The use of laser devices in the battlefield is rapidly increasing - from low power line-of-sight communications to high-power lasers designed to disable or destroy enemy weaponry. These laser devices operate over a wide range of spectral regions, depending on specific application. With the increasing number of devices, the hazard to battlefield personnel is becoming a potentially significant issue. If protective devices are to be designed and deployed to personnel, it is key that these devices do not introduce unacceptable levels of image distortion that may have physiological effects such as disorientation, headache, or nausea. OPTICS 1 has extensive experience in the area of night vision goggle design and development and specifically in the area of direct-view laser eye protection devices using optical limiter materials. Triton Systems proposes to develop and characterize an advanced laser joining technique for titanium heat exchangers to provide lighter weight and lower cost heat exchangers while offering equivalent or better performance. Currently, heat exchangers are fabricated from stainless steel or inconel, which are heavy with a density of 6.6 g/cc (0.24 lb./cu.in.), so that weight-efficient designs are difficult to produce. For that reason, lighter weight materials that operate at high temperature are required for the next generation of weapon systems, such as the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter. The density of titanium is 4.6 g/cc (0.17 lb./cu.in.), which is about 60% the weight of current stainless steel or inconel. However, before titanium can be fabricated into lightweight heat exchangers, a technique needs to be developed for providing reliable joining of thin, 0.004 to 0.020 inch (0.102 to 0.508 mm) thick, titanium for plate-fin heat exchangers. Triton's extensive experience in laser joining and deposition using our patented Laser Free Form Fabrication (LF3TM) technique will be directly applied for obtaining an optimum joining technique for titanium heat exchangers. Triton is teamed with Northrop-Grumman and Hughes-Treitler, to adapt the LF3TM technology for joining titanium materials for heat exchanger components. Triton's proposed joining method using the LF3TM technique for titanium heat exchangers will provide the Air Force with a lighter weight system to meet the weight and cooling requirements for applications typical of advanced military aircraft. In addition to military aircraft applications, the commercial aircraft industry will benefit for their large gas turbine engines and airframes. The ultimate goal is to improve the cognitive skills of AOC personnel by providing them practice, evaluation, and feedback in simulated AOC operational scenarios. This will be accomplished by the development of an Intelligent Tutoring System for AOC operations. The ITS will allow instructors to create scenarios and to customize methods to automatically evaluate student decisions. Evaluation of student decisions will occur automatically by the ITS which is monitoring the student's and possibly other team members' actions. Based on this and other information the ITS will automatically assemble a debriefing which will include the student's correct and incorrect decisions; for the incorrect ones a description of what the correct decision should have been and why, playbacks of critical events, and additional information from the scenario run. The ITS will automatically formulate a remedial course of instruction which includes additional scenarios to test the student's updated knowledge and provide additional practice in their weakest areas. During Phase I we will elicit the required AOC knowledge including models of information flow and processes, design the AOC simulator and instructional strategies and demonstrate a limited prototype of the Tactical Decision-Making ITS to prove its feasibility beyond a doubt. AOC personnel are the direct targets for this effort. Other military applications of the technology abound. Commercial variants could be directed toward large companies to teach their information flow, processes, organization, and policies to employees. ITN Energy Systems, Inc. proposes to develop an electrically-pumped, low-temperature ceramic oxygen generating system to support aeromedical and On-Board Oxygen Generating System uses. The proposed ceramic oxygen generating system is based on ITN's novel five-layer, monolithically integrated unit cell and incorporates an advanced, low-temperature (500-700 oC) thin-film electrolyte. In addition, the system will incorporate state-of-the-art components, including recuperators, heat exchangers, insulation and air blowers to minimize the system size and power consumption. Creare proposes to design, fabricate, and test a system that will simultaneously protect personnel working in extremely high noise environments and enhance voice communications. Current Air Force ground crews are forced to work in close proximity to aircraft engines that produce in excess of 150 db of noise, which can result in noise-induced hearing loss after brief exposures without sufficient hearing protection. These flight and ground crews also have a need to communicate with other personnel. However, no existing hearing protection system offers the right level of noise reduction for these crews to work safely in extreme noise environments while simultaneously enhancing the communication signal for effective communication. Military and civilian experience has shown that long-duration assignments present increased risk of performance failures as the mission progresses. This is due to interruption of normal sleep cycles and to the psychological pressures of the living and working environment. The overall objective of this project is twofold: (1) to ensure the safety and effectiveness of friendly military personnel, and (2) to access the level of fatigue of military opponents. We propose an innovative approach to achieving Cognitive Readiness with respect to Information Warfare through a combination of automated monitoring, adaptive information display, real-time coaching, and the capture of scenarios suitable for training and rehearsal. In particular we will investigate the exploitation of Latent Semantic Analysis, which is a means for making accurate comparisons of the semantic similarity between pieces of textual information, and has been applied with success to a number of problems closely related to the task at hand. But real-time monitoring of intelligence information poses some unique challenges including the need to maintain the currency of LSA's matrices, and feeding its voracious appetite for training