toll on operations. Loss of personnel, particularly those who represent the corporate history, is depleting the Navy of its valuable experiential base which has been so heavily relied on in the past. These realizations are causing the Navy to rethink its condition-based maintenance policies, moving them away from reacting to equipment problems to taking a proactive approach to anticipate needs based on mission requirements. This SBIR will develop a new approach to condition-based maintanance-Context Dependent Prognostics and Health Assessment. This advanced diagnostics capability will be developed around a context dependent model that provides a capability to anticipate incipient system/element failures and determine machine performance over a protracted period of time. This prognostic capability will link mission requirements to an economic performance model. In this context, a system may provide 100% operability with less than 100% functionality. This new paradigm will be integrated into the Navy enterprise system to facilitate optimal logistic supply and support. ALPHATECH proposes to design, develop, and demonstrate an integrated Surface Ship Surveillance System (S4) that will a) track and classify maritime targets using reports from a constellation of space based radars, and b) detect patterns of target behavior that deviate from derived models of normalcy. ALPHATECH will model the space-based radar based on the DARPA/Joint Service Discoverer II initiative, a low earth orbit satellite constellation that uses Moving Target Indicator (MTI) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). We will demonstrate our S4 concept using internally developed scenarios running on an ALPHATECH simulation. Scenarios will be developed to demonstrate the performance and capabilities of the S4 concept in the stressing, dense littoral environment critical to developing complete Situation Awareness. ALPHATECH's experience in tracking, information fusion, and product development maximizes the expected benefit to the Navy, while minimizing the overall program risk. We are / have been key contractors for efforts involving: multiple hypothesis tracking, force pattern analysis, force level aggregation, target kinematic models, human computer interface design, and Global Command & Control System (GCCS) mission application development. Our role as researchers and developers for DARPA and the Services will promote cross-fertilization of ideas, while minimizing potential duplication of effort. The proposed technology will help provide USN complete surface situation awareness to support tracking and engagement of both area and theater surface targets. In addition, the technology has law enforcement applications in economically classifying, tracking, and monitoring ships that may be illegally transporting controlled technology to foreign nations, drugs and narcotics to friendly nations, or arms and weapons of mass destruction to international terrorists. The concept investigated in Phase I attach mechanically to ill-prepared surfaces. The device requires no surface finishing, be that polishing or cleaning, is quiet and attaches quickly, reliably and it can be re-used. The device will be non-magnetic and be able to attach to non-magnetic surfaces. The device utilizes a vacuum for adhesion. Hundreds of tiny vacuum suction cups, clustered together, are used to achieve adhesion of the payload to the contact surface. In the base effort of the proposed Phase II program, sub-systems will be optimized by; evaluating performance of COTS suction cups, considering and testing of alternative smart gels for creating a segmented central vacuum, and the evaluation and testing of using alternative chemicals to create the central vacuum. The base research will also investigate coatings and adhesives that will improve the attachment duration and the trigger and reset mechanisms. In the Phase II Option prototypes will be constructed, tested and validated under real operating conditions. The Option will deliver a proven design ready for production. Proposed is a study of incorporation of aircraft incident recorders and Structural Data Recorder Systems (SDRS) into an open architecture wireless network. This Enhanced Crash Survivable Flight Incident Recorder (ECSFIR) will improve flight safety by providing better information to accident investigators and reduce aircraft maintenance costs by improving diagnostics and automating maintenance schedules. Invocon will conduct comprehensive investigations into the ECSFIR system expectations and technical requirements. Consideration will be given to the incorporation of microminiature wireless sensors similar to those previously developed by Invocon. Programmable Surface Acoustic Wave (PSAW) correlators are under investigation by a team including Invocon, Sandia National Laboratories, NASA, and the Air Force Research Lab; in the ECSFIR, they will provide simultaneous RF communications giving the RF data bus extremely high-speed and reliable transmissions. The system will have an open architecture for future expansion and portability between aircraft. Invocon will provide at the Phase I conclusion a report detailing conceptual designs and configuration structures for all ECSFIR elements. Invocon proposes a Phase I Option to demonstrate a prototype wireless ECSFIR aboard a Naval Aircraft. This system will perform most of the major proposed requirements and provide a proof of concept and predetermination of some Phase II obstacles. The installation of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) is a major cost driver for shipboard controls and monitoring systems. The proposed effort will develop and demonstrate a wireless interface for PLC controllers within a shipboard environment per the Navy's instrumentation requirements. All situations where reliable, low cost wireless links are established in lieu of wires/cables will directly result in major savings to the Navy during both the installation and maintenance lifetime and will result in reduced weight of the instrumentation system. This proposal addresses development of a distributed image oriented storage and indexing architecture for building content searchable image databases (containing test, graphics, images, and digitize video). This is particularly difficult because computer vision has yet to solve the shape recognition problem which encompasses both text type and object type entities. Also, since substantial computation must be done to match image contents, substantial responsibility for the process must be delegated to the image archival engine (or in fact engines, because balancing data stored with computational elements is very important in this application as compared to more traditional text-oriented indexing and searching). In Cybernet's Phase I effort we will prototype a single node of the search engine and associated browser. Later we will scale the prototype product up for full scale Navy use. Single wall carbon nanotube - polymer composites will be synthesized and investigated for EMI shielding applications. Bundles of nanotubes will be prepared by an arc discharge process and dispersed in several polymer hosts as a physical mixture. Composites made from as-grown and chemically purified nanotubes will be investigated as a function of the vol.% loading, as will composites formed by laminating large area sheets of nanotube paper between polymer sheets. The effects of enhanced nanotube conductivity (chemical doping) and ferromagnetic nanoparticle additives will also be addressed. Stripline cavities operating in the 0.075 - 6 GHz range will be used to measure the complex permittivity and permeability of the composites. When applicable, the results will be modeled using an effective medium theory for composites built from dielectric hosts containing high aspect ratio conducting rods. The U.S. Navy and private industry are investing heavily in several ship electric drive systems including the High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) ac synchronous motor system, the Superconducting Homopolar motor and the Permanent Magnet (PM) motor. Composite drive shafts with optimized high torque end fittings hold promise for significant weight reduction. In the HTS ac synchronous motor these shafts are necessary to minimize heat leak to the rotating HTS coils Foster-Miller proposes to develop a low thermal conductance torque tube system which will provide minimum heat leak for the HTS ac synchronous motor application while also bringing significant value to the other ship electric drive options. The proposed approach employs Foster-Miller's Ultrasonic Tape Lamination (UTL) technology and tape winding. UTL enables on-the-fly, net thickness placement of the prepreg and the potential for non-autoclave curing. Several innovative designs in material selection, fiber architecture and end fitting integration are presented in detail in the proposal.Foster-Miller has teamed with American Superconductor and Alliant TechSystems to bring all of the expertise necessary to address this complex problem. In this program, the team will evaluate options, develop, analyze and design a low thermal conductance torque tube system and demonstrate key aspects of its fabrication. (P-00421) The proposed program will explore an advanced composite ship drive shaft system. This will support the HTS ac synchronous motor as well as several other electric drive systems for both Navy and commercial applications. The technology development is also a major asset for composite tube development for deep water oil drilling, civil structures and other applications. Beyond tubes, the integration of UTL and fiber placement has the potential to provide a dramatic advancement in composites manufacturing through on-the-fly debulking and curing. Composite tubes for cold-to-warm torque, requiring low thermal conductance, for advanced ship electric propulsion systems will be developed. Composite design and material selection must be optimized to provide low axial thermal conductance and high shear strength. Space limitations, fabrication difficulties, and costs limit the diameter of the torque tubes. The use of isogrid or isotruss composite structural designs as a supplement to a solid cylindrical shell must be carefully analyzed. The incoporation of advanced fibers such as alumina liquid crystal polymers, or polyethylene will be considered. Design of thermal intercepts and the end fixtures will be incorporated into the cylindrical structure.Our plan is to use our extensive cryogenic system and materials experience combined with composite analysis to design an optimum torque tube during the Phase I base program. The Phase I optional program will continue optimization and include torsion testing of previously fabricated glass/epoxy cylinders with a quasi-isotropic lay-up to confirm analysis predictions of shear strength. The most promising alternative tube geometries defined by the base program will also be fabricated and tested. The Phase II program will include fabrications and test (torsion, axial thermal conductivity) evaluation of candidate torque tubes, first with a subsize cylindrical structure followed by scale-up to a larger diameter and length. These will include end terminations and thermal intercepts for reduce heat leak and refrigeration loading. The proposed torque tube for cryogenic motors and generators will reduce heatleak to the cold region of these machines and will greatly reduce refrigeration requirements making such systems feasible for a wide range of applications in the military and commercial sector. These tubes would also have application to a large existing market for low heat leak cold to warm supports for use in magnetic resonance imaging systems (MRI), and the storage of cryogenic fluids nitrogen, oxygen, LNG, and others. Spectra Group Limited's (SGL) contribution in responding to N00-079 is the development of a new, benign, cost effective synthesis of poly[2,5-bis(N-methyl-N-alkylamino)phenylene vinylene]. Replacing the low yielding polymerization step in the current synthesis is the main objective of this proposal. By finding alternative routes to this step, many of the toxic reagents that are used in the original synthesis are avoided and replaced with safer, more benign options. The proposed synthesis is designed in such a way that many different types of polymerization reactions can be attempted based on a few simple easily made precursors. This versatility should allow a good number of options to be explored while spending minimal time in the laboratory preparing precursors. The anticipated benefit of this proposal is the development of a benign cost effective synthesis that can readily be scaled up to a commercial level. The ready availability of conjugated polymers would be of significant interest to the public and private sector. With the increasing complexity and size of advanced system designs come increasing requirements for an integrated set of methods and tools to measure, evaluate and predict behavior and performance. An environment is needed that will allow the engineer to rapidly iterate through multiple design paths and options, while evaluating the capability and completeness at multiple levels of abstraction. An integrated distributed environment is needed for engineers that support their processes and tools. This environment must support design, visualization and analysis at varying levels of detail. These capabilities can only be realized through the incorporation of a framework consisting of an integrated set of tools sharing a central design data repository that has "plug-in" support for external tools and codes. Creation of a robust environment to support complex systems development includes several key elements: first, an extensible framework and for integrating tools for designing, simulating and visualizing various aspects of the design; second, a process for using the tools and integrating and sharing their data; and third, a formal schema for describing, capturing and interrelating the data used by the tools. This project will attempt to realize a prototype of such an environment for the design and optimization of undersea weapons and vehicles. The rapid development of wireless technology is creating new opportunities and challenges for instrumentation users and suppliers. Wireless sensor systems can significantly decrease instrumentation set-up time and cost, while simultaneously improving sensor signal-to-noise ratios and instrumentation system flexibility. Further, the arduous task of manually collecting accelerometer samples for purposes of machinery health assessment has created a situation where a wireless data conditioning and collection approach would have many benefits; primarily a reduction in man-hours devoted to data collection and reduced instrumentation installation and maintenance costs. Unfortunately, no wireless accelerometer systems are currently available that meet the needs of the Navy's Assessment of Equipment Condition Program and similar harsh environment applications. Active imaging in the short- and mid-wave infrared has well-known benefits versus shorter wavelengths: eye safety, better visibility through battlefield obscurants, high atmospheric trans-mission, and reduced background emission. However, there are no suitable imaging detectors at eye-safe wavelengths. CTI proposes a nonlinear sum-frequency generator (SFG) to convert an image at 1.55 mm to a shorter wavelength where image intensifiers can be used. In addition, the SFG can provide spectral filtering and optical range-gating capability. Modern nonlinear optical materials can operate with high efficiency using modest pump sources in a compact design. CTI proposes a SFG converter with a large field-of-view, that is relatively temperature insensitive, and operates at room temperature. In Phase I, CTI will conduct detailed analyses and laboratory demonstrations to validate the proposed nonlinear up-converter. In Phase II, an imaging breadboard converter will be tested, optimized, and delivered.(1) increase detection sensitivity in eye-safe laser radar imaging, (2) demonstrate enhanced 2D LADAR imaging through SFG converter, (3) demonstrate receiver techniques through optical range-gating. This Small Business Innovation Research Phase I Project will produce a design for a monoblock configuration pulsed Er-Yb:glass micro-laser at 1540 nm, suitable for use in coastal LADAR applications at ranges greater than 1 km. Beside LADAR such a laser would be an extremely useful tool for a number of important applications; range finding, remote sensing, optical communications, etc. Our preliminary analysis indicates that the best way to meet the requirements for this laser is through an approach based on the optimal selection of pumping wavelength and cavity configuration, where both pumping and oscillation resonators form attached cavities. This method allows for scalability and versatility, while still achieving excellent performance in a relatively simple and rugged monoblock configuration.The developed system will radically improve the characteristics of lasers at 1540 nm, bringing its construction to a monoblock micro-design. In the commercial sector, the proposed laser will serve as an ideal source for parametric oscillators, high data transfer rate communication systems, spectroscopy, clocks, etc. This proposal describes and SBIR Phase I program to develop a high-performance, low-cost composite armor for the AAAV. Ballistic protection offered by state-of-the-art composite materials are presented and compared to demonstrate the need and performance goals for composite materials as fragment armors and as backings in ceramic armor systems. Ballistic performance models are presented and compared. Hybrid composite armor designs that use low-cost materials are discussed along with development and test plans. Cost models for composite armors are presented. Flammability testing proposed for candidate AAAV armor systems is outlined.Improved composite armor technology applicable to bullet and fragment armor systems. Improved ceramic armor designs that reduce cost and imrpove multiple impact protection of ceramic armors against armor piercing bullets. Composite armor designs and ballistic performance models applicable to personnel, aircraft, ship, and ground vehicle armor systems. Military divers and medical patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy may breathe pure oxygen. The elevated ambient pressure levels in these circumstances lead to high partial pressures of oxygen which can become toxic. The goal of this program is development of a Diver Warning System capable of monitoring environmental and physiological parameters and predicting impending seizures due to oxygen toxicity. During Phase I, we will review existing data and literature, implement several novel data processing algorithms, and determine which parameters are most predictive of impending seizures. During Phases II and III, the work will be extended to include additional hyperbaric testing and integration of the Diver Warning System into the LAR V Rebreather used by military divers.Successful completion of this project will increase the safety of military divers exposed to hyperbaric oxygen. The technology developed under this program may also benefit recreational scuba divers and medical patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy. It is known that hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) exposure causes seizures in animals and humans, although the mechanism by which this occurs is still incompletely understood. Oxygen toxicity is a concern, for example, in certain types of military diving operations, as well in treating patients in clinical HBO chambers. At present, the most reliable physiological "marker" known to anticipate HBO-induced seizures is escape from cerebral vasoconstriction. To provide an "early warning" system for increased probability of HBO-induced seizures practicable for field and clinical use, non-invasive measurement parameters are needed. For example, hyperbaric hyperoxia is known to increase the parasympathetic influence in the regulation of the heart. Therefore, subtle changes that occur in cardiovascular parameters (e.g., heart-rate variability) prior to the onset of seizures may be exploitable markers. The objectives of this research are to research and design the necessary components of an environmental impact assessment software suite and to provide modeled environmental impact assessment results for selected