data. To overcome these obstacles we propose a unique combination of new and proven techniques. Our approach will exploit our recent advances in fully automated search to capture the required training data, as well as recent techniques for detecting content drift so as to minimize the update requirements of the LSA matrices. Our Phase I work-centered research and design, and the development and operational testing of a limited prototype, will lay the groundwork for the Phase II complete implementation and validation of our technology, called Aware. The technology proposed herein offers the potential to fulfill the market demand for tools to increase productivity in the processing of electronic documents, and tools that can support "situational visibility" and competitive intelligence. The Phase I effort will develop a Functional Description Document to establish requirements/constraints for a closed-loop adaptive training architecture that will support mission-area training. This training architecture will provide integrated satellite operations training as well as mission rehearsal for multiple satellite systems by using advanced interactive multimedia instruction (IMI); intelligent tutoring system (ITS) technology; and advanced modeling, simulation, stimulation, and visualization technologies. We propose to characterize performance levels of a model-based 3D LADAR ATR system in order to understand the applicability of LADAR sensors to target exploitation in complex scenes. The MSTAR program has successfully demonstrated the applicability of model-based recognition to 2D SAR processing of targets in extended operating conditions (EOCs). We will thus extend that approach to 3D LADAR exploitation. 3D LADAR, by virtue of generating high resolution 3D geometric reconstructions of a scene, is a natural application for shape-oriented model-based reasoning. Our technical approach to 3D LADAR ATR consists of supporting single to multiple LADAR looks and is based on uncertainty modeling and hierarchical part-based surface alignment methods. The 3D recognition approach is well-suited for recognizing partially-occluded variably-configured targets in cluttered environments and is therefore an excellent candidate for ATR evaluation under EOCs. Our ATR evaluation methodology will also leverage the experience and tools developed under the MSTAR program, decomposing performance measures along the sensor, target, and environment operating dimensions. Our team is composed of the developers of MSTAR's model-based reasoning modules and the evaluators of the MSTAR system and is well-positioned to extend our SAR experience to LADAR performance characterization.The development of a structured evaluation process for 3D recognition technology has a wide range of commercial applications. The 3D surface matching technology we are proposing to leverage in this effort has been previously developed for medical image analysis applications. Developments made under this effort could therefore be utilized for medical applicationsdetecting and quantifying pathology in magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) imagery, where the pathology may exhibit a wide range of variable observables. In addition, industrial inspection over a variable range of controlled and uncontrolled illumination and part configuration conditions requires a well-defined process for 3D recognition performance evaluation, as will be developed under this program. The proposed Phase I research will build on previous oxide/oxide ceramic matrix com-posite (CMC) repair studies. Two state-of-the-art CMCs, one from Engineered Ceramics, Inc. and one from Boeing - Huntington Beach, will be used as the base com-posites. The project will develop and demonstrate ceramic adhesive materials which are chemically compatible with the CMC constituents. The compatible adhesives will be reinforced with discontinuous oxide fibers and/or oxide fabrics identical to those used to produce the base composites. Experimental evaluation of the reinforced adhesive materials will include microstructural studies of adhesive/composite bonds to assure chemical compatibility. Quantitative adhesive/composite bond strength measurements will be made to select the most appropriate adhesive materials. Reinforced adhesive materials containing chopped fibers and/or fabric plies will be used to produce prototype repairs in damaged composite panels (Level 3 or Level 4 damage) using a pressure-molding and low temperature cure process. Final heat treatment will be in air. The repairs will be evaluated via mechanical testing at ambient and elevated temperatures and both microstructural examination and fractography. The project will target applica-tions in the SITE-M and X-37 programs for the two oxide/oxide CMC materials. The project will be performed with engineering oversight and testing assistance provided by Boeing-St. Louis (SITE-M) and Boeing-Huntington Beach (X-37). The developed repair materials are expected to find military uses in repair/refurbishment of gas-turbine engine exhaust-washed structures integral to engines or airframes in both manned and unmanned vehicles. Civilian uses could include repair of gas-fired burner tubes and incineration equipment used for disposal of toxic or medical waste materials. The training of effective teams has become increasingly important in both military and civilian settings. The state of our current knowledge about taskwork and teamwork processes enables us to propose a theory-anchored, systematic method for the design of team training and evaluation. In Phase I we will design an integrated team training system, that employs a synthetic task environment representing the Time Critical Targeting Cell (TCTC), that links team competencies, mission scenarios, and measures of performance to provide focused, distributed simulation-based training. This team training system will afford its user the ability to define team synthetic tasks that will train team competencies and generate tailored feedback, based on performance measures, to support training processes. In doing so, we believe that this project offers the unique opportunity to close the loop in the scenario-based training development process. Synthetic task environments, capable of distributed simulations, provide the infrastructure for this training and the proposed team training system will be built as an extension of the Distributed Dynamic Decisionmaking (DDD) team-in-the-loop simulator. In Phase II, we will operationalize the requirements for the team training system and develop a tool to create and administer distributed, scenario-based team training. The