sites. The research will focus on the impact of active acoustic emissions on marine mammals in the oceans. In the research and design portions of the study, AHA will examine the pertinent marine mammal characteristics and develop a database for those characteristics; retrieve and perform statistical analysis of environmental acoustic characteristics of the oceans, including temporal, spatial, and directional variability; investigate active sound propagation and procedures for the assessment of its impact on marine mammals; and incorporate the above items in the design of a web-enabled environmental assessment decision aid software tool. In the assessment portion of the research, AHA will perform acoustic modeling to produce representative summaries of marine mammal impact for selected sites.Many organizations within the U.S. government and private industry could make use of the environmental assessment software tool designed as part of this research, in order to ensure compliance with applicable laws. Examples include companies involved in drilling and recovery of natural resources, underwater construction, oceanic transportation, and marine geophysical and seismic surveying. We propose using our unique, self-reinforcing, rigid-rod, polyparaphenylene-based thermoplastic for fabricating low-cost, lightweight scuttles and hatches. This thermoplastic, named Parmaxr Self-Reinforced Polymer ("SRP"), is an extraordinary high-performance polymer that exhibits the strength of metals. Parmaxr SRPs, however, are not long fiber composites, and thus are readily fabricated using conventional low-cost, automated molding methods. The most elegant design solution for hatch and scuttle fabrication is single operation molding. This is not possible with current sandwich-core composite technology, which requires complicated lay-ups. For scuttles and hatches, use of Parmaxr SRPs will offer the following advantages 1) lightweight, possibly including a Parmaxr SRP foam core (sandwich structure); 2) charring, providing an insulating, protective layer in fire situations without toxic gasses; and 3) simplified compression manufacturing methods, enabling production of cost-effective scuttles and hatches. During Phase I we propose to 1) compound Parmaxr SRPs into suitable formulations (ensuring acceptable mechanical, weight, EMI shielding, maintenance, and fire tolerance properties); 2) fabricate and test specimens to qualify formulations for use (with an emphasis on fire situation properties); 3) enter into a collaboration with one or more existing manufacturers of scuttles and hatches for development work; and 4) design prototype scuttles and/or hatches for Phase II development.Lightweight thermoplastic hatches will be commercially viable products to support the commercial cruise industry and perhaps even specialized fire door markets. This technology will offer high quality, low maintenance, low weight and potentially high volume/ low-cost conformal shape doors for commercial and DOD applications. Future high speed fiber optic data networks can serve to aggregate disparate data sources with varying data rates. Thereby, a single network serves to transport legacy avionics protocols such Mil Std 1553B, InterCommunication System (ICS) data traffic, commercial formats such as Ethernet packets, Fiber Channel packets and other present and future packet formats. The protocol converter algorithm must be standardized and not proprietary to assure multiple vendor participation and product development. This Phase 1 program specifies the necessary characteristics required for an operationally successful network; it is redundant, controllerless and protocol independent. IPITEK will develop a network architectures meeting these program objectives by drawing upon experience gained from developing similiar functional fiber optic based networks. A universal data network capable of transporting multiple data formats simplifies network design and operation. New and old installations benefit from fewer networks through lower installation and operating costs. Daniel H. Wagner Associates, Inc. proposes to develop a requirements report and a detailed design for a Current, Wind, and Wave Data Fusion (CWWDF) system for Mine Countermeasures (MCM). The proposed CWWDF system will significantly improve the ability of Naval MCM forces to carry out their missions through the more effective use of available environmental data to accurately estimate the current, wind, and wave conditions in the area of interest. The system will allow MCM planners and operators to: (1) More accurately estimate the location of drifting mines at all times of interest, optimize search for them, and estimate their source, (2) Improve the placement of cleared lanes for use by landing craft such as AAAVs making it easier for the landing craft to stay in these lanes, (3) Develop more effective plans for MCM systems, such as divers, that are significantly affected by current, wind, and waves, and (4) Improve the ability to sweep pressure mines. Improved MCM technologies such as these are particularly necessary at a time when the United States is facing a sophisticated MCM threat with limited funds to procure additional MCM assets/sensors. Effective use of environmental data fusion techniques in MCM operations will produce more effective MCM operations, conducted at lower risk, which will result in fewer casualties to friendly forces and improved overall US Navy effectiveness. Erosion and corrosion of compressor blades and vanes have been critical degraders to the life of the gas turbine engine fleet for naval applications. Similar problems also exist for civilian aircraft engines. Protection of turbine compression systems has historically consisted of coating airfoil surfaces. New and advanced base material systems and advanced engine configurations are under development. Thus, new coating deposition techniques which can be applied without degrading advanced material systems and engine configuration are required. UES, Inc. proposes to utilize a patented vacuum filtered arc based technology for coating application. The coating systems will be characterized in terms of their composition and corrosion/erosion performance. Based upon their performance ranking, coating(s) and coating process(s) will be identified for further development in Phase II. The objective of this project is the development of a control module capable of providing the excitation for the Navy's UHF electronically scanned array radar currently under development. This radar will enable enhanced beam agility and scan rates over present radar systems. The Navy has identified a need for a scanning module able to direct a tapered excitation to a subset of a fifty-four element array. This Phase 1 project will investigate the crystal growth aspects and optoelectronic characterization of a new ternary alkali lead chloride material, Er-doped KPb2Cl5, which recently showed high promise in mid-infrared (3-4.5 um) laser applications. In particular, it has an excellent potential as a mid-infrared laser because of two factors: 1) the high concentration of erbium ions (2 x 10^20 ions/cm^3) with its large cross section provides excellent energy storage lifetimes (~ms), and 2) the crystals are hard and very stable at or above room temperature, enabling practical large scale laser sources. The goals of the Phase I project are to identify and select optimum growth conditions for ultrapure high quality erbium (Er)-doped KPb2Cl5 large single crystals in a cost-effective way, to develop new post-growth treatments to improve the quality of the grown crystals, and to characterize various optoelectronic properties in order to demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating mid-infrared lasers from these crystals. The U.S. Navy has developed an important ASW capability using impulsive sources to provide broadband spectral illumination for submarine detection. Present sonobuoy sources use high explosives to achieve the required source levels. Explosives present serious safety hazards and subsequently incur significant operational and manufacturing costs. Additionally, explosives produce inherently short (<100 micro-second) high intensity pulses, which are not efficient for creating low frequency acoustic energy. Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. (APTI) proposes to develop a non-explosive source by electrically initiating combustion of aluminum with water to create a long (milli-seconds) high-energy acoustic pulse. The aluminum/water reaction is highly energetic (15 kj/g aluminum) and affords the opportunity to use surrounding seawater as the oxidizer such that the energy output exceeds present explosive driven buoy systems. APTI has significant experience combusting aluminum and water and has demonstrated this combustion technique using solid aluminum wire, water, and battery to generate pressures in excess of 50 kpsi to accelerate projectiles. The immediate benefit of this program is to provide the Navy with a substantially safer and less expensive inventory of anti-submarine warfare sono-buoys. Present systems contain high-explosives that require special handling and care to both manufacture and deploy. The proposed concept will eliminate those explosives and lower overall lifecycle costs by eliminating the need to handle explosive materials. Commercially, an immediate market for several thousand buoys exists to upgrade and replace the present systems both in the US and abroad. This Small Business Innovation Research Phase I project is designed to develop and characterize a novel ceramic material and microcomponent fabrication technique for application as optic fiber connectors in harsh operational environments experienced by the Integrated Defense Electronics Countermeasures (IDECM) ALE-55 Fiber Optic Towed Decoy (FOTD). Current fiber-optic connectors do not possess the desired mechanical performance and high-temperature performance for FOTD applications, and often have a high failure rate during operational conditions. SYTRONICS proposes Noise Reduction and Improved Speech (NORIS) research to accomplish Phase I objectives, establish a foundation for further research and prototyping in Phase II, and product testing and development in Phase III. Phase I objectives are: propose new design approaches using existing technology for hearing protection of personnel using communication systems; identify performance differences between custom-fit and foam earplugs; compare new materials available; include data on new speech intelligibility technologies; and develop a conceptual design. The proposed work includes: Assessing currently used passive systems, performing comparative analyses and identifying differences in performance with foam earplugs; Performing preliminary studies to determine passive attenuation requirements by (1) replicating a 1981 Shanks and Lilly study to determine the most sensitive measure of ear canal residual volume; and (2) identifying and verifying the most effective method for estimating residual ear canal volume when using deep-seated earplugs; Determining active noise reduction (ANR) requirements using deep-seated ear plugs and a noise sensing microphone; Investigating ANR, Communications Earplug (CEP) and other techniques that hold promise for reducing noise at the inner ear and improving speech communications; Providing a concept demonstration of a preliminary noise reduction system for deck crew with communications. We anticipate the benefits of this research to include (1) a better understanding of the technologies and applications that are most effective in reducing noise levels at the inner ear; (2) realization of effective techniques and applications for improving speech intelligibility in high noise environments; and (3) preliminary concept design and demonstration of a more effective passive and active noise reduction hearing protection system with improved speech intelligibility capabilities, that is feasible for use by aircrew and deck crew personnel operating in Navy aircraft carrier and "L" class ship deck environments. If successful, this technology application will benefit workers operating in any high noise military and industrial environment. Mathtech has developed a digital Advanced Inter-Communications System (AICS) for the E-2C aircraft. The AICS is an Ethernet-based system with many user-friendly features, and both weight and cost savings over competing systems. This proposal describes our approach to architecture and options for converting the AICS to a fiber optic bus. There is increased interest in the use of fiber optic voice and data transmission in military aircraft. Commercial applications include all aircraft as well as other industrial applications. Today's military aircraft and aerospace systems employ optical networks for data transmission. Data is bottlenecked in switching, which is currently performed by slow, bulky, heavy optomechanical methods. Fast electro-optical switches have been suggested as replacements, but these tend to have large insertion losses and low extinction ratios. The U.S. Navy is seeking a high-speed, low-loss, high extinction ratio optical switch for its optical networks. To address this need, Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposes to develop a novel optical switch based on liquid crystal polymer holographic Bragg grating nanotechnology. This concept is superior to existing switches in that it can switch in under 25 microseconds, has insertion loss below 1 dB, exhibits an extinction ratio above 50 dB, is nonmechanical, and scales to large array sizes. It can be designed to be narrowband for wavelength division multiplexing or broadband for greater system compatibility. The proposed optical switch technology is commercially attractive because it is based on mature volume holographic and liquid crystal/polymer nanotechnology. In Phase I, POC will design, fabricate and test the proposed optical switch technology, and demonstrate its feasibility by analytical calculation, computer modeling, and experimental demonstration. In Phase II, an advanced prototype will be fabricated and field tested. POC expects this unique switch to open a new market for rapid optical switches. The capabilities of this switch are far beyond what is commercially available today, and it will be useful in a wide range of applications, from DOD aircraft to cable television, from space-based radar systems to industrial control centers, from military control centers to internet-based high speed switches. Next generation high performance Global Positioning System (GPS) guidance, tracking and timing systems will need to be smaller lighter and less costly. The oven controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO) is a key component in determing the performance of the GPS system. Conventional OCXO's suitable for precision GPS applications are large, require substantial amounts of power and are costly to manufacture. These limiting factors play a role in determining the overall size and cost of the GPS system. MTI has developed a very small and power efficient OCXO in our standard Model 220 which is currently manufactured in high volume. In Phase 1 we will focus on reducing the warm up time of the 220 and the amount of power required during the warm up mode. Our goal is to realize a warm-up time of <30 seconds while consuming 2 watts of power maximum. With some modification it is possible that MTI can offer a compact, power efficient, economical and specification compliant OCXO. The performance of a GPS receiver is critically dependent on its internal oscillator clock's long term stability, affecting time-to-first measurement and its short term, phase noise level, since it limits the ultimate precision with which a range increment can be recovered. Visidyne proposes to demonstrate that by adding a photonic control loop to an existing low cost RF oscillator both long term drift and short term, i.e., Allan variances can be greatly improved on. The goals for ready time, size/weight and power consumption as well as cost also appear to be within reach. High performance local oscillators with less jitter, lower phase noise are a critical element at both ends of the scale, low signal-to-noise as in a GPS receiver or in the case of multiple input signals of large magnitudes to reduce the intermodulation products. DoD needs include advanced digital intercept receivers, commercial uses are in wireless, e.g., cellular phone networks. Advanced failure progression modeling will be demonstrated on selected gear and bearing components for the purpose of providing a basis for fully enabling the Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) to assess the remaining useful life of components and their risk to catastrophic failure. Fracture Mechanics methods within a framework of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) will be applied to a crack in the root of a spiral gear tooth to simulate crack growth to final failure. The gear selected for analysis will be one of those for which the Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC) has generated full scale H60 helicopter drive system testing. The data will provide a basis for validating the model. Additional fracture mechanics analysis will be developed to determine a risk factor for catastrophic bearing inner ring fracture in the presence of a fatigue spall. The risk factor will be based on sensitivity to fracture of bearing geometry, bearing/shaft interference fit, material fracture toughness and operating speed and load. The models provide benefit by more accurately predicting the remaining useful life of components. Model development will provide a basis for: (1) developing improved diagnostic algorithms for fault detection, (2) assessing the risk to catastrophic failure of detected bearing faults, (3) understanding component failure progression rates, and (4) determining more accurate inspection and maintenance intervals. Commercial applications apply to aviation and power generation rotating machinery. Industry using health monitoring systems, condition-based maintenance, diagnostic or predictive analysis for rotating machinery will benefit. As the number and range of interface technologies increases, the personal experience and expertise of human computer interaction (HCI) designers is often insufficient to ensure that wide ranges of innovative interface options are considered during design. This limited experience could slow down the interface design process and result in interfaces that are sufficient, but not optimal. Aptima proposes an intelligent advisor that will help capture the experiences of a broad range of HCI designers in the form of user interface design cases and provide an indexing schema for effectively searching and retrieving user interface design (UID) cases from a case database. The retrieved UID cases will aid the HCI designer in generating an initial set of viable and innovative user interface design options to use as a starting point for a UI design effort. Each UID case in the proposed case database will contain: 1) a dialog representation (e.g., a dialog box image, a description for gesture based dialog, a transcription of speech dialogs, etc.); 2) a depiction of the functional, operational, and usability requirements the dialog supports; and 3) links to related dialogs used to characterize and index the UID case. The anticipated benefits are as follows. The case-based HCI design advisor will enable the HCI designers and/or the systems design team to: Intelligent Automation, Incorporated (IAI) and its subcontractor, Penn State U., propose a novel system to detect damage in aircraft structures. The system combines a novel wireless sensor for signal acquisition and a robust software for fault prognosis. The sensor is known as SAW-IDT (Surface Acoustic Wave Interdigital Transducer). It is low cost, passive, compact, and can be operated in a wireless manner. The sensor has been proven to be useful for sensing cracks in rivet holes. Other structural defects such as corrosion, delamination, fatigue cracking can also be detected. The second element of the system is an automatic fault prognosis tool, which consists of Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ), and Hidden Markov Model (HMM). PCA is a popular neural network tool for extracting useful features. LVQ is used to generate the code sequence. HMM has been proven to be extremely useful in several applications, including some use for equipment diagnostics. However, unlike conventional