team training system described in this proposal provides an integrated method to design and execute team training and evaluation. Our approach gives training developers a specific process to generate training programs that are directly related to specific team competencies. Incorporating scenario design and specification of measures of performance into the team training tool will help to ensure that the simulation-based training, using the DDD, will trigger the targeted competencies and generate feedback that supports learning. The tools we propose will reduce the front-end time and effort needed to design training scenarios and improve the quality of the time spent training teams. This tool will be useful to military and commercial applications that need to train and are dependent on high-reliability team performance. The EMESH program will deliver hard, epoxy based materials embedded with microscale quantities of micro explosives (mu X) for tamper-reactivity. Triton systems, a leading developer of thin film membrane materials for space application, has teamed up with Professor Christopher Jenkins of the Compliant Structures laboratory of the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology (SDSM&T) and Dr. Jack Bradshaw of Atkinson Thin Film Systems to address the critical design and fabrication requirements of large space-based optical telescopes. On this Phase I, Triton's team will utilize its broad experimental and theoretical expertise in membrane materials and coatings to develop a parabolic net-shape telescope. It is well known that the coating of a substrate produces intrinsic and extrinsic stress leading to deformation of substrate. In this program, we will use this concept to shape a parabolic mirror. We propose to design a "tunable coating" system that leads to control the shape of membrane. A mathematical stress coating model will be developed. This stress model will provide us with prescription coating that will guide the coating material selection, polymer membrane selection, coating geometry, and device fabrication. Moreover, We will develop a new metrology to evaluate important membrane properties, in particular, the coating stress. The success of the proposed concept will provide a revolutionary approach to fabricate large, lightweight, space-based telescopes. Some of the benefits of stress coating technique to obtain a net-shape mirror are: In the past five years, SDI has developed low energy EFI detonators, built with MEMS processes, that have about half the firing voltage of previous designs. These detonators are in production and are being used in about six weapon systems. The U. S. Air Force has identified a need to develop innovative concepts for gathering timely and accurate bomb damage assessment (BDA) information. This information is used by mission planners to quantify the success of an airborne attack, determine the extent of any collateral damage, and ultimately provide information as to whether additional attacks are necessary. One particularly attractive BDA concept involves the use of low-value assets such as micro air vehicles (MAVs) to gather BDA information and transmit this information to applicable ground or airborne platforms. The sensor-equipped MAV would be attached to an air-launched munition and deployed at a pre-determined point along the munition's descent trajectory. Following deployment, the air vehicle would achieve stable flight and proceed to the target area to record the impact event and gather post-impact BDA imagery. The MAV would continue to loiter in the target area and transmit real-time imagery until its on-board power source was exhausted. The focus of this research is to develop implementable hardware and software solutions that enable the use of low-cost, expendable MAVs for BDA missions. Specifically, the research will address: (1) the design, fabrication, and packaging of the munition-deployed MAV, (2) the stability and autonomous guidance and navigation capability of the air vehicle, and (3) the collection and transmission of real-time video imagery from the MAV's on-board sensor. Camera-equipped MAVs have great potential for surveillance and monitoring tasks in areas either too remote or too dangerous to send human scouts. Opera-tional MAVs will enable a number of important missions, including chemical/radiation spill monitoring, forest-fire reconnaissance, visual monitoring of volcanic activity, surveys of natural disaster areas, and even inexpensive traffic and accident monitoring. Additional on-board sensors can further augment MAV mission profiles to include, for example, airborne chemical analysis. As other examples of MAV benefits, consider the following scenarios. The forestry service is interested in tracking wildlife migration patterns within its park; a hiker is lost in the wilderness; people are trapped in trees or on rooftops during flooding, following a major hurricane. In each instance, small UAVs or MAVs, capable of self-stabilized flight, could be deployed to actively search and track motion and/or targets of interest on the ground. The development of low-cost guided munitions has given mission planners a new set of tools to achieve their objectives. These weapons have much greater accuracy than "dumb" iron bombs, but they can still be delivered from aircraft flying safely at high altitudes, and are effective in all weather conditions. Although the munitions are usually successful in such situations, often the methods used to measure their effectiveness are not. Imagery for bomb damage assessment (BDA) is difficult to obtain from high flying aircraft or satellites during bad weather, so additional strikes may be ordered when they are not necessary, reducing the overall efficiency of the weapon system. Foster-Miller proposes an innovative solution to this problem of collecting BDA information for guided weapons. The Detachable Bomb Pursuit Vehicle (DBPV) will provide a low-cost method for the collection of high-resolution pre- and post-impact imagery, gathered from close proximity to the target. The DBPV will ride a host munition toward its target, detach shortly before impact, and follow the bomb into the impact area while collecting and transmitting digital images. In Phase I, Foster-Miller will produce a preliminary design for the DBPV and demonstrate the validity of the flight control concept. (P-020171) A novel method of intraweapon communications using magnetic field transmissions along with new very low power Spin Dependent Tunneling (SDT) magnetic sensor receivers will be developed under The Air Force has long been aware of the importance of safety devices for the warheads of their air-launched weapons. In fact, all modern air-launched weapons include safety and arming (S&A) subsystems which are designed to prevent the weapon from unintentionally arming itself. The FZU-48 air turbine is a critical component of the S&A subsystems currently installed in the Air Force's Mark 80 series of glide bombs. Although the air-turbine has proven itself to be extremely reliable, it suffers from several shortcomings. First, the turbine adds weight and drag to the weapon. Second, the size of the turbine may preclude its use on smaller guided weapons under development by the Air Force (e.g., the small diameter bomb, SDB). In an effort to redress these shortcomings, the Air Force has expressed a desire to develop alternative S&A subsystems which do not include an air turbine. The objective of this proposed research, therefore, is to investigate the feasibility of replacing the air-turbine S&A subsystem with a battery and a novel algorithm designed to exploit information provided by the weapon's GPS, IMU, and Kalman integration filter. The results of this research may lead to the adoption of lower-cost, less-intrusive S&A subsystems. Evolving smart miniature munitions will be carried in large numbers on combat aircraft to enhance operational effectiveness and reduce required missions. Near term carriage and control of these munitions will be primarily via advanced carriage devices (captive dispensers) which adapt multiple munitions to a single MIL-STD-1760 aircraft electrical interface. Maintaining all operational flight program (OFP) functionality for initialization and employment of these stores within the aircraft processing suite is expected to exceed the processing and data bus throughput capacity of some existing platforms, without costly upgrades. By moving some control functionality (within applicable safety and timing constraints) to the dispenser level via either preprogrammed or dynamic distributive processing techniques, such upgrades can be delayed or avoided entirely. WINTEC has already developed a set of "store macro commands" under ongoing programs which execute in the dispenser to reduce aircraft processor and communication bus loading associated with store employment. The proposed effort would build on this previous work to provide a more comprehensive solution to the problem. Specifically, it would investigate store control requirements, develop a model system architecture, define appropriate distributive processing functions, and develop a demonstration system concept and associated plan for a follow-on prototyping/ demonstration program. The technology provided by this program will help eliminate or significantly delay required upgrades for some existing aircraft platforms to effectively employ large loadouts of miniature stores. It also has significant commercial applicability to robotic vehicle, factory automation, and intelligent vehicle/highway systems. Conductive carbon nanocomposites can be created for multiple functions. In addition to structural applications, these materials can have secondary functions which may include lightning strike mitigation; EMI suppression; radar absorption and possibly others. In general the interaction of nanomaterial with high frequency electromagnetic radiation is considerably different than for conventional materials, and thus there are several targets of opportunity which are available to serve Air Force needs. In addition to electrical shielding and lightning strike mitigation for air vehicles, nanofiber additives in polymers offer important attributes for commercial applications such as automotives applications, including reduced production cost, improved stiffness, paintability, creep resistance, reduced shrinkage, lower coefficient of thermal expansion and enhanced impact resistance. This program will provide meter class CERAFORM Silicon Carbide mirrors with an areal density of < 2 kg/mm2 for use in space based laser and surveillance systems. Providing larger, stiffer structures, CERAFORM SiC provides optical, structural and thermal properties which exceed that of the glasses such as Zerodur and ULE, the composites such as graphite epoxy, and the metals such as aluminum and beryllium. Recent developments in SiC forming have produced SiC mirrors with areal density of < 7.5 kg/mm2 with the potential to achieve an areal density of < 2 kg/mm2. These will provide the needed optical material for the next generation of flight based optical systems providing significant technical advantage over current material and fabrication techniques. Cornerstone Research Group Inc. (CRG) proposes to design, develop and characterize a novel, toughened adhesive system for damage tolerant joints. Joint bonding material must meet stringent mechanical and physical property standards to achieve the necessary level of performance for aircraft structures. The bonds will experience a variety of environmental and loading stresses, and appropriate toughening of these bonds must be addressed. Current approaches utilize z-axis pinning of joint, which tend to damage the composite panels. Scrim materials have also shown toughening of the bond, but have not achieved the exclusive z-direction strength that is needed. CRG's approach is based on next-generation materials that are focused on increased bond durability and toughness. This research effort focuses on the orientation of nanofibers in a film adhesive. The nanofibers would be oriented during the film adhesive manufacturing process, not at joint bonding. Therefore, implementation of this technology will be transparent to the joint bonding process. We are partnered with Loctite Aerospace, a leading manufacturer of high-performance adhesive, on this research effort. The toughen adhesives developed in this program opens up a new market for film adhesives. In metal and composite panel fabrication in aerospace, automotive and multiple structural applications, film adhesives are the preferred form of adhesive due their ease of use and high performance. This research would significantly raise the performance level of these adhesives. It would open new opportunities for film adhesive use in situations where fasteners are currently being utilized because current adhesives are not tough enough. Fusing information in diverse text media containing case-sensitive information is explored. It is based on a core Information Extraction (IE) system capable of processing case-sensitive text. The core engine is adapted to handle diverse, case-insensitive information e.g. e-mail, chat, newsgroups, broadcast transcripts, HUMINT intelligence documents. The fusion system