usage of HMM for fault isolation, HMM is used here to perform both fault prognosis and diagnosis. Our proposed system can perform continuous monitoring of aircraft structures in both ground and in-flight situations, and the sensors can be easily embedded into the structure. The ability to predict the onset of structural failures is critical for reducing cost and improving safety in aircraft. At the end of Phase 2, we will have a system with both hardware and software for structural failure prognosis and diagnosis. The system will perform continuous monitoring of aircraft structures in both ground and in-flight situations. We expect the market for this system to be at least 10 million dollars. The Phase II research proposed here will develop a model of team collaboration in critical thinking (TC2T) that builds upon the framework proposed by Alberts, et al. (2001) and upon the research team's considerable experience studying individuals and teams in command and control settings. From this model, we will develop measures of: (1) technologies that support collaboration (collaboration technology MOPs), (2) processes of collaborative critical thinking (TC2T MOPs), (3) their influence on team-wide understanding of goals and means that is central to command and control (C2 MOPs), and (4) mission outcomes with a focus on synchronization (MOEs). The proposed program is focused specifically on developing and optimizing advanced Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) system designs for various Joint Strike Fighter aircraft systems and subsystems. A PHM design optimization tool developed under a separate program will be utilized to examine several selected JSF aircraft areas including the propulsion system (Fan/Compressor/Turbine, Engine Lube Oil or Fuel System), secondary power system (APU or PTO/AMAD) and the environmental control system (ECS). The effort will specifically develop "lower level", detailed system simulation models for assessing sensor type/placement issues, as well as "higher level" system integration models to examine system inter-dependencies and failure mode propagation effects. The tool will allow a design team to assess PHM system configurations based on a cost function that accurately represents key life cycle cost variables such as system availability, maintainability, reliability, failure mode interactions, etc. Based on the development of these optimal PHM system designs early in the EMD phase, costly redesigns in later phases can be avoided. Pratt and Whitney and Honeywell Engines and Systems have expressed interest in this program and are expected to provide appropriate design and legacy system information required to build the PHM models proposed.BENEFITS: Optimizing PHM system designs for critical areas of the JSF aircraft will allow for more autonomous system self awareness so that critical system failures and high cost operation can be minimized. The ability to optimize and justify JSF sensor selection/placement and associated diagnostic/prognostic algorithms in the design stage can significantly reduce LCC and impact the effectiveness of autonomic logistics by reducing costly inspection routines and premature component replacements. Substantial safety and cost benefits can be achieved if the optimal application of LRU diagnostic and prognostic techniques is realized, and it could thus provide the potential to make the correct life cycle choices during the EMD phase of JSF. Commercial applications for applying this PHM design optimization can be realized for any aviation health management application, as well as machinery health management systems in the electrical generation industries, chemical processing industries, marine propulsion, military ground vehicles, and the gas transmission and oil refining industries. Burn-through of the cables used in the Integrated Defense Electronics Countermeasures (IDECM) ALE-55 Fiber Optic Towed Decoy (FOTD) system as installed on the F/A-18E/F precludes successful operation of the FOTD. The currently used organic fibers do not retain their strength when exposed to the extremely high temperatures of the aircraft exhaust. Fiber Materials, Inc. proposes an innovative solution to the burn-through problem by utilizing a high strength, commmercially available fiber with a higher maximum use temperature. FMI will also utilize ablative materials to keep the temperature of the cable below its failure temperature. In Phase I, FMI will perform elevated temperature tensile strength testing (up to 1000§C in air) of the proposed towlines. The benefit of this SBIR project will be candidate material systems for high temperature, high strength towlines for Fiber Optic Towed Decoys (FOTD). The successful conclusion of this research will allow reliable deployment and use of the FOTD system to protect US military aircraft from enemy missiles. Approximately 20,000 disposable towline units are planned for the F/A18, F-15, and various other platforms. Industrial applications that will benefit from this research include space tethers, high temperature seals, and high temperature cables for the geothermal and mining industries. Q-DOT proposes to develop a monolithic, Delta-Sigma Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) suitable for use in a multi-function phased array antenna systems (e.g., Digital Array Radar (DAR)). Its wide bandwidth (600 MHz) enables the DDS to produce a variety of signals including the chirp waveforms for radar. The single-bit, delta-sigma architecture offers high purity (-150 dBc/Hz), low in-band spurious content (100 dB SFDR) signals on one integrated circuit realized in IBM's SiGe BiCMOS process. In addition, this sophisticated DDS will support beamforming operations (i.e., time delay, phase shift, amplitude weighting). Its small size, low power dissipation, and low cost make the Delta-Sigma DDS attractive for integration into advanced T/R modules. Under the proposed Phase II Base effort, Q-DOT will develop a monolithic Delta-Sigma DAC IC realized with SiGe BiCMOS technology. In the Phase II Option, the Delta-Sigma DAC integrated IC will be integrated with commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components to form a stored-waveform, Delta-Sigma DDS Module. Q-DOT will work with the Navy to insert the Delta-Sigma DDS into advanced DAR during Phase III. The goal of this project is to characterize the magnitude and transmission paths of bone-conducted noise, and then to use this information to design an effective Noise Reduction System (NRS) for use in crew helmets. US Navy personnel working on the decks of aircraft carriers operate in a very high noise environment and are at considerable risk for hearing damage. There is no technology available to reduce engine noise levels without significant performance penalties. Further, noise levels will not improve with the next generation of aircraft, where noise levels for deck crews will exceed 150 dB. At these levels, sound conducted to the cochlea via bone and tissue conduction may inflict damage despite complete attenuation of air-conducted sound in the ear canal. The phenomenon of bone conduction is not well understood. During the Phase I project, we plan to use two new innovative audiometry techniques, supplemented by laboratory tests, to characterize this phenomenon. We will then use these data to model the noise conduction mechanism in order to design an effective countermeasure. During the Phase II project, we will fabricate and test prototypes of the NRS. The results of our unique tests on bone/tissue conduction to the cochlea will be of benefit to those setting hearing protection guidelines as well as to designers of hearing protection systems. The Creare Noise Reduction System (NRS) will reduce the effects of this potentially harmful source of noise, allowing longer durations of exposure to high-noise-level environments. The system will be of use to military and civilian aircraft operations and maintenance personnel as well as to workers in construction and manufacturing industries. SYTRONICS proposes Bone Conducted Noise Reduction (BCNR) research to accomplish Phase I objectives, establish a foundation for further research and product prototyping in Phase II, and product testing and development in Phase III. The Phase I objectives are: propose new design approaches to protect Naval deck crew personnel from bone conducted sound to the inner ear; establish a protocol for determining the path(s) of bone conducted noise to the inner ear; and develop a preliminary conceptual design for a solution to the problem. Proposed work includes: assessing current approaches to measuring bone conducted noise using distortion product oto-acoustic emissions (DPOAEs) technology; determining new methods for measuring bone conducted noise by generating DPOAEs in a novel way to study the cancellation of bone conducted noise in the cochlea; performing a series of preliminary bone-conduction studies designed to explore the effect of level changes in air-conducted and bone conducted stimuli, examine cancellation of the bone-conducted tone, compare the sensitivity of DPOAE measures with conventional behavioral measures, and make a preliminary determination of bone conduction pathways to the inner ear; providing a concept demonstration of a potential bone conducted noise reduction. We anticipate the benefits of this research to include (1) a better understanding of the pathways and practical effect of bone conducted sound to the inner ear; (2) determination of an effective way to reduce the level of bone conducted sound to the inner ear; and (3) preliminary design of a protective system that effectively reduces the level of bone conducted noise to the inner ear and is feasible for use in the Navy aircraft carrier and "L" class ship deck environment. If successful, this technology application will benefit workers operating in any high noise military and industrial environment. Operating a vector-component magnetic sensor in motion with high sensitivity is challenging. Compensation of motion noise is classically achieved by configuring the sensor as a magnetic gradiometer and taking advantage of the fact that the earth's magnetic field is spatially nearly uniform. Quantum Magnetics, working with the Navy and IBM Research, has developed a unique sensor configuration, the Realtime Tracking Gradiometer (RTG) that solves the dynamic range challenges particularly well. Operating such a sensor in a low-cost Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) adds still more technical challenge: that of negating locally-generated magnetic interference without compromising the sensor's motion noise immunity or its responsivity to detection targets. In Phase I, we demonstrated the efficacy of two complementary approaches to mitigate local interference. One, developed by Quantum, modifies the RTG hardware, and another, developed by the Navy's Coastal System Center, adapts the noise compensation algorithm. In the Phase II Base effort, we will provide the Navy with a version of the RTG specifically designed and ready for AUV integration. We will support the Navy in sensor integration into an AUV and demonstration at sea.BENEFITS: The technology developed under this program will add to the Navy's organic MCM capability. It can also be adapted for use in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for locating underground facilities. Private-sector markets include oceanographic research, search and salvage applications, and geophysical surveys. Potential sales in each market segment can reach a few hundred units, at a cost between $5,000 and $15,000 per unit; business models structured in terms of leasing and per-use fees may generate significantly higher revenues. A lightweight, low-cost system for each firefighter to detect the location and direction of other nearby firefighters will be provided. A heads-up display will allow hands-free operation. The system will be integrated with the Personnel Ultrasonic Locating and Safety Equipment, or PULSE, developed by Summit Safety. This system uses ultrasound -- sound waves above the normal hearing range -- to enable a firefighter or Rapid Intervention Team (RIT) to quickly locate and rescue a disabled firefighter and to quickly locate exits in dense smoke. Summit Safety will develop an ultrasonic, non-contact sensor and system capable of detecting the acoustic sounds and fire-induced vibrations of structures that are precursors of structural collapse. The system will provide advanced warning to the Incident Commander of potential or imminent structural collapse. Luna Innovations has developed for NIST a low-cost, yet high resolution acoustic sensor system capable of determining ten micro-degree changes in a water path caused by clinical medical radiation devices. A system will be delivered to NIST for their evaluation and testing. The sensors are external to the water and play a negligible role in error sources from thermal transfer in contrast to current thermocouple devices in use today. Luna has identified a commercialization path and a partner (Varian) who has voiced product support if we are successful in the Phase II. This breakthrough technology can result in the ability to image the three dimensional thermal dose absorbed in the tissue phantom, a critical pre-treatment parameter that could alter medical protocols. The product from this technology has an important role for both economics and health care. Open Tech, Inc. seeks to develop a Virtual Environment Windowing Library (VEWL) that will provide users with an intuitive user interface and device independent interaction methods. The interface will allow users in a virtual environment to run applications and configure the environment using the same windows and controls that they are used to using on desktop systems. The software will provide for complete device independence, allowing users of any system to use the software regardless of the input devices that they are using (e.g. wands, mice, keyboards, PDAs, etc). The software will help facilitate the application development process for programmers, while simultaneously helping programmers provide users with more flexible and intuitive applications. Parallax Research, Inc. proposes to build an Ultra-High Vacuum compatible Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (WDS) that can be used on small spot Auger, XPS, TEM and FESEM analytical instruments for elemental analysis. The effort draws upon Parallax's experience in designing WDS systems for Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) and for XRF. This new type of x-ray spectrometer will eliminate the sources of leakage that plagued previous WDs systems used on UHV systems by using UHV compatible materials, motion feedthroughs and by replacing the leak prone gas flow proportional counter x-ray detector. During Phase 1, Parallax tested a potential proportional counter replacement with sufficient success to be very confident of Phase 2 success. The proposed spectrometer is conceptually based on Parallax's new 6-diffractor HeXLEXS extended energy range Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer. A low-cost superconducting transition edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeter spectrometer is described for high energy and high spatial resolution X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy and microanalysis. The proposed microcalorimeter instrument offers an energy resolution that is comparable to and potentially even better than wavelength dispersive spectrometers, thereby enabling the resolution of interfering peaks at low energies, while the energy dispersive nature of the microcalorimeter also means that the full X-ray spectrum is immediately available for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The TES microcalorimeter spectrometer will address and meet a critical need for new, cost-effective analytical tools for high resolution X-ray microanalysis in materials research. The presence of moisture in inaccessible building regions can lead to paint failure and rotting that reduces property values and creates dangerous habitat environments.  Secondarily, the presence of moisture can lead to mold growth with allergenic and toxic properties that present a significant health risk.  Diagnosis may include measurement of the moisture content of building materials, as well as measurement of water infiltration through the exterior barrier.  The current tools available for diagnosis are limited to bulky, electrical-based sensors that are not optimal for embedding in small crevices and often produce unreliable results over long-term evaluation.  To address the need for robust sensors and instrumentation to measure moisture content within building envelopes, Luna Innovations proposes to develop low profile, low cost, optical fiber-based instrumentation for in-situ simultaneous measurements of humidity and temperature, within inaccessible regions of buildings.  The proposed system will enable remote detection in an embeddable, multiplexed format, and offer a low cost solution that can be used in may commercial and industrial structures and meets the competitive price points of the housing industry. An innovative superconducting transition edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeter array with superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) readouts is described for high energy and high spatial resolution X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy and microanalysis. The proposed microcalorimeter instrument offers an energy resolution that is comparable to and potentially even better than wavelength dispersive spectrometers, thereby enabling the resolution of interfering peaks at low energies, while the energy dispersive nature of the microcalorimeter also means that the full X-ray spectrum is immediately available for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The TES microcalorimeter will address and meet a critical need for increasingly high spatial resolution X-ray microanalysis in semiconductor integrated circuit manufacturing and materials research as minimum feature sizes are reduced well below 1 micron. This proposal is aimed at developing a full software solution for the next generation advanced optical metrology. Existing simulation tools cannot meet the current and future needs of scattering-based optical metrology for semiconductor manufacturing. Our proposed work will first focus on developing an enhanced RCWA-based simulation engine with advanced algorithms for fast convergence and stability, which can be applied to periodic and non-periodic 3D problems with arbitrary polarizations, structure profiles and material systems. A versatile and user-friendly CAD interface will also be developed based on the RSoft existing, industry-leading CAD technology for optoelectronics device simulation. Within the CAD, a 3D openGL display engine will be implemented for 3D data display and manipulation. Other potential methods, including FDTD, FEM and FMM, will also be investigated and implemented to address the full range of optical metrology applications. RPIC Systems proposes to develop a compact, optically coupled precision MEMS-based resonant high-pressure transducer that provides primary national standards from 280 MPa to 500 MPa, having <0.0001% resolution and <0.001% accuracy, the ability to operate over a wide temperature range (<-65°C to >300°C), the capability of oil or gas fill, and characteristics of quartz resonant gauges at lower pressures. The proposed sensor of RPIC Systems also will address the need of industrial and commercial markets for precision, high-pressure sensors having low hysteresis, electromagnetic interference (EMI) immunity, and increased safety in harsh, volatile, or explosive environments. Wavelength dispersive spectrometers (WDS) are widely used in both scanning electron microscopes and scanning transmission electron microscopes for x-ray elemental analysis and mapping. The WDS systems are typically used to detect x-rays in the 100 eV - 2000 eV energy range, for chemical analysis of elements Be through P. Despite the excellent energy resolution of the WDS systems, they rely on gas flow proportional counters for detection of x-rays from the diffractor, which pose a serious problem in terms of the compatibility with the ultra-high vacuum (UHV) of the microscope. For the detection of very low energy x-rays, the gas proportional counter must have an extremely thin entrance window, which is permeable to the gas in the proportional counter, such