assimilates information extracted from text with that in structured knowledge bases. The fatigue life of aircraft engine components such as turbine blades has been significantly increased by the application of laser peening. The cost of laser peening is decreasing as new technological advancements are implemented to the process. These advancements include more robust laser systems that are easier to maintain than the previous generation lasers. New processing methods are being developed such as the RapidCoaterT system that automates the application of processing overlays and thereby increases throughput and decreases processing labor. Additional reductions in processing costs are desired to decrease component cost and to promote widespread application of laser peening to lower cost components. This program will evaluate two specific laser peening effects. These processing effects will be evaluated using specific processing methods that will increase the laser peening rate. These processing methods when applied with a low cost low maintenance laser system will lead to a significant reduction in the processing cost. The benefit of this program will be to provide new processing methods that, when combined with lower cost equipment, will reduce the cost of laser peening substantially. The new processing methods can be applied to all components. This application includes components that are currently in production such as the 1st stage fan blades for the F110 engine for the Air Force. Other low cost parts, such as gears and shafts for automotive applications, will be able to take advantage of the LaserPeenT process. The objective of this proposal is to demonstrate the feasibility of producing lightweight artificial dielectric materials for High Power Microwave (HPM) source lens designs. Conventional HPM lenses are usually machined from a dense material exhibiting the desired electrical characteristics, such as polyethylene, and are inherently heavy. Heavy lenses are undesirable for handheld, mobile, aircraft, and especially spacecraft applications. Systran Federal Corporation (SFC), the sister-company of Systran Corp., which is a Products Development and Marketing Company specializing in high-performance electronic and networking products, is proposing to novel approaches to developing tamper resistant circuit boards. SFC proposes to use a combined "coatings + circuits" approach to provide tamper resistance. Various sol-gel based multiplayer coatings that provide tamper resistance will be developed. In addition, various circuits that provide tamper resistance will also be developed. Both will be combined in an "intelligent" manner to provide highly sophisticated approaches to conferring tamper resistance. Physical Sciences Inc. (PSI) proposes to develop and demonstrate a chemically-specific standoff sensor for detection of explosive materials within sealed containers, buildings, or clothing. Differential absorption LIDAR (DIAL) methodology will be used to provide chemical specificity. Our innovation is the extension of DIAL technology to Far-IR (THz) wavelengths for enabling structure-penetrating radiation to probe molecular features of target substances. This technology represents a long-standing need with the DoD, FAA, and security community for detection of explosive devices containing little or no metal concealed in trucks, luggage, packages, and under clothing. The Phase I program will demonstrate the feasibility of the concept through experimental measurements of absorption spectra of target compounds and structural materials and the first demonstration of a current-pumped Quantum Cascade laser-based sensor in the THz frequency regime. In the Phase II portion of the program, a compact sensor will be developed, tested, and delivered to the Air Force. This program will demonstrate a structure-penetrating DIAL apparatus with the capability of chemically- specific detection of explosive materials. Such an apparatus represents a long-standing need in the military for the detection of hidden illicit materials. Significant commercial applications of the enabling sensor technology exist in the petro-chemical and bulk materials processing industry. PSI has already established a commercialization partnership with the Dow Corporation to exploit these markets. We address acquisition, tracking, and aim-point selection on tactical targets for air-to-ground high-energy laser (HEL) applications. Effects of complex natural clutter are considered, in addition to effects related to laser propagation such as weather, battlefield obscurants, atmospheric turbulence and thermal blooming. We propose the use of passive multi-spectral sensing techniques for rejecting natural clutter during initial target acquisition. Active, multi-pulse laser radar imaging is proposed for mitigating effects of camouflage, smoke, and other battlefield obscurants in target tracking and aim-point selection. To treat turbulence, thermal blooming, and aero-optical effects, we propose a new direction-angle ambiguity rectification technique. This technique builds on a block-matching algorithm for imaging through horizontal turbulence to determine the laser pointing errors present over a target scene extending many isoplanatic patches. From this information, the direction-angle ambiguity associated with high-resolution range measurements in the presence of turbulence, thermal blooming, and aero-optical gradients may be corrected for use in pattern recognition. Additionally, the block-matching processing output may be used to correct tilt-anisoplanatism resulting in proper HEL stabilization. We propose the development of a MATLAB toolbox to interface Government-developed WaveTrain and Infrared Modeling and Analysis (IRMA) codes for simulation and analysis of tactical directed energy applications. Laser radar imaging techniques show great promise in navigation, identification, and remote sensing. The technologies developed here can be applied to 3-dimensional imaging of objects at long ranges over horizontal paths or through obscurants such as clouds and smoke. This technology may be applied to airport traffic control, fire-fighting, and autonomous vehicles. Additionally, this technology may be used in applications where long-range laser pointing is required, such as laser designation, laser communication, and laser weapons. This effort will result in a software toolbox that integrates capabilities of two existing Government codes for propagation modeling and scene generation. This toolbox may be used in other projects to address the combined effects of propagation and scene clutter in air-to-ground imaging and beam control applications. For the Phase I project, Luna Innovations proposes to develop a fiber optic, high-temperature, multiplexed temperature and strain sensor system for use in directed energy weapon experiments. Luna will leverage its experience with high temperature sensors and their patented fiber-optic based sensor systems to complete this research. A novel system will be based on proven fiber optic sensor technology, and will combine independent strain and temperature measurements in multi-parameter transducers. Sensors will be multiplexed to provide a distributed sensing system capable of making temperature and strain field measurements near the point of beam impingement. Fiber optic sensors are immune to electromagnetic interference, making them an ideal technology for advance energy weapon research. We propose to develop a target identification system using Time Modulated Ultra-Wide Band (TM-UWB) radars. The prototype hardware will be based on the TM-UWB ASIC chips developed by Time Domain Corporation of Huntsville AL. The only signals transmitted by UWB radars are pulses generated pseudo-randomly in time. The pulses we are currently using are « nanosecond in duration and the energy extends approximately from roughly .8 to 3 gigahertz. The energy content in any conventional frequency band is below the noise, making TM-UWB transmission highly covert unless you know the specific pseudo-random sequence. With TM-UWB there is no carrier frequency, no up-conversion and no down-conversion, and the output stage can be a single transistor which creates a binary pulse, all resulting in decreased radio size, cost, and complexity. The duty cycle of the pulse generated by our current hardware is approximately 1/200, resulting in low power consumption because 99.5% of the time, nothing is being transmitted. Because of the low frequency content of TM-UWB signals, they are able to penetrate foliage and nonmetallic obstacles better than conventional radars. During Phase I, we will design a UWB conformal array antenna system and demonstrate the prototype system in a laboratory environment. The primary potential military application for this technology is the location and identification of obscured objects. Civilian applications include future time domain communications systems as well as airborne mapping of buried cables, pipelines, and mine shafts. IAI and TDC are aggressively working to develop through-the-wall imaging radar for use by polices, fire fighters, and for use by the military for MOUT operations. There is great interest in through the wall imaging, and congress has specifically earmarked substantial funds for this development. The developments from the subject work should lead to the next generation of through-the-wall imaging radar. The ability to electronically steer radio transmissions will also increase the range and/or data rate of TM-UWB radios. This proposal describes the development of a new diode-pumped fiber laser intended as an alignment tool for the High Energy Chemical Laser (HEL) during startup and optical alignment. This alignment laser, also called the Low Energy alignment Laser (LEL), will be fabricated from a special double-clad glass fiber, in a configuration designed to enable very efficient optical pumping by a low-cost diode laser. Such fiber lasers have exhibited nearly single-transverse-mode output at 2.7 microns. The advantage of this fiber laser over currently available 2.6 - 2.9 micron alignment lasers (such as diode-pumped solid-state lasers pumping periodically poled lithium niobate crystals) lies in its simplicity and reduced cost. Phase I of the proposed project will focus on design and evaluation of diode-pumped fiber lasers, using commercially-available diode pump lasers which will be fiber coupled into several different fiber configurations. The fiber laser emission and beam quality will be characterized. Phase II will focus on further improving laser performance and completion of the design, fabrication, demonstration, and delivery of a prototype LEL unit. Coinciding with strong water absorption in this spectral region, this fiber laser also presents a breakthrough for medical applications. Use of a mid-IR fiber laser in place of currently-used mid-IR optical parametric oscillators for the LEL of the space-based HEL system will reduce system cost and complexity, and possibly improve reliability. Commercial applications include materials working of plastics, fabrics, and organics. Medical applications for the proposed mid-IR fiber laser include surgery and specialized therapy. The Air Force Space Test Program (STP) seeks a space shuttle (SS) compatible, high performance, propulsion module (PM) to raise the orbit of a small, SS deployed, experimental payload (125 kg), to a 700+ km. Preliminary analysis identified a 200 W Hall thruster and a 100 W resistojet fueled by nontoxic novel propellant as the most promising technologies. The Hall thruster based, 56 kg PM which includes a solar power system, can raise a 181 kg spacecraft (PM + payload) to a maximum of 2458 km. The Hall thruster can also deliver discrete impulse bits (< 2 mN sec) and therefore be used for precise spacecraft positioning as on the TechSat 21 system for which it is now being qualified. The Air Force needs non-linear optical crystals which can efficiently convert radiation at the wavelengths of solid-state lasers into radiation at other wavelengths. Existing materials which have the desired non-linear conversion efficiency have other shortcomings, including vulnerability to optical damage and limited ultraviolet transparency. Recently a promising new material with superior damage resistance and ultraviolet transparency, stoichiometric lithium tantalate, has become commercially available. Wafers of this material have shown good non-linear conversion efficiency when patterned appropriately. Our innovation is the production of patterned stoichiometric lithium tantalate using commercially practicable techniques which have already led to one successful product, periodically poled lithium niobate. The result will be a commercial product which meets Air Force requirements for conversion efficiency, damage resistance, and transparency. During Phase I we will prove feasibility by showing that our patterning techniques are effective on commercially available substrates. In Developing real-time, unsupervised, on-board data processing algorithms for emerging remote sensing technologies is a key step towards overcoming bottlenecks in both ground-based processing and transmission capability to a ground receiving station. An important initial processing step is