that the proportional counter gas slowly leaks into the UHV chamber of the microscope. The newer generation field emission microscopes will not be able to tolerate the gas from the proportional counter leaking into the UHV of the microscope. In this project, we propose to develop a high performance solid state x-ray detector that will be compatible with the UHV environment, and will offer a more reliable, low cost alternative to replace the gas proportional counters in electron microscopes. A new type of THz photomixer will be developed using a submicron interdigitated-electrode structure fabricated on an Eras:GaAs ultrafast photoconductive layer, an AIAs heat spreader and an AIGas/AIAs dielecric mirror. The Eras:GaAs-based photomixer will provide extremely wide tuning bandwidth (>1 decade) and a continuous-wave output power of roughly 10 microwatt around 100 GHz, at least 1 microwatt and 1 THz, and > 100 nW between 2 and 3 THz. The research will focus on the materials growth and fabrication issues, the electrical and optical performance, and the reliability and packaging necessary to deliver working devices to NIST. Open Tech proposes to adapt the WIMP (Window Icon Menu Pointer) interface for immersive applications. Using logical input devices like windows, menus, sliders, and buttons applications can be built to be device independent. Open Tech’s innovative approach uses a laser pointer like mouse to control a 3D WIMP interface. Scientists will be able to quickly build interfaces that are easier to learn, more flexible, and more powerful than many current applications. This approach is particularly useful for scientific visualization where realism and presence is less important than the data being visualized. We propose to develop the technology to address the need for better harmonic reference devices in order to support the field of non-linear device characterization. Superconducting delay lines can be used to generate nonlinear harmonic signals with a known magnitude and phase relationship to the fundamental signal. In order to make such a reference device, we will need to make superconducting delay lines of at least 20 cm length on a standard 5 cm wafer. This will require careful simulation and fabrication of a spiral meander line. Then we will package the delay line using interconnects to room temperature that have been optimized for stable phase response on thermal cycling. Finally, we will deliver the delay line packaged on a cryocooler with integrated PID to ensure stable temperature operation. Successful completion of this effort will form a solid foundation for building and testing an optimized laboratory prototype in Phase II. Two distinct designs with performance characteristics for analyzers consistent with the solicitation requirements were delivered in Phase 1. The Phase 1 research and modeling results have been sufficiently conclusive to indicate feasibility of both designs. The more novel of the two designs is proposed: a hybrid magnetic/electrostatic analyzer that features very high collection and transmission efficiencies. In this design, the specimen is immersed in a magnetic field parallel to the axis of the analyzer. The proposed design provides for extremely uniform collection efficiency over a large area while preserving excellent lateral resolution. In one application this design, combined with a tunable wide area soft-xrays illumination will provide the ability to identify chemical bond information utilizing the NEXAFS technique. In this Phase I SBIR, Nomadics will build on our past experience with micro-structure resonators and quartz-based sensors to develop a pressure sensor suitable for high pressure applications such as oil and gas industry applications. In the Phase I work, the outstanding measurement resolution of our sensing technology will be demonstrated and the feasibility of this technology for pressure sensing will be demonstrated. Pressure tests with ranges up to 140 MPa will be performed. The pressure sensing range and sensitivity of a commercially available structure will be tested. The material property, behavior, and the mechanical integrity of the chip assembly including the fiber connector under high-pressure environment will be understood. The interaction of pressure fluid in the testing facility and material at various pressures and temperatures will be tested. These efforts will include collaboration with a leader in the oilfield test and measurement industry. Successful completion of the Phase I tasks will warrant continuation into Phase II prototyping. The presence of moisture in inaccessible building regions can lead to paint failure and rotting that reduces property values and creates dangerous habitat environments.  Secondarily, the presence of moisture can lead to mold growth with allergenic and toxic properties that present a significant health risk.  Diagnosis may include measurement of the moisture content of building materials, as well as measurement of water infiltration through the exterior barrier.  The current tools available for diagnosis are limited to bulky, electrical-based sensors that are not optimal for embedding in small crevices and often produce unreliable results over long-term evaluation.  To address the need for robust sensors and instrumentation to measure moisture content within building envelopes, Luna Innovations proposes to develop low profile, low cost, optical fiber-based instrumentation for in-situ simultaneous measurements of humidity and temperature, within inaccessible regions of buildings.  The proposed system will enable remote detection in an embeddable, multiplexed format, and offer a low cost solution that can be used in may commercial and industrial structures and meets the competitive price points of the housing industry. The proposal is to develop a system to monitor fire-induced structural vibrations that provide real time data correlating with structural integrity. The system is designed to bridge an "information void" and provide firefighters with information that can warn of impending collapse. The system, based on accelerometer technology, will monitor structural integrity through the algorithmic analysis of structural vibrations that have been shown to reliably detect changes in structural integrity. We believe that a careful application of this sensor system would accurately provide timely warning to fire fighters and would reduce the risk of death and disability due to structural collapse. The Direct Digital Phase Noise Measurement Phase 1 SBIR demonstrated the feasibility of the technology to make the measurements required by the commercial marketplace. This new approach to phase noise measurements uses fast digital-to-analog converters to digitize the input RF signal and performs all down-conversion and phase detection functions by digital signal processing. It has several significant advantages over analog phase noise measurements techniques: there is no external phase-lock loop, oscillators can be compared at different frequencies, amplititude and phase noise spectra and Allan variance may be measured simultaneously, and complex calibration techniques are eliminated. Xidex proposes to demonstrate the feasibility of calibrating a critical-dimension atomic force microscope (CD-AFM) without the use of a reference artifact in such a way that high-precision critical dimensions can be generated independently of changes in probe tip shape. We plan to demonstrate sub-nanometer repeatability for tip-to-tip calibration, and demonstrate single-point critical-dimension measurements which verify that tip-to-tip calibration removes the effects of tip shape variation and tip wear from linewidth measurements. Phase 2 will provide critical design guidance for controller design and MEMS fabrication of probes and tips for use with a commercial dual-probe system. These are our next critical steps on the path to the commercial NanoCaliperTM CD-AFM tool we are developing. Application of NIR photon counting technology is impeded by the marginal performance of available detectors. We will develop new InGaAs/InP APD designs optimized for Geiger mode photon counting, delivering ten re-designed APDs, having detection probability greater than 50% and dark count rate less than ten thousand per second. During Phase II we will develop a new computer model of the Geiger mode APD, and use the model to produce improved designs with higher photon detection probability, lower dark count rate, and less afterpulsing. At the conclusion of Phase II we will deliver a turnkey photon counting detector module to NIST incorporating these enhanced APDs. A high sensitivity laser-induced incandescence system is proposed for the detailed characterization of environmental soot. Specifically, innovative approaches have been proposed to (1) reduce the lower detection limit of soot volume fraction and increase the overall measurement range by an order of magnitude from what is currently achievable, and (2) provide PM particle size and number density measurement capability. The proposed LII technique will be capable of real-time particulate matter measurements over any engine transient operation. It will also have orders of magnitude more sensitivity than the gravimetric technique. The wide dynamic range and lower detection limit of LII make this technique a potentially preferred standard instrument for particulate matter measurements. In this program Foster-Miller (FMI)proposes to build on its extensive experience with processing and characterization of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWNT) to develop a high emissivity (>0.999), large area (>600 cm2), variable temperature (330-600K), uniform emitting, black body radiation source that takes advantage of the unusually high emissivity of carbon nanotubes. Using SWNT's furnished by teaming partner Carbon Nanotechnologies, Inc three different SWNT structures will be evaluated on candidate substrates: random or well-ordered deposited SWNT's using proprietary exfoliation / polymer wrapping techniques previously developed by FMI; assembling the SWNT's in an ordered array perpendicular to the substrate surface, using technology developed by teaming partner Dr. Fotios Papadimitrakopoulos of the University of Connecticut; and a combination of these two techniques. During the Phase 1 effort FMI will produce and test small articles with uniformly dense SWNT thin film coatings in the three different geometries mentioned above.. The geometry yielding the highest emissivity and most uniform radiation shall be selected for further development in Phase 2 to produce prototype large area SMNT blackbody sources to be tested and delivered to NIST for evaluation as sources for high-accuracy radiometric calibrations of infrared cameras, IR focal plane arrays, and spectroradiometers. As magnetic thin-film systems became part of complex industrial applications, their composition increasingly became more complicated. A means is needed to efficiently develop and systematically characterized magnetic, electronic, and mechanical properties of advanced thin-film systems. New metrological systems are required that are capable of making on-wafer measurements on large number of sites over a large region of parameter space. Combinatorial materials techniques involve fabrication of libraries with a large number of on-wafer sites, metrologies that systematically characterize these libraries are needed. This project proposes to solve an important materials characterization problem of combinatorial film libraries. The completion of this project will result in a multi-sensor magnetic properties measurement capability and paradigm for rapidly characterizing combinatorial magnetic thin-film libraries deposited on wafers. A novel scanning system will be developed and integrated with multiple sensor types (MOKE probes and Hall microprobes). This system will obtain magnetic property data on combinatorial film libraries deposited on 37-millimeter diameter wafers. The system design is such that new sensor technologies (as they become available) can be added in order to achieve more complete magnetic properties analyses. High throughput, which is one of the system parameters, is essential to keep pace combinatorial library deposition methods. Intelligent Automation, Inc. (IAI) proposes to further the development of NIST's Smart Space technology and demonstrate that the integrated system facilitates the interaction of persons with limited abilities in a meeting room environment. Such a demonstration will serve to simulate interest in applying Smart Space technology in real world interaction. Two individuals enter the meeting room laptop computers equipped with 802.11 wireless Ethernet. As each person comes within range, connection is achieved and nodes are established. Following connection, each laptop uploads the identity of the individual. In Phase 1, the identification record will consist of standard text descriptions of an individual (gender, race, etc.) along with a voice print. Each individual will wish to exchange PowerPoint presentations and conduct a verbal dialogue with the others. The PowerPoint presentation for every individual will also be uploaded from their PCs and distributed as requested. Each individual will be tracked as he or she moves around the room. Tracking will be performed both by audible and visual clues. The microphone array will be used to localize all sound sources. If the emitted sounds can be classified using the voice print, every individual can be identified as they are tracked. We propose to develop a robust PSL syntax based on XML and RDF that will further its role as an interlingua among various process modeling languages. In addition, we will develop the next-generation translator-generator system based on this format to automate the software development process of process-centric translation across applications and formats. One of today's greatest challenges to successful Inter-enterprise Process Engineering implementations is the lack of technology for enabling processes to be exchanged, analyzed, modified and executed as if processes were considered as core business transaction data. This necessitates the need for (a) technology and standards for process information, and (b) software tools that can interchange, extract, merge, and transform process data. Our proposed solution will solve these problems by extending the PSL standard and creating the PSL/XML syntax for increasing its adoption in industry. PSL/XML will be generic enough to incorporate future PSL extensions. It will also facilitate the development of the advanced toolkit that includes a PSL editor and a translator code generator. Our toolkit will be designed to be easily maintainable, scalable and extensible and it will require no additional programming for generating translators for new formats. Large-scale manufacturing system interoperability requires the interchange of both process and product specifications. The heterogeneity of process representations makes this difficult. NIST's Manufacturing Systems Integration Division has developed the Process Specification Language (PSL) as a means of overcoming these problems. PSL is intended to serve as an inter-lingua, a common representation that can be used to mediate between application-specific or ontologies. A fundamental part of the PSL vision is a collection of translators between PSL and these other ontologies. The challenge is to develop such translators in a manner that is both cost-effective and adequate to the needs of client applications. Our intention is to apply just-in-time (JIT) techniques to this challenge. JIT ontology mapping is a dynamic approach in which only those parts of an ontology that are needed in a given application context are translated. The research conjecture is that JIT can greatly facilitate the implementation, deployment, and maintenance of PSL extensions and translators. This project seeks proof-of-concept and prototype demonstration of a high-spatial resolution, high-sensitivity, rapid in-vitro dosimeter system for calibration and dose measurements of brachytherapy radiation sources. The present innovation utilizes the high sensitivity of Pulsed Optically Stimulated Luminescence (POSL) from Al2O3:C proprietary luminescence materials, coupled to a fiber optic delivery system. We expect measurable signals of 1 mGy in passive mode and 1 mGy/s in active mode from small (< 0.5 mm in all three dimensions) detectors with high signal-to-noise. Readout is predicted to be rapid, enabling scanning of measurements from multiple locations surrounding the source. We also test the feasibility of energy independence through calibration of several detectors of different sizes, and extrapolation to a detector size of zero. The technical implications of the innovation are the development of a system that not only solves a problem of brachytherapy source calibration, but the innovation is also designed to be used in vivo during patient treatment, thereby ensuring the same calibration device for in-vitro and in-vivo measurements. The device is free from magnetic or electrical interference and can also be used with teletherapy sources. Commercial applications of the device will be found in all radio-oncology treatment and source calibration facilities. A pressing challenge in automotive, aerospace, and other manufacturing industry is the ability to measure the mechanical properties of formed metal and alloy components on a part-by-part basis. We propose to develop a non-destructive testing system suitable for rapid on-line measurement of critical mechanical properties of steel parts as they are being produced. Our approach is based on measurement of the Barkhausen effect and hysteresis loops. The feasibility studies will focus on (1) development of material standards, (2) development of flexible and miniaturized production-compatible probes, and (3) development of novel interpretation algorithms. The materials standards will enable the NDT system to have self-calibration and auto-testing features to assure consistent and reproducible results in a production environment. The algorithms will incorporate calibration results, as well as a broad range of characteristics derived from the Barkhausen spectra and hysteresis data, in order to provide unambiguous, rapid, and robust determination of the mechanical properties of products fabricated from steel. In response to the need for improved magneto-optical indicator films for real-time characterization of magnetic domain structures, MicroCoating Technologies (MCT) proposes to enable the fabrication of epitaxial, high performance YIG magneto-optical thin films by combustion chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) process at low cost. With the rapid pace of optical telecommunications and optical information process and storage, there is an increasing need for magnetic films, and magnetic film based devices and systems. Therefore, a reliable and simple imaging technique for real-time characterization of magnetic domain structures is becoming more and more important. Rapid response to customer requirements and further cost reductions are essential to respond to the future marketplace. CCVD technique offers an attractive alternative to enable synthesis of these magneto-optical thin film materials for real-time imaging applications. The success in this proposed project will enable the U.S. to maintain leadership in the global competition in this area. The end of Phase 1 objectives are a film thickness of larger than 1 mm, a surface roughness of less than 5 nm, and a Faraday rotation of larger than 100,000o/cm. The pervasiveness of handheld devices makes computational power available in diverse settings where computers were once impractical. The power of handheld devices could be improved even further if executable applications were downloaded on demand from the Internet, instead of being stored full-time in the limited memory of the handheld. However, downloading new software on demand leads to greatly increased security risks. Viruses and other malicious executables pose an even greater threat to handheld devices than to desktop machines, since a handheld has limited storage and computation power with which to enforce security. Existing handhelds have virtually no protection from software that contains hidden, malicious functionality. We will investigate a new technique for detecting malicious executables on handheld devices. Our proposed approach is based on algorithms that learn what features distinguish