the application of an atmospheric correction algorithm (ACA), in which the effects of the intervening atmosphere are removed from hyperspectral and multispectral images (HSI and MSI). Spectral Sciences, Inc. proposes to develop a novel Neural Network (NN) based ACA for HSI and MSI sensors that can be embedded in an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) to perform autonomous, real-time, and on-board atmospheric correction. While sophisticated, non-real time ground-based ACA's have been developed, their representation in terms of a NN has yet to be demonstrated. Significantly, the NN approach may exceed their performance, particularly for the difficult problem of aerosol characterization (visibility and type over various surfaces). The objectives of Phase I are to demonstrate that NN's can accurately perform the ACA functions, which are atmospheric parameter retrieval and spectral reflectance calculation. In Phase II, the NN algorithms will be implemented in a complete, fully automated software package, in preparation for Phase III transitioning onto ASIC or FPGA hardware. Applications include surface terrain mapping and reflectance characterization, oceanography and marine biology, forestry, precision agriculture, mineral prospecting, environmental monitoring including monitoring of pollutants, and a variety of military applications such as surveillance, intrusion detection, and technical intelligence. Installations are envisioned on satellites, aircraft, and ground-based HSI and MSI platforms, and at ground stations for off-line processing. In support of the SBL-IFX program, the Air Force Research Laboratory is interested in the development of advanced laser diagnostics that will provide diagnostic and monitoring optical tools to contribute to the success of the SBL mission. We propose here a novel laser system that can be used in a variety of applications related to this mission and can play a key role in the success of the SBL program. This source is based on a continuous wave (CW), room temperature, widely tunable, single frequency, diode-pumped, doubly resonant optical parametric oscillator (DRO). The diode-pumped nature of this source results in a device that is compact, requires small amounts of power and offers the potential for packaging to meet final flight requirements. We propose an innovative and enabling technology with the potential to address many of the outstanding issues associated with the design and deployment of the IFX flight vehicle and future SBL missile defense system. The source has application in measuring key HF laser parameters and has significant utility in a wide array of applications including sensing and combustion diagnostics. A fundamental result of the solar wind's interaction with the Earth is the generation of electric fields and currents in the high-latitude ionosphere, which in combination with the geomagnetic field, control the dynamics of the near Earth space and plasma environment. This "space weather" that results can have a significant impact on military and civilian communications, radar, electric power distribution, and navigation systems, including GPS receivers. The proposed project will demonstrate a prototype design for a real time forecast of electrodynamic parameters in the high-latitude ionosphere, namely, the electric fields, currents, and Joule heating, as well as associated geomagnetic effects. The prediction will be obtained by means of the real time data stream from a solar wind monitor at the L1 orbit. The objectives will be obtained by a combination of a "tilted phase front" propagation model for the interplanetary magnetic field, an empirical model of ionospheric electric potential, and a similar model for field-aligned currents (FAC), which is base on magnetic Euler potentials. As there does not exist a model for the ionospheric conductivity with the desired accuracy, the FAC model will be used in a innovative technique to compute the desired parameters without requiring the conductivity. The proposed activity will produce prototype programs which will provide a solid foundation for the Phase II design of an accurate, and efficient real time electrodynamic prediction model. The parameters that are derived from this prediction model are intended to be used as an input to other high-latitude ionospheric specification and forecast models, which are the basis for a number of application codes that support DoD and civilian missions. The anticipated benefits of this program are more accurate predictions of the ionospheric conditions which affect communications, radar, satellite orbits, and navigation systems. The prediction model alone will be able to predict geomagnetic variations on the ground, which are of particular interest to the electric power industry. Thus this work may have use in a broad range of military and commercial space weather applications. The U.S. Air Force must develop the ability to rapidly drill many millions of 170 micron diameter holes through metal plates, to form injector heads as part of its ABL program. The holes must be high quality, non-invasive to the surrounding metal, and the process must be less labor and time intensive than present methods. As discussed in this proposal the physics of material removal with pulsed lasers is uniquely different for short pulse laser drilling (pulse duration < 20 ps) than for the more common long pulse laser drilling ( > 20 ps.). During the proposed Phase I program we will perform analytical modeling of both long pulse and short pulse laser systems. Also, we will down-select the best candidate laser(s), based upon anticipated drilling speed and hole quality. Next, we will assemble/locate prototype candidate laser systems. This prototype system(s) will drill 300 holes in each of three 316 stainless steel plates, 0.2 mm, 1.0 mm, and 5 mm thick. Statistically significant mean value and standard deviation values of : (1) hole drilling time, (2) inlet diameter, (3) inlet eccentricity, (4) outlet diameter, (5) outlet eccentricity, and (6) surface roughness will be demonstrated in Phase I. The ability to drill precise, high aspect ratio holes at a highly productive, cost efficient rate is not only critical to the ABL lasing process, but it is also an enabling capability for other applications such as in the filtration industry and in the airframe industry. Small diameter precision holes have long been considered for the leading edges of airfoils (wings and stabilizers)for drag reduction, but lack of cost effective capability has stifled development of this concept Recent military operations illustrate the importance of information