malicious executables from benign ones. There is reason to believe that such a system can be built not only with a smaller footprint than traditional virus detection systems, but with some ability to detect novel attacks, so that the detection software needs to be updated less often. The purpose of the Phase-I feasibility study will be to evaluate these two hypotheses. In order to compete in international markets, US companies need eCommerce applications and Web sites that can attract and retain customers from a diverse range of cultural and linguistic backgrounds. Through many years of work in academia and eCommerce industry, our team has developed a usability centric localization process that can meet this need. In this project, we propose to document and validate this process, and design a supporting set of tools to help Web designers and developers build global Web sites, following our localization process. In particular, we propose to build a design critiquing tool that will give localization specific feedback to designers, and an online repository of eCommerce design components that contains both localized designs, and designs with more global appeal. The contents of the repository will be managed through a rigorous online usability process. The use of real time, in situ measurements of lubricant/refrigerant viscosity can reduce maintenance costs and system downtime and improve system longevity, by allowing maintenance personnel to determine identify and correct mechanical problems, before they cause more serious problems. With the advent of MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS), the opportunity exists to develop small and inexpensive devices to measure the fluid viscosity real time and in situ. However, the temperatures, pressures, and corrosive environments inside typical refrigerant compressors exceed the capabilities of materials typically used to manufacture MEMS devices. Boston MicroSystems' proprietary technologies for micromachining harsh environment compatible SiC and AlN materials enable, for the first time, fabrication of small, inexpensive and robust MEMS-based fluid viscosity sensors for non-intrusive health monitoring and condition based maintenance of refrigeration systems, engines, and other machinery. In Phase 1, Boston MicroSystems will leverage from work on previous and ongoing FAA, ATF and NSF programs to test three already developed devices, microresonators, SAWs and FPWs, for their applicability as in situ fluid viscosity sensors for condition based maintenance of compressors in refrigerant systems. Magnetooptic Indicator (MOI) garnet films are an important non-destructive tool for imaging magnetic domains in a wide variety of applications from basic research to quality control. To be effectively used they must be 1) optimized for individual applications using interactive feedback from users, 2) standardized to allow comparison of data, 3) improved in quality and process control and 4) made generally available in large film size. Integrated Photonics will apply its proprietary Liquid Phase Epitaxial (LPE) film growth technology to make planar bismuth-doped, rare-earth iron garnet films suitable for room temperature MOIs with high resolution, good gray-scale contrast and high sensitivity. The films will be coated with suitable mirror and passivation layers to form devices for domain visualization. Feedback from users will be utilized to optimize film properties with respect to applications. Initial investigations will begin on property variations necessary for improved low temperature operation. Group III-nitrides with their wide bandgap properties are one of most promising materials not only in opto-electronics but also in high power and high temperature electronics. A critical issue in device applications of the nitride materials is the metal ohmic contact, which seriously limits the performance and efficiency of nitride-based devices. Finding suitable low-resistance Ohmic contacts for wide-bandgap materials like GaN is challenging due to high Schottky barrier between wide bandgap semiconductors and metal contacts. Especially in p-type GaN the low carrier concentration and large effective mass increase the contact resistance even higher. With its proprietary high throughput combinatorial approaches, Intematix proposes to modify the surface doping level of p-type GaN by placing group II elements. With the optimized composition and metallization process, at least two orders of improvement in low resistance contacts are targeted. This project identifies a new approach to silicon x-ray detector technology wherein: (i) the detector geometry is changed to provide a much lower capacitance for a given active area and volume, (ii) the conventional Si(Li) detector is replaced with a stable, oxide-passivated, low leakage-current, deep sensitive-depth, v-type Si element, and (iii) the conventional FET in the preamplifier is replaced with an on-wafer FET with improved high frequency noise. The low capacitance and lower preamplifier noise will allow operation at shorter pulse processing times, which in turn will allow higher operating temperatures and improved count rate capability. This approach, which is compatible with hermetic encapsulation, will provide a rugged, environmentally stable Detector/ASIC amplifier package with improved detection efficiency at both high and low x-ray energies, improved count rate capability, and good energy resolution at higher operating temperatures. This proposal addresses the need for accurate, self-referencing temperature measurement in cancer treatments such as hyperthermia and RF ablation. In all of these therapies, conventional metallic sensors such as thermocouples are unattractive because they either interact with the heating field (hyperthermia, RF ablation) or have excessive thermal conductivity (cryoablation). Integrated Photonics Technology (IPITEK) is the leader in fiberoptic temperature sensing for cancer treatment, and our unique temperature sensing technology is currently in Phase 2 FDA trials for microwave cancer treatments. In this work, we also propose to investigate the use of nanoparticle colloids for heat dispersion through our numerous collaborations in the thermal therapy field. In addition, we will investigate a novel technique for endpoint detection in cancer treatments of this type. At the end of Phase 1 IPITEK will deliver to NIST a fully-functional (not prototype) multi-sensor unit with probes suitable for thermal therapy use. Due to our advances and experience in this area, IPITEK is uniquely qualified to provide this product and can deliver an instrument with unsurpassed performance and unequalled features. This Small Business Innovation Research Phase 1 project proposes to develop a femtosecond laser system optimized for optical clocks and other precision metrology applications. In principle, atomic optical transitions have the potential to provide radically higher-accuracy timekeeping, because of the very high frequency of an optical transition. The problem of counting, or down-counting, the oscillations of the optical transition has been solved by self-referenced frequency division of the comb of frequencies generated by a femtosecond laser. This Phase 1 SBIR will work towards passively and actively stabilizing the laser repetition rate, as well as its power and bandwidth, to create a "hands-off" clock source that will run uninterrupted for long periods of time. New approaches to broader bandwidth lasers will also be investigated, both via feasibility study and experiment. The focus of this Phase 2 SBIR is to develop three new optically based electric current measurement standards for NIST. These standards comprise methods for very accurately calibrating current transformers that have digital outputs, are DC coupled, and have noise riding on the output. The development of these standards is a part of our larger business strategy of embarking on a new venture focused on providing high quality metering services to the electric power transmission grid operators. Precision Lightwave Instruments is teaming with NxtPhase, Inc. in Phoenix, AZ and others to create this business. Achieving unprecedented accuracies in the measurement of electric current at high voltage is one of several key technology development programs necessary for the success of this venture. The near chiral purity of the biosphere leads to a vast array of chiro-specific physiological responses. This chiro-specificity, in turn, gives rise to the need for the manufacturing of enantiomerically pure chiral chemicals, such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, food additives, pigments, etc. Critical to the efficacy of both chiro-specific biology and chiro-synthesis/separation are the interfacial regions of chiral surface layers. Vescent Photonics proposes to develop an entirely new metrology technique designed to investigate chiral surface layers. The technique combines the established fields of optical activity (circular dichroism and optical rotary dispersion) for chiro-specificity with evanescent wave sensing for surface selectivity. The device employs a new polarization modulator, with demonstrated speeds of greater than 200 kHz and great potential for compact, and economic construction. We will develop a compact external cavity stabilization system, which will employ independent electro-optic control over the optical path length of the cavity and a wavelength-selective element. The system should be able to cover a 30 nm range and give mode-hop-free tuning over 20 nm intervals. The design of the feedback system will be compatible with any commercially available laser diode from 630 nm to 2 ?m including emerging 400 nm lasers. The feedback element is entirely electro-optic, compact and robust. In Phase 2 we will combine a commercially available laser diode at 1400 nm with our external cavity to produce a compact laser for water vapor spectroscopy. Firefighters have expressed the need for both increased accuracy in fire detection systems and greater access to environmental information in the event of a fire. To accomplish both tasks, Williams-Pyro, Inc. proposes to develop the Smart Environmental Monitoring System (SEMS). This system comprises both an advanced fire detection system and the networking capability necessary to provide real-time data to emergency personnel. This device will utilize a multi-sensor suite to measure optical radiation, temperature, gases, and smoke produced by a fire. These sensors send their results to an embedded microcontroller that determines the presence of flame through use of an artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm. The ANN sends its response to a network switch that connects it to the building's network. From there, the response can be viewed on a display system, called the fire console, located outside the building or within its common entrance. Along with the location of the fire, the SEMS will show the direction of the fire, the building's temperature, and the presence of harmful gases. High performance fiberoptic switch is an enable technology for new generation optical telecommunication and fully secured quantum communication/cryptography applications. Current fiberoptic switches do not simultaneously meet the requirements of high speed, low loss, high extinction ratio, and high reliability. Based on the successful development/production of a variety of industrial leading solid-state high speed fiberoptic switches, Agiltron Incorporated proposes to fabricate a novel total reflection switch, using electro-optical crystals with large electro-optic effect and excellent thermal stability. The small loss tangent of the new crystal at high frequencies permits operation of these devices at high speed. This breakthrough fiberoptic switch platform holds the promise of realizing practical high-speed optical switches with performance and cost that is not attainable before. By using novel material engineered, the proposed electro-optic switch offers leading edge performance attributes, which include high-speed, low optical insertion loss, and easy binary drive. The design eliminates the need for organic materials and waveguides, as well as temperature compensation and feedback control, which introduce intrinsic drawbacks. Moreover, the design is extremely simple, compact, lightweight, ultra reliable, temperature insensitive and polarization independent, and cost effective. It is anticipated that state-of-the-art performance in several key specifications can be achieved through this program. Prototype electro-optic 1x4 switches will be fabricated to demonstrate functionality in Phase I. Robotic researchers currently are using insufficient and varying robot platforms to investigate issues crucial to the successful development of a remote reconnaissance tool for the urban search and rescue (USAR) community. USAR robotic researchers need a standard robot platform designed for research in unstructured environments. This platform would accelerate the research essential to advancing remote reconnaissance technology for emergency response professionals. The project utilizes three innovative approaches: tailoring the platform for USAR research, assigning robotic and USAR specialists to the project, and incorporating the robotic and USAR field requirements that influence the platform development. The objective for Phase I of this work is to determine a practical and economical platform to satisfy the needs of researchers. This proposal seeks NIST support for the development of a robust gas microsensor platform from nanoporous alumina ceramic. Conventional microsensors have limited application in harsh conditions, such as in the exhaust streams, due to their low stability at temperatures above 500°C. Furthermore, this also limits implementation of sensors that require high temperature for their operation. We propose a concept that has a potential to overcome these limitations and provide a microplatform for sensing in harsh conditions. Our innovation combines nano- and microfabrication with self-organized nanostructured ceramic to create low power, high surface area, fast response, robust microsensors. Using this approach, we have already demonstrated several types of microsensors. This Phase 1 project now targets comprehensive development of this ceramic microplatform in support of chemically and mechanically robust microsensors for applications that demand reliability in extended operation and could be heated in excess of 800°C. The ability to pattern multilayered polymers on a micro-level is valuable to a large number of applications in microelectronic manufacturing. Applications range from printing dielectric coatings and polymer resistors to printing active devices such as polymer LEDs and polymer transistors. The advantages of ink jet printing are: (1) one station can print multi-fluids, (2) non-flat substrates could be used (non-contact printing process), (3) it is a data-driven process so no hard tooling is required since meaning shorter change-out times, (4) it is an additive process so it generates very little waste, and (5) one piece of equipment can replace multiple manufacturing stations. The objectives of Phase 1 are to demonstrate patterning several polymers that are of interest to NIST and to create guidelines for developing polymer printing applications. Phase 1 will identify the key technical issues that need to be addressed in order to create a robust manufacturing process. MicroFab will leverage its experience in printing system development and polymer printing experience to accomplish these objectives. Completion of a development program to print polymeric coatings in multilayer patterns on a variety of substrates will bring through the emerging technology productive benefits to the factory floor. A wavelength dispersive x-ray fluorescence detector working in soft x-ray region has been proposed based on the diffraction principles of multilayers. Using graded multilayers, the detectors can be made tunable in a wide energy region, just the same way as the detector constructed for hard x-rays. The detector uses multilayers as analyzers to achieve good energy resolution and to avoid count rate problems encountered by solid state detectors. Initial evaluation shows that it is possible to achieve an energy resolution of 10-30 eV at 600 eV to 1KeV range. The proposed array detector will be able to cover 5 to 10% of solid angle at a reasonable cost. Phase 1 project will evaluate the performance of multilayer detector with various deposition and design parameters. A multilayer detector, containing 2-3 multilayer elements, will be fabricated and fully tested. Phase 2 will optimize the design based on the Phase 1I result, and a multilayer analyzer array detector will be constructed and tested. The proposed research comprises design, analysis, and ultimate fabrication and operation of a microfabricated array of quadrupole mass spectrometers (QMS). The design capitalizes on recent advances in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and molecular-beam-epitaxy (MBE) technology so that the device can be mass-produced on a chip. In addition to analyzing a single element QMS in Phase 1, investigators will pursue architectures for multiplexing this geometry to a micromachined array of QMS on a single chip (mAQMS). The analyses of feasibility and expected performance of mAQMS will be guided by the proposing team's demonstrated success in developing similar micro-machined quadrupole ion traps. By implementing the quadrupole element in a massively parallel array, it may be possible to either individually tune filter elements to dedicated mass species allowing real-time sampling and circumventing the need for timely scans, or increase the detection efficiency of the micro-array by simultaneously sampling a given mass with a large number of individual detectors and filters. CAD CAM technologies have had an immense impact on the product development process in the last two decades. Current technologies, however, have limited knowledge representation and computational capabilities to enable collaboration of design decisions beyond commercial Internet based collaboration tools. In the Phase 1 Lateral Eye proposes to develop a new framework for Knowledge Integrated computational tools for the capture, storage, retrieval and reuse of design knowledge among geographically and temporally distributed design teams. The proposed approach will be based on developing an ontological based product system. This will significantly reduce the number of iterations and redesigns that are common in a distributed design environment, potentially yielding a saving of over 100 - 200 million dollars for companies in the United States each year. An opportunity exists to develop an Intelligent Condition Based Maintenance System (ICBMS) to provide "early warning" of equipment maintenance needs.  Adaptive process models will estimate changes in machine health from analysis of sensor inputs and machine usage.  A troubleshooting and repair knowledge base will provide advice on maintenance scheduling and procedures, and thus support ongoing operations and training of new staff.  ICBMS will minimize the cost and disruption of maintenance, repair and unscheduled downtime.  Innovations include the use of advanced modeling technologies including neural nets to provide "virtual sensors" and to estimate critical but unmeasurable process and machine health parameters and other available information.  Our Automated Knowledge Acquisition technology will extract structured rules by analyzing operational decisions and problem solving approaches provided by machine operators and maintenance staff.  Objectives include preliminary process modeling, acquisition of troubleshooting and maintenance expertise suitable for automated knowledge extraction, and a preliminary conceptual design of ICBMS outlying system elements integration strategies and functionality. Usability is increasingly being recognized a s a distinguishing aspect of successful applications on the web.  Many web design tools are available but most offer no guidance to the user as to how to design for usability or accessibility.  A number of syntactic evaluation tools, allowing an automated scan of the code and inferences about possible usability or accessibility shortfalls have been developed, including the WEBSAT tool developed by NIST, but all are limited in their scope and applicability.  The present effort will delineate the need for and conceptualize and overall design for an Intelligent Assistant for Web Usability Design.  This Assistant would include a syntactic analyzer, perhaps incorporating WEBSAT, but would extend the functionality by providing the web developer with more extensive design suggestions or guideline resources in a context sensitive manner.  The Phase 1 project will culminate in a working proof of concept demonstration of this Intelligent Assistant, illustrating the approach, architecture, and look and feel. Current state of the art technology for specifying and enforcing security policies for software is generally too inflexible and coarse-grained. In systems that make use of mobile code, such as Java applets, the situation is yet more difficult. A more flexible and powerful approach is needed that will allow a wide range of security policies to be set by various policy-setting authorities for different applications. We propose to commercialize mechanisms for specifying and enforcing security policies for mobile code that work by inserting fragments of code into programs in order to monitor their state and prevent them from violating security policies. The proposed system will allow arbitrary policies to be specified independently by different policy-setting authorities. We will apply this approach, named Inclined Reference Monitors(IRMs), to Java bytecodes. We believe that advanced static-analysis techniques, in particular those embodies in our own dependence-graph technology, are crucial to allow this to be done efficiently and fully automatically. Discrete-event simulation is used by thousands of companies to design new manufacturing systems and to improve the performance of existing ones. Manufacturing systems contain numerous sources of randomness such as machine times to failure and machine repair times, which greatly impact on system performance. If each source of system randomness is not modeled by an appropriate probability distribution, then it is highly likely that the simulation model will produce erroneous performance results, resulting in costly decisions. If the system of interest exists in some form, then it will often be possible to collect date and to use statistical techniques to determine an appropriate probability distribution. However, if the system does not exist, then collecting date is impossible and an analyst is forced to use a somewhat arbitrary distribution. To address this real and important problem, we propose a Phase 1 research study to determine the technical feasibility of developing (in Phase 2) a library of probability distributions that would be appropriate for difference common sources of randomness encountered in simulation models of manufacturing systems. Researchers at the NIST have demonstrated a programmable Voltage Standard(VS) chip based on SNS (superconductor-normal-superconductor) tunnel junction technology. Excellent programmable VS were demonstrated using this SNS technology in a liquid helium-based system. At HYPRES, we have developed and commercialized a Closed Cycle Refrigerator (CCR_-based DC Voltage standard system using a VS chip previously developed and integrated into a liquid helium-based system at NIST. Under this program, we propose to develop a high performance cryogenic package for this programmable VS chip for integration with a CCR system. This developmental work will involve collaborations between HYPRES, NIST and Dr. Clark Hamilton to develop the package and integrate it with a NIST-provided CCR. In Phase 1 of the program, we deliver the complete cryogenic package to NIST upon completion of the program. In Phase 2, HYPRES will procure a CCR system and develop and demonstrate a complete CCR-based programmable VS system. This system has many other applications such as D/A converters and signal synthesizers. Phase 1 will establish the feasibility of the concept and Phase 2 will lead to a prototype system. A few years ago, an effort launched by members of this group to perform very high frequency Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) measurements, resulted in a system capable of acquiring data with up to 1000Hz. A spectacular opportunity has recently emerged that will allow us to make a leap forward in DPIV technology. Speed and resolution of the new generation of cameras has increased by one order of magnitude. In short time, cameras will be available with maximum speed up to 60,000 frames-per-sec and maximum resolution of 1K x 1K pixels. It is proposed to capitalize on our previous experience and on recent technological advances to perform research towards the development of a system able to resolve turbulent multiPhase flow fields with frequencies of 4KHz or more. Emphasis is placed in this project on technology validation, demonstration and comparison of the proposed system with conventional well-established methods. In addition, great consideration will be given in the maturation of the technology and its transition all the way from research and development, in laboratory and industry applications. Laser-Doppler velocimetry (LDV), particle-image velocimetry (PIV) and hot-wire anemometry (HWA) are the methods which are most often used in a laboratory environment to measure flows at high frequency. However, these systems have drawbacks in industrial settings such as intolerance to particulate flows (HWA) or two-Phase flows (LDV, HWA), requiring optical access (LDV, PIV), etc. Moreover are very expensive and require extensive training. Aeroprobe has funded the development and recently licensed technology for the exclusive marketing of the Omniprobe, a nearly omni-directional multi-hole velocity probe capable of measuring reversed flows. Aeroprobe is proposing to push the multi-sensor probe technology envelope further by developing Omniprobes that have high frequency response, can withstand high temperatures and can operate in dusty environments, or in sprays. It is proposed to develop probes to meet one of the three challenges at a time, then combine the advances in the three technologies into one probe at a later Phase of the effort. A high-frequency Omniprobe requires that appropriate sensors be mounted near the surface of the probe. Surface mounting of the sensors will also increase the probe's ability to operate in dusty environments. High-temperature sensors of the MEMS-type and new cooling techniques for these sensors will be employed. More than 20 years after the advent of balloon angioplasty restenosis remains a major health risk and cost burden. Success in animal trials and treatments in other non-malignant lesions using radiotherapy has established a new branch of medical science, intravascular brachytherapy (IVB) in treating restenosis. In just over 6 years since the first application, there are today more than 500,000 operations a year in USA alone. Successful treatment will depend critically on the delivery of proper radiation dosage to the vascular site. Radioactive strength and uniformity of the IVB sources used are of primary concern. This program takes a sensitive, well proven radiation detection technology and couples it to an innovative imaging approach for the characterization of IVB line/seed-train sources. The end product is a fast, accurate and low-cost 3-D imaging systems for the profiling of IVB line sources. A 2-D system will be tested in Phase 1 for both gamma and ß IVB sources. The results will be used for the design of a 3-D system to be constructed in Phase 2. Security is of critical importance for e-business systems, in which multiple internal and external enterprise applications and data are linked into one integrated system. It is a key factor that will determine how comfortable successful companies and their associated constituents are going to be with the idea of integrated e-business systems and the virtual enterprise. Existing proprietary access control APIs, schemes and representations have made uniform access semantics a very elusive and very expensive goal in the enterprise. To address this issue, it is necessary to develop standardized, platform agnostic and semantically meaningful representations for access control models. XML has been used in great effect to interchange and model data in a platform dependent fashion and it can be effectively used to represent complex access control relationships. Civil Engines Research plans to develop schemas that will effectively model enterprise access control ontologies and semantics in an extensible and interoperable manner. We plan on developing the schema instance processors and development tools necessary to enable the enforcement of access controls in an enterprise scenario. Phase 1 of this program will focus on assessing and demonstrating the feasibility of this approach by architecting and prototyping common access control models using XML Schema and the W3C recommended system for representing lightweight ontologies, RDF. Thermal neutrons are among the most useful probes for investigation of the structural, magnetic and acoustic properties of materials. Current methods of thermal neutron detection by large cumbersome gas counters or scintillator-photomultiplier tube combinations are limited by their detection efficiency, stability of response, speed of operation, and physical size. To address these needs, EIC plans to construct a large-area, lightweight, high-resolution, and very fast position sensitive thermal neutron detector based on a highly B-doped a-Se (As, Cl) alloy semiconductor. The proposed detector would offer high detection efficiency over existing instruments, and would be inexpensive for industrial mass production. The Phase 1 project will focus on the development and optimization of the B-doped a-Se alloy materials, detector fabrication, and performance evaluation by radiation testing. The Phase 1 research will establish the basic feasibility studies followed by various characterizations to reach optimum detector performance. The resulting detectors will be compact, low power consuming devices, highly sensitive, and rugged. The developed detectors will find widespread use in nuclear non-proliferation, radiation safety, structural characterization in materials research, protein dynamics, monitoring chemical and biological reactions in "real time", and in characterizing polymer surfaces. A NIST/industry consortium identified accurate temperature distribution measurements, as one of the major technical needs of polymer processors. NIST developed a way to make spatially resolved temperature measurements. Add a small amount of dye. During processing, focus UV illumination onto a small volume element of the process material. Use the ratio of the resulting fluorescent intensities at two wavelengths to determine the temperature. Move the focal point up and down to construct temperature profiles. The proposed Phase 1 would evaluate the feasibility of this technology for meeting the stated need. We would build a prototype with improved spatial resolution, motorized positioning and a spectrometer rather than filters for detection. Results would include the prototype, a characterization of its performance, range of operation and the influence of process and material conditions, and a comparison with the needs of industry. A negative outcome in Phase 1 would imply that some fundamental limitation exists. A positive outcome would imply that the technology can probably meet industry's needs. The key innovation of this proposal is the use of Time Modulated Ultra-Wideband (TM-UWB) technology to develop a low cost radio system that allows both voice communication and tracking positions of fire fighters inside buildings. This radio has several characteristics which make it ideal for tracking multiple individuals without line-of-sight. During Phase 1 we have performed many tests, including basic ranging, 3-D position determination, communication through fire, smoke, steam, and different kinds of walls. We have developed a new system architecture to track the location of a fire fighter, which is more scalable, less sensitive to errors due to multipath and wall penetration than the multilateration based scheme, and does not require clock synchronization. This scheme uses a two-antenna array which transmits two consecutive TM-UWB pulses. The fire fighter carries a receive-only TM-UWB tag which will receive these pulses. By measuring the Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) of these pulses, the mobile unit can calculate the Angle of Arrival (AOA), which in turn gives the 3-D location. During Phase 2, we will conduct more extensive tests to characterize the multipath effects, noise problem, material penetration, etc. We will implement the AOA architecture and construct prototype tags and a base unit. This is a Phase 2 proposal to develop an instrument to simultaneously measure particle size, velocity, and concentration in applications characterized by a large size range and high particle concentration. The instrument will be based on the Pulse Displacement Technique whose feasibility was demonstrated during Phase 1. Experiments performed during Phase 1 demonstrated a high accuracy in measuring spherical particles and the ability to measure nonspherical particles undergoing oscillation. The technique bases its measurement on accurate time-domain algorithms that are immune to fluctuations in laser intensity. The Phase 2 work will consist of developing a system prototype including all the hardware and software for real-time measurement of sprays, system testing with known-size particles, and system testing with realistic sprays. Phase 1 measurements with calibrated glass beads and calibrated liquid sprays showed a remarkable accuracy that placed the measurement within the particle manufacturer's tolerances. Based on the results of Phase 1 we anticipate that the system prototype will be able to measure the size of 10 µm to 4 mm and a downpour of 200 cm/hr as stated in the solicitation. Based on the outline for a theory of intelligence, and using NIST's hierarchical real-time control system (RCS) architecture, in Phase 1, we developed proof-of-concept OpenSim and OpenAnimation toolboxes consisting of the following innovations, namely, (i) Simulation and Animation Software Design that will seamlessly interface with RCS Hierarchy, (ii) Knowledge hierarchy consistent with the four key paradigms and four key elements of the theory of intelligence, (iii) Identification of an extensive collection of simulation models and algorithms that will lead to implementation level software for the knowledge hierarchy, (iv) Real-time Simulation that reduces computational load through efficient numerical algorithms, intelligent dynamic modeling, and real time planning, and (v) Structured Approach to GUI and Animation Development. Unlike existing software tools that cover one or two aspects of intelligent systems design and implementation, OpenSim & OpenAnimiation toolboxes provide a unified environment for design and rendering of intelligent systems with features that allow seamless transition from non real-time simulation to real-time simulation and subsequent hardware testing using industry standard mechatronics hardware. In Phase 2 we will develop detailed software that incorporate the innovations described above leading the commercial OpenSim and OpenAnimation toolboxes. This SBIR Phase 2 project will significantly improve the quality of elemental analysis in SEMS under partial pressure conditions by using a polycapillary x-ray optic in front of the energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) in low-vacuum scanning electron microscopes (LV-SEM) or environmental SEMs (ESEM). LV-SEMS and ESEMs are designed to work at elevated sample chamber pressures to allow analysis of nonconductive or moist specimens. An undesirable consequence results from the broadening electron beam due to the presence of the gas. This degrades the elemental-detection sensitivity, because the fluorescent x rays generated far from the center of the electron probe create high background. It also greatly reduces spatial resolution for elemental mapping. The Phase 1 results have successfully demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed approach. In the Phase 2, a fully-functional prototype polycapillary optic-based EDS will be built and demonstrated in a commercial LV-SEM system. This will include an optimized polycapillary x-ray optic with a large collecting angle, optic detector mounting, detector-SEM mounting which provides fine alignment, an operating procedure, and examples of application data. The team involved world leaders in developing and commercially providing x-ray optics and EDS systems. This Phase 2 SBIR Project will provide optimization framework and technology for Interoperable Message Passing Interface Technology, and the underlying Message Passing Interface Standard. This effort represents a challenge and Opportunity. With the emergence of cluster computing, there are many opportunities to connect diverse parallel programming Environments based on the MPI programming model; currently interoperation is almost non-existent between such Environments. The IMPI standard by itself addresses basic interoperability, and the results of this effort will drive performance of collective communication higher, in order to promote wider use of interoperable MPI for demanding performance situations. Interestingly, the practical support for high performance interoperable MPI's, and collective operations places important Technical constraints on the underlying MPI implementations, including the ability to handle multiple network protocol stacks efficiently (called "devices" in MPI nomenclature). Proposer's underlying technology is particularly suited to adaptation to this task, moreso than are public-domain implementations of MPI. The effort will lead to wider use of interoperable parallel programming environments through the IMPI standard, and will widen the space of potential applications of IMPI-oriented parallel programming to additional Commercially valuable applications which need support for such heterogeneity. Proposer will commercialize the technology Devised here through incorporation into MPI products. Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) has become a very popular tool in many areas of inquiry including surface science, semiconductor electronic devices and integrated circuit design and testing, biology and chip-tissue interface, to name a few. Here we propose to develop and commercialize a relatively new family of local probes capable of performing electromagnetic measurements with nearly atomic resolution over a wide frequency range covering up to 100 GHz. Potential applications of these so called near-field or evanescent probes (EMP) are in surface science, chemical sensing, molecular electronics and molecular spectroscopy, biological studies, quantum computing, IC industry and manufacturing quality control to name a few. Composed of a co-planar wave-guide terminated by an AFM compatible cantilever beam with a co-axial tip, these EMP's were designed and tested during a Phase 1I SBIR and the current proposal is to optimize the performance and fabrication technology. To facilitate their wide spread use by the SPM community, we will also develop a microwave instrumentation unit (MIU) that can be used to retrofit commercial SPM units and enable them to use our EMP's for microwave imaging of various specimens. We will also develop, design and fabricate a variety of calibration samples as standards for EMP calibration and quantification of its output signal. We have estimated that about 100 laboratories around the world would be interested in an add-on package and would be valued at $20000 for a total of $2,000,000. The market for replacement tips would be about 5000 tips at $100 per tip for a total market of $500,000 per year. As flip-chip bonding becomes the predominant standard in the electronics industry, the increased proximity between dice surfaces and packaging materials will require a significant reduction in the latter's alpha particle activity in order to avoid soft errors. Emission rates at or below 0.001 a/cm2/hr are desirable, which is well below the 0.0050 a/cm2/hr capability of today's best detectors. We have developed an active background suppression scheme that dramatically improves the performance of a gas-filled parallel plate chamber, yielding a sensitivity of 0.00017 a/cm2/hr. In Phase 2, we propose to design and build a prototype commercial detector using this scheme to achieve a sensitivity of 0.00005-0.0001 a/cm2/hr. To achieve this goal, we will improve both our background suppression scheme and the instrumentation on the detector. Phase 3 development would then be carried out at XIA to produce a marketable commercial detector. This SBIR Phase 2I program will demonstrate prototype galvanic isolating devices of high-speed/low-power by incorporating high-speed magnetic films into giant magnetoresistive structures and by combining with high-speed IC electronics. The new devices will have five important improvements over existing devices, a factor of 10 faster, without a drive IC chip, a flip-chip approach, a lower supply voltage, and without incidental latching. High-speed magnetic films require less power to switch at the same speed in the ns range. The elimination of the driver chip will lower the power requirement, complexity and cost. Flip-chip technology will enhance the yield and provide a fast way for prototyping new devices at a low cost. A low voltage is intrinsic in reducing power and increasing speed. These improved isolating receiver and transceiver devices will meet the demand of the next generation high-speed data communications. Based on the results achieved in Phase 1I program, we plan to fabricate spin valve bridges using high-speed magnetic films, and make them compatible with fast IC electronics. The end devices will have the state of the art static properties, a high operating speed of 1 GBaud, a reasonably low budget, and a low cost. High performance NIR APDs suitable for photon counting are presently unavailable. New high sensitivity, high speed photodetectors operating from 1.0 to 1.6 microns are needed for both military and commercial applications. New research has demonstrated APD structures, which use a Si multiplication region and an InGaAs absorption region. This device shows high sensitivity, very high speed, low noise and high temperature and voltage stability. However, the developed for high speed 1540 nm optical fiber communication, specifically high GB product, these APDs have high dark current (dark count) and low gain (10-20) and are not suited for lower speed photon counting applications. Our Phase 1 research identified new detector architectures suitable for photon counting:. These detectors provide high internal gain (50-500) and low dark current. The high gain can be achieved at relatively low bias (below breakdown) such that photon counting is possible without passive or active quenching. On Phase 2, we propose to fabricate the NIR photodiodes and monolithically integrate these detectors with low noise CMOS readouts by a new epitaxial layer process and calibrate the detectors at NIST facilities. As ever more of industry and commerce moves onto electronic networks, there is a growing appreciation for the usefulness of expressive general models of enterprise activities, such as design and manufacturing. Ontologies are commitments to formal declarative multi-purpose representations with clear semantics that can serve as a solid foundation for such models. While there has been much work on representation languages, and on tools for creating, browsing, editing, and translating expressions in such languages, there has been relatively little attention to supporting the larger process of figuring out what ought to be encoded in an ontology. Some existing tools support collaborative teams, but by and large they seem to assume that all team members will be AI experts and that the work will focus on generation and manipulation of formal expressions. In this project, we propose to develop a complete prototype of a Domain Expert Collaborative Ontology Development environment (DECODE) that ensures those who best understand the domain, but least understand the technology of ontology, can make necessary contributions to the development process. DECODE will support development of ontologies in the context of solving systems integration problems; this systems integrations payoff will help to motivate investment in ontology development. MicroEnergy Technologies, Inc. (MicroET) and the University of Washington propose to demonstrate the feasibility and the major advantages of a unique high heat flux cooling module which combines innovations in heat rejection with innovative rosette pump design to achieve heat rejection rates in excess of 1000 W/cm2 from the surface of a substrate. The most critical innovation is the use of ceramic nanoparticles suspension (i.e., SiC or aluminum oxide nanofluid) used as the heat rejection medium in which intense nucleate boiling produce extremely high heat fluxes. The piezoelectric rosette micropump geometry is integrated into the rosette cooling module to maintain a high enough flow rate through the parallel array of microchannels for efficient cooling. The proposed approach allows for distributed cooling of the electronics without the need for external pumping and the ability to provide localized control. During Phase I, we will perform analytical and computational modeling for system design and analysis, experimentally demonstrate the significant advantages and improvements in cooling system performance. The final product, ultra high heat flux thermal management system, in addition to application in defense technologies, will have a significant commercial value to a broader industry, including the aerospace and space electronics manufacturers. Efficient distributed cooling will reduce the risk of system failure, increase system throughput, and reduce the complexity, size, and weight of the system. The goal of this Phase 1 proposal is to examine the technical feasibility of a cognitive performance self-assessment wearable computer system for operational deployment. We will use the standardized and validated software for assessment of cognitive performance, ANAM - Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics, which is a set of computer administered and scored tests of cognitive processing efficiency. An ANAM testbed will be developed that can evaluate commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) and developing technologies. We will then evaluate the technical feasibility of the major system components - Speech input and control, visual and auditory display, and alternative input devices. Human factors issues will be addressed through a user-centered design process including initial and final design reviews by an expert panel, focus groups with potential system users, and laboratory based usability tests. AnthroTronix, Incorporated, has extensive experience developing advanced human-computer interface for a variety of military operational environments and has assembled a world class group of consultants to act as our expert panel. The system identified in Phase 1 will be developed and tested in Phase 2 and expanded in Phase 3 to include other military and consumer applications. We propose to develop a comprehensive team SA measurement system to provide direct insight into soldier dynamic knowledge and decision skills at various levels of small squad command and in major types of military operations in urban terrain (MOUT). The system will integrate a real-time measure of team SA for use during soldier immersion in VR simulators and a post-immersion measure for integration in after action reviews. We will also describe an approach for integrating the results of these measures to provide a comprehensive analysis of SA based on objective data and subjective perceptions of participants. Phase II work will be a direct extension of Phase I and will involve development of a prototype of the measurement system and sample scenarios to validate and assess the usability of the measurement system. The resulting measure will help optimize Army VE training capabilities in terms of identifying suitable protocols/scenarios for small team mission skill development, assessing and providing feedback on individual dismounted soldier/land warrior readiness for battlefield situations. We expect the measurement system to be highly sensitive to VE training scenario manipulations and predictive of soldier decision making and MOUT mission performance. The most immediate commercialization potentials for the new comprehensive measure of SA in (virtual) training applications includes: public safety officer emergency operations training, state/federal crime scene investigator training, and tactical military/defense support team traiing. These types of units might train for such small-scale operations in high-fidelity VR scenarios. For these organizations the safety of their personnel, and those they support in service, in highly varied and critical situations is dependent on a rapid assessment of and understanding of the situation. Operations in these organizations are similar to small-scale Infantry operations and military SASO activities. The SA measurement product(s) developed through this SBIR should be applicable to these other organizations identified above, following some modifications for task/domain differences. Although there are clear individual differences in the ability to perform well in stressful, rapidly-changing multitasking environments such as those found in military command and control operations and in civilian aviation, current standardized tests are inadequate for confidently predicting who will excel in such critical jobs. We thus propose to develop and validate a computerized test to assess multitasking ability under speeded conditions. This project will leverage our experience with measuring individual differences in intelligence, working memory, and multitasking ability, and combine it with the efforts of others who have focused on the development of an abstract test of multitasking ability suitable for personnel selection. In Phase I we will program a Multitasking Test (MTT) that manipulates time pressure and event occurrence density, factors that are crucial determinants of successful decision making in complex dynamic situations. We will also collect data to begin to evaluate the MTT's learning curve, its retest reliability, and the cognitive load it imposes as a function of varying task difficulty. In Phase II a large formal study will be conducted to establish the sensitivity of the MTT to individual differences in multitasking ability and to evaluate its relationship to general intelligence and working memory ability. There is an important societal need for better tools for selecting personnel capable of performing well in jobs that make a high demand on multitasking abilities, especially in contexts where errors can have high costs and impact public safety. There is also growing need for tools to facilitate research on attentional multiplexing, and for a clinical test of attentional multiplexing. If successful, this project could lead to the development and commercialization of a test of multiplexing ability with widespread utility and significant market potential. Cleveland Medical Devices Inc. proposes to design and develop a test system where the installation and maintenance of a wireless Local Area Network (LAN) will become simple and routine. The device will be a low cost handheld unit that has a simple user interface for less skilled users and also have more sophisticated capability for those tough to identify problems. It will have a go/no go mode for quick check out and also more in-depth capabilities all the way up to a 802.11 network emulator. There is significant interest in WLAN technology since it overcomes many limitations of wired LANs and can be deployed in military facilities and environments relatively quickly. Many challenges are encountered when planning a WLAN deployment and ensuring that mission critical networked applications are optimized to achieve adequate service levels. Currently, no single suite of COTS products can be used to plan and design an optimized WLAN for the special requirements and applications of the DoD. There is a crucial need for a comprehensive, affordable WLAN deployment planner that integrates the attributes of typical WLAN design software with the attributes of technologically sophisticated software for planning, analyzing and optimizing communications networks and networked applications. The WLAN planning software envisaged integrates these important attributes to produce a product that will facilitate WLAN trade-off analysis (coverage, bandwidth), reduce infrastructure and operational costs (equipment, cabling, installation), optimize network and application performance, and satisfy network security requirements. Gaming technologies offers flexibility not possible with classroom-delivered training and enable instructors to train more students faster. Instructional games offer the strong potential to increase understanding and retention of learning materials and engage and motivate learners. We propose to develop a system for Automated Link Analysis for Data-mining of Distributed INformation (ALADDIN) to detect bioterrorist attacks. ALADDIN will use ontology-based data modeling for integrating heterogeneous and distributed data sources of bioterrorism information. In addition to traditional sources such as hospital and ambulatory-care records, ALADDIN will incorporate data from other potentially relevant sources, such as intelligence agencies, Customs databases, and INS records. ALADDIN will include a manual link discovery tool to support the investigation of inter-person or inter-organizational links between otherwise autonomous data sources (e.g., linking the INS file of a suspected terrorist with a Custom's Service record of that person importing a shipment of hazardous chemicals). ALADDIN will also incorporate Bayesian belief network (BN) technology for automatically identifying data sources for potential leads. BN models will be used to represent interrelationships among various domain relevant concepts such as terrorist activities, diseases, and symptoms, thus allowing for the integration of both clinical and non-clinical information in the detection of potential bioterrorism attacks. We intend to rapidly develop a prototype based on: 1) a domain ontology encoded with Prot‚g‚ 2000 from SMI; 2) the link analysis tool Strategist from our strategic business partner Electronic Warfare Associates (EWA); and 3) our in-house BN engine BNET 2000. We see several potential commercial applications of the proposed link analysis system for detecting potential bioterrorism threats. The technology can be directly applied to other domains, in particular, credit card and telecommunication fraud, money laundering, and drug dealing. The dual use of the developed core technology complements our ongoing effort with DARPA for terrorist threat prediction. We are currently in the process of formulating a commercialization plan for enhanced StrategistT in cooperation with Electronic Warfare Associates (EWA). As the military assumes more missions involving operations other than war (including humanitarian operations and support to domestic authorities), more of our military leaders will need to become proficient in coalition and collaborative leadership environments. Success in such operations, including multinational and multi-agency operations, increasingly depends not only on teamwork within the leaders' own hierarchical organization (which most military leaders are very familiar with) but also teamwork among the leaders of the multiple organizations in the operation (which most military leaders are not very familiar with). Although success in such operations will depend on the skills, knowledge, and abilities (SKAs) of our leaders, there is currently insufficient training focusing on the SKAs relevant to these coalition-related military operations other than war (MOOTW). The primary objectives of Phase I will be to 1) identify the highest-priority SKAs related to successful leadership in coalition MOOTW, 2) identify which SKAs are currently being trained adequately, and 3) recommend any additional needed training based on gaps between what is needed and what is being trained. The results of Phase I will be used in Phase II to guide development of a training program focused on improving leaders' coalition-relevant SKAs. Benefits of the training program will include leaders who are more prepared than ever to function effectively in multi-national and multi-agency coalition operations other than war. This in turn will lead to more effective coordination among coalition members, lower numbers of casualties (innocents as well as coalition members), better relations with our allies and coalition partners, and more successful coalition operations. Such successes will increase the political and social acceptance of US military operations other than war, acceptance both domestically and in the international community. Upon completion of Phase II, the training developed would be readily marketable to the military, and may be adapted for use by civilian government agencies and non-governmental organizations in coalition operations with the military. A modified training program would also be highly marketable to civilian corporations wishing to improve their successes in global business operations by preparing their leaders better for those operations. Navy is expanding its shipboard information networks, information technology systems requiring wireless technologies are being developed to support increased shipboard information gathering for logistical, personnel, and maintenance-related functions a self forming networks that can expand and contract on demand, extend into damaged areas with unknown infrastructure, with no/short notice to support roving patrols, and between ad hoc elements of the platform as needed. A self-organizing and self-configuring network protocol, without the need for any existing network infrastructure or administration such as Dynamic Source Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc is emerging that will enable multiple mobile nodes to communicate using peer-to-peer and multi-hop capabilities. This type of capability needs to be exploited to enable shipboard facility e.g. manufacturing plant and platform e.g. shipboard networks to operate with virtually no configuration support or other technical input required. This will enable net centric capability to migrate wherever required and whenever needed. Enable wireless devices to join and access internet via wireless ad-hoc networking without concerning their network addresses and routing protocols hence to improve mobility and greatly simplify roaming between wireless devices anf networks. RLW, Inc. is submitting this Phase II Proposal on SBIR Topic # OSD01-CBM02 ""Smart Machinery Spaces"" in response to a written invitation following the completion of Phase I work. In Phase I, RLW successfully demonstrated the feasibility of using the wireless sensor technology and network and processing software to provide an online, real-time ""snapshot"" of equipment health by building a prototype system. When fully implemented, such a system will wirelessly provide consistent and accurate status of specified monitored parameters in a given ""space"" on a ship. Using temperature, pressure, flood, smoke, and other transducers, RLW will expand its Phase I prototype system to monitor all parameters found in the target application: Shaft Alley Compartment (#5-300-0-E) of DDG-51 Class ships. RLW will test the Phase II system in its own lab and at a realistic land-based platform. In the Phase II Option, RLW will install the test system on a Navy ship. As in Phase I, RLW will again partner with two industry leaders, General Dynamics-Electric Boat, a well-known and long-time manufacturer of submarines for the Navy, and Sentinel Business Systems, a company with vast commercial experience in networking hardware and software, data management, and database integration. The battlespace warfighter environment contains a large amount of constant critical information that needs to be processed and displayed. The level of information varies widely, from pilots, to theater commanders, to situations assessors, and to field army units. The battlespace environment is very sophisticated and has fast developing situations, leading to frequent encounters with novel situations that demand adaptive problem solving skills in its operators. This rapid development of the battlespace poses a constant challenge to its operators who have to acquire knowledge of the equipment systems, understand critical information, and also gain expertise in identifying and responding to problems. Human information processing and performance knowledge has not been completely utilized for solving real world problems. Fortunately, cognitive task analysis uses mental models, emphasizes cognition, analyzes expertise, evaluates knowledge for the whole job, and segments tasks based on skill. Cybernet proposes to develop a system to provide not only the capability of advanced battlespace information processing in complicated and stressful environments, but also the optimization of this information flow, allowing operators to interact in large complex situations in an effective, efficient, and optimal manner. Furthermore, Cybernet will explore the development of intelligent agents to enable better information flow and display. The proposed technology will be leveraged into Cybernet's OpenSkies Massive Multiplayer training and gaming simulation business. Cybernet has developed a massively multi-player simulation technology for air, sea and land game and simulation play. While this technology was originally developed for a low cost government simulation for training, the Company plans to adapt the technology to revolutionize the consumer network gaming and flight simulator industry. The Company plans to distribute its OpenSkies simulation products at retail into the market, which is currently defined by Microsoft Flight Simulator, ProPilot, and Flight Unlimited. To make a significant inroad to this market, Cybernet plans to sell the product not as an end to itself, but as the entry point to a new game playing experience. This project will develop a Macrocognitive Assessment Battery (MAB) to enable the Army to determine the readiness of its small unit leaders to handle the challenges created by Objective Force Warrior (OFW). The reliance on information technology in OFW will increase the cognitive demands on small unit leaders. Therefore, the Army will need tools for assessing the ability of its leaders to function effectively in high-tempo, data overload conditions. Unfortunately, existing cognitive assessment methods are aimed at too detailed a level. By utilizing the framework of Macrocognition, Klein Associates will be able to design a tool to focus directly on processes such as sensemaking, attention management, uncertainty management, recognitional decision making, and situation assessment, that link directly to the demands of OFW. There is a general need to generate high energy density electrical power sources for space, aircraft, ground and naval vehicles, as well as to convert the heat already present in high temperature sources into electrical power. Thermionic power generation is a very attractive solution to both needs. Thermionic emission typically occurs from metal surfaces when the temperature of the metal excites the electrons to energies exceeding the metals' work function, allowing the electrons to be emitted into vacuum. The work function of most metals fall in the range of 4-5 eV, requiring temperatures exceeding 2000K to produce significant thermionic emission. Astralux proposes to build and test a revolutionary new cathode material based on AlGaN. Due to the low work function of the AlGaN, much larger emission currents can be achieved at a given temperature than would be possible with a simple metal emitter. When compared to MTCs fabricated from metal/metal oxide electrodes, our MTC will demonstrate larger power conversion by increasing the average voltage of emitted electrons, increasing the emitted current and reducing the space charge effects. These improvements will lead to a device capable of thermionic emission at temperatures well below 1000 K. The thermionic power generator addresses growing markets where the needs of remote, off-grid power continues to increase together with the overall need for power. Thermionic power may be able to supplement, or replace, photovoltaics in space and terrestrial power applications as well as provide additional power to utilities to meet incremental growth needs. The photovoltaics market is over $1 billion annually. In this Small Business Innovation Research Phase I project, InnovaTek will develop and demonstrate a novel catalytic microchannel combustion system configured for cross-flow operation. The microchannel combustor will be capable achieving high heat transfer rates and will provide a uniform temperature profile in microreactor channel. These advantages provide the opportunity to achieve efficiency improvements in catalytic microchannel reformer process resulting in reduced size and weight for larger scale layered reformer systems. In Phase I, mathematical and CFD process models for combustor operation and heat transfer performance will be developed. These models will provide the basis for design and fabrication of a single-plate microchannel prototype system for testing microchannel combustion characteristics. Experience gained from this testing will be factored into the model and used to design and fabricate a multi-plate combustor. This prototype will be used in a "proof-of-concept" test to demonstrate system durability in continuous operation for at least 24 hours. In Phase II, the concept will be scaled into a multi-layered, fully integrated fuel processor system capable of supplying pure hydrogen to a 1 kW PEM fuel cell for electrical generation. Designs and plans will be developed for scale-up to 500 kW systems. Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cells offer an attractive opportunity to provide a portable, quiet and efficient system for electrical generation. Such systems can provide portable power for military field use, and for civilian recreational and transportation applications. In order to achieve this potential, an equally quiet, efficient and portable supply of hydrogen gas is needed. A portable steam reformer capable of producing hydrogen from infrastructure fuels offers an ideal solution as the complementary technical solution. The rapid start time, quiet operation and high efficiency, of fuel cells provide an ideal solution as a mobile power source or an auxiliary power unit (APU) for a wide range of military and commercial applications. However, the supply of hydrogen gas to the fuel cell at the point of use remains a problem. A fuel processor that provides clean hydrogen from sulfur-containing logistical fuels is needed to allow fuel cell technology to be realized. InnovaTek will provide a solution to this need by developing a catalyst and support structure for use in the water gas shift reaction to produce CO-free reformate for a fuel cell from sulfur-containing logistical fuels. The catalyst developed will function at a high space velocity (>30,000 hr-1) that will reduce the size and cost of the fuel processor. It will tolerate sulfur without loss in activity thereby allowing the use of logistical fuels without the need for prior sulfur removal. It will also be resistant to temperature excursions and exposure to air and condensate, thereby maintaining its activity through numerous start-up/shut-down cycles. In addition, the catalyst will be optimized for use in an engineered micro-channel reactor that provides a differential temperature profile for both high temperature and low temperature water gas shift reactions, thus providing a high CO conversion within a single compact reactor design. Evolution in the power generation industry has created a demand and major market opportunity for alternative power generation technologies. As an alternative technology, fuel cells have been in existence for more than 160 years, but have only recently been developed sufficiently to provide a viable alternative to conventional technologies in the automotive and power generation industries. Today, because of their clean, quiet and efficient production of power, fuel cells are widely believed to offer a number of advantages over other small to medium sized power generation methods. Analysts forecast that various sectors of the overall fuel cell market will emerge within the next five to ten years, including: portable and backup power products, residential and specialty products (including APU), micro power (compact/handheld) products, and transportation (motive) products. By providing clean hydrogen from sulfur-containing logistical fuels, InnovaTek's fuel processing technology will allow fuel cell technology to be realized earlier and in broader markets. Design advisors are the most viable method to guide novices and non-ID professionals through the process of creating effective instructional materials, and are especially useful in situations where experts are unavailable. Adaptive Materials Inc. will explore the feasibility of small scale power generation using microtubule solid oxide fuel cells as outlined in Topic Area 3; Materials and Processes for Electrochemical Energy Conversion. We believe microtubule solid oxide fuel cells are the key to a soldier portable, rapid starting, field-rugged, compact, and light weight power source. Individual cells demonstrating many of these unique performance properties have already been developed by Adaptive Materials as part of the DARPA Palm Power Program. We envision combining these cells together with suitable balance of plant components and liquid hydrocarbon fuel to create a system capable of delivering at least 1,000 Whr from a package smaller and lighter than the current BA5590 military battery. We propose to design and develop an effective medical risk communication tool, called CONSULT. The design will be based on an evaluation of the empirical research and studies that address risk perception factors and methods for improving risk communication. These include addressing issues in understanding probabilities, as well as emotional, social, media, and trust factors. A CONSULT authoring tool will be developed so that medical professionals and researchers can create consultations for new medical issues, as well as update information for existing issues. A key capability of the tool is the ability to build the risk probability models that are graphically displayed and interactive. These are the models that relate the client's personal data and profile (medical history, lifestyle choices) to the various risk outcomes (e.g., probability of side effects, or of recurrence of disease). The authoring tool will be designed so that there will be no requirement for programming languages or scripting. Clients can interact with CONSULT to play out `what-if' scenarios and view alternative consequences of choices. The types of information, multimedia, and presentation style will be customized to the individual based on their personal data and concerns profile. CONSULT is expected to provide benefits for clients, medical professionals, and researchers. Increased compliance with medical policies results in fewer health problems, reduces health care costs, and increases the readiness of personnel and troops for duty. CONSULT assists medical professionals to communicate medical risks to organizations and individual clients, exchange and update risk probability models among scientific community, and provide better patient care and health outcomes. In addition, CONSULT can be used as a research tool for evaluating alternative methods for effective risk communication. PVPAEO proposes to develop and demonstrate a head-worn sensor package providing simultaneous images from LWIR and NIR/SWIR sensors utilizing a single aperture. The system utilizes commercial sensor technology combined with optics, packaging and sensor fusion technology developed by PVPAEO in support of a range of targeting and situational awareness applications. The design is fully compliant with the stated environmental and mission requirements including the desired weight limit of 1.25 pounds. The system will be configured to support fusion of the LWIR and NWIR sensors. This capability will be demonstrated during phase I of the program using image processing hardware currently being developed under a phase 11 SBIR program funded by ONR. It is expected that a field tested version of the processor would be available to support field evaluation and testing during the phase 11 program effort. During the first portion of the project the PVPAEO team will work with the system users to clearlydefinethemissionrequirementsanddevelopasystemspecification. This task wili be followed by a design effort to adapt the proven system elements and technologies to meet mission requirements. Following a design review with the system users, a prototype will be fabricated, demonstrated and evaluated. PVPAEO proposes to build on the successful development of a head worn sensor package providing and displaying simultaneous images from LWIR and NIR sensors using a single aperture. The enhanced system will incorporate a higher resolution LWIR sensor and an image intensified camera. Pixel level sensor fusion demonstrated in a laboratory environment as part of the phase I effort will be incorporated as part of the integrated system. ISC will develop a prototype miniaturized uncooled thermal imaging sighting system that can be placed on a handheld weapon without interfering with the existing day sight. This system will include a totally passive day/night imaging camera that will display imagery on a miniaturized display that operates in conjunction with the existing day sight. The system will be comprised ;of two modules a small thermal imaging camera module that includes a video I/O capability and internal power source, and a small display module that provides a collimated image that can be fed directly into the existing day sight. The technical innovations that will be addressed include the miniaturizing and mechanical hardening of the uncooled thermal imaging technology from its existing configuration (the size of a camcorder) to a few cubic inch package that can be unobtrusively yhard mounted to the weapon, and the development of a miniature display and collimating optics set that would act as a removable lens cover for the existing M-4/M-16 day sight. The camera also includes a video input/output port that can be used to output the thermal camera video to any standard RS-170 video device (I.e., data link, HMD) or to allow the display of other RS-170 video source onto the display module. Mid'e is proposing to develop an Advanced Technology Exposure Suit. Mid'e proposed to use smart gels (NIPA-NBTA) as a mechanism to control the thermal properties of the suit. The gel is used as a passive flow control device in which a swelling or shrinking gel layer constrict or allow pumping flow. Small-scale Phase I experiments concluded that skin temperature can be maintained 30 to 40% higher in freezing water by the new suit than by conventional suits. Phase II will conclude with instrument manikin testing of complete suits under operational conditions. In Phase II Mid'e will optimize the performance of the gel with respect to operation in seawater and response time. Mid'e will also work with established manufacturers such as 3M and Enterprise Coatings to develop a fabric in which the gel can be easily incorporated. Availablility of this smart fabric will enable all exposure suits manufacturers access to this technology providing SOCOM with a low-risk acquisition channel. Military operations often require personnel to work in environmental conditions which subject them to weather extremes. Often operations take personnel from water to land environments and vice versa, over extended periods of time. A concept for an Advanced Technology Exposure Suite (ATES) is proposed, which uses smart materials to control the degree of protection offered to the wearer, depending on environmental characteristics. High acquisition cost, high metallic content, high weight, and high cost of installation characterize the present state-of-the-art in waterjet drives above 150HP. This work addresses all of these problems through the use of high-strength composite materials and integration of the jet drive intake duct into the hull of the vessel at the time of hull fabrication. Novel mechanical configuration of drive components removes the high stresses normal in conventional drive intake ducts, allowing a composite intake to be integrated into a composite hull at low cost. Collateral advantages of this novel approach are a reduction in the number of components and in total drive unit weight. Additionally, it allows the placement of the engine closer to the transom with no compromise to the intake performance. Work includes hydrodynamic optimization of the intake shape to assure performance superior to comparable metallic jet drives. A prototype unit based on the novel design is constructed, installed and tested, and measured data are used to predict the performance of an 11 meter RIB with two such drives installed. Some drive components, in addition to the intake, are also made of composite materials, leading in the future to a truly all-composite waterjet propulsion system. North American Marine Jet (NAMJ), the only USA (American) company currently designing and manufacturing waterjets, will develop a composite inlet for the NSJ rigid hull inflatable boat (RIB) Project. The inlet will be designed by NAMJ's Research and Development department and its Engineering Design department. The prototype will be built at NAMJ's manufacturing facility in Benton, AR. The composite inlet will be designed to maintain or improve the NSW RIB's speed and maneuverability, while improving weight, corrosion resistance, and ease of manufacturing. NAMJ has the proven ability to offer an inlet design with additional optional improvements and modifications to meet the craft's needs. A hydraulic up-and-down nozzle, which eliminated unfavorable center of gravity problems for the N500 jet in light to loaded conditions, efficiently over-corrects the jet to bring higher craft speeds. In this project, IEM will produce a complete detailed design and working prototypes of a rugged camera capable of operating under water or at high altitudes. The camera design will be capable of capturing high resolution still images or motion imagery at up to 30 frames/second, images will be compressed and stored on solid state media for transfer to another computer via PCMCIA cards of Firewire interface. The proposed camera is intended for outdoor harsh environment usage and hence, many "ruggedization" features are added to the design. Furthermore, the design is based on a modular architecture in order to allow easy future upgrades. While there are many other imaging solutions and still cameras on the market, IEM's design offers unique competitive advantages for the high-end military and professional usres, who demand superior performance solutions in a small size package. IEM's innovative design's have competitive advantages which are based on a better complete imaging system design (as opposed to just a single element, e.g., imager). It also has a number of techniques which take advantage of the power behind redundant information in a stream of images. In addition, the proposed camera will provide for enhanced autofocus and image stabilization. These techniques lead to significantly superior still and motion images without sacrificing the small size objective. We believe these product advantages will produce the best price/performance camera for the high end military and professional markets. The final price of the camera depends on the desired performance (resolution, fps, etc.). IEM has also identified many other immediate commercial applications of this product. A wide range of applications for explosive time delays exist from gerneral commercial blasting to very precision shock wave forming and/or movement of materials. Presently these delays are obtained by electronics or by the use of pyrotechnics and primary explosives. The problem with electronics is the high component cost and difficulty in surviving the high shock environment of the initial or prior detonation. The problem with the pyrotechnics/primary explosive delay is its safety from accidental ignition due to temperature, stray electrical energy, or general incorrect handling. Phase I of this SBIR demonstrated a millisecond delay concept which is not electronic (except to start the delay), does not contain a primary or pyrotechnic explosive can meet the 500 volt safety limit for no-fire (per MIL-STD'S 1316 and 1911) and will survive high energy shock. This proposed phase II program will develop a functional Multi-Millisecond delay component without electronics or primary explosives. The program will establish critical delay time paramenters such that designs for specific applications can be formulated. Verification and qualification lot testing will be performed. A