dominance and the subsidiary need to provide enhanced battlespace awareness to the warfighter. The emergence of space-based assets offers an unprecedented opportunity to enhance battlespace awareness. Because space-based assets are inherently distributed and are becoming even more so due to satellite clusters, achieving information dominance requires fusing large amounts of information between sensors and vehicles based on intelligence requirements. For satellite clusters, this implies that cluster management (e.g. formation planning, payload management, etc.) needs to be more closely coupled with information fusion. In cluster operations, traditional research has focused on formation control algorithms. Here, we focus on information fusion with respect to: 1) assessing the battlespace situation with respect to overall mission requirements; 2) determining the information needs based on high-level user-generated requirements; and 3) translating the information needs into high-level cluster specific tasking. We propose to develop a Multi Agent-based Satellite System for Information Fusion (MASSIF). The innovation is the application of computational intelligence techniques such as fuzzy logic and Bayesian belief networks with distributed agent technology and messaging for information fusion in distributed systems such as spacecraft clusters. We see considerable potential for this approach in enhancing cluster management control. The proposed technology will directly support and augment present and future autonomous systems involving multiple spacecraft, UAVs, and underwater submersibles. It is also applicable to complex systems such as power plants that possess distributed components, which require reconfiguration and monitoring. The core technology complements various ongoing projects including a current effort sponsored by NASA to build a distributed environment for spacecraft onboard planning and scheduling. We also plan to generalize the agent to embed in our Intelligent Agent Toolkit for use in any domain requiring intelligent agent interaction. This proposal addresses the urgent need for near real-time algorithms for detection, identification and tracking of objects in highly structured environments. Spectral Sciences, Inc. (SSI) proposes to develop an innovative new algorithm for improved clutter mitigation and target detection for Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) sensors called the Adaptive Spectral and Abundance Processing (ASAP) algorithm. ASAP will include fused spatial-spectral processing of endmember abundance images and spectra obtained from a new real-time adaptive unmixing algorithm. The approach is based on the proven technology found in the Sequential Maximum Angle Convex Cone (SMACC) algorithm that simultaneously determines spectral endmembers, representing the most `pure' material spectra in the scene, and abundance images for each endmember. In Phase I, SSI will define and demonstrate an adaptive version of the SMACC algorithm that is capable of processing a continuous stream of HSI data and is suitable for Phase II real-time implementation. Phase I also includes the definition, development and demonstration of fused spatial-spectral detection algorithms that will exploit the spatial information contained in the endmember abundance images and the spectral information contained in the endmember spectra. The processing chain will be demonstrated and evaluated with synthetic and measured HSI data. The development of ASAP will provide a needed real-time target detection, identification and characterization tool for HSI sensors looking at objects in highly structured environments. The proposed technique has relevance to any of the myriad applications of HSI sensors being implemented around the world, including scientific observation, agribusiness, precision mining, urban planning and military surveillance. The proposed effort utilizes the experience gained from over 20 years of work performed by the Optical Sciences Company in the areas of atmospheric propagation, wavefront sensing and adaptive optics technology to develop real time adaptive signal processors for on-line performance optimization of adaptive optical systems. In addition to building upon the technology developed for the GEN III NOP adaptive optics system to implement the adaptive control law an enhanced estimation algorithm is utilized. Unlike conventional systems, which predict the future wavefront, the proposed effort predicts the subaperture slopes that are required. As a consequence, nonlinear wavefront reconstructors, such as branch cut reconstructors, can be used in a straight forward manned in a strong scintillation environment. This is a key feature of the proposed effort that ensures that a high level of performance will be available. The adaptive algorithms and processor developed here will not only adapt to the turbulence environment as it chances in time, but will allow for compensation of the least squares and branch point components of the phase in a strong scintillation environment. This work will benefit ABL, GBL, SBL, and low elevation astronomy and propagation to relay morrors. SARA proposes to design a coherent, hybrid, UWB detector and analyzer (CHUDA) system that uses commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) technology. SARA will use proven technologies and algorithms, developed during the conduct of 5 previous Phase II SBIR programs. CHUDA is comprised of multiple wideband conformal antennas, a hybrid radio frequency (RF) receiver, and a digital signal processor (DSP). This architecture has the combined benefits of spectrum analyzer and transient digitizer systems, while greatly reducing the disadvantages of these systems. The system will detect, identify, and localize ground objects. This SBIR addresses the receive system. We expect "small, metallic object detection" to be the primary product of the proposed technology. This system holds great promise as a commercial product and we envision the following commercial and military applications: The objective of this proposal is to establish the feasibility of a lightweight, articulated boom concept capable of providing a mechanical connection between two spacecraft while maintaining a high-degree of dynamic isolation. During a previous study, the functional tasks of the boom system were defined and preliminary performance requirements for subsystems were derived. Basic boom system principles were reported and a technology concept was formulated. This proposal seeks to further characterize the boom system feasibility through analytical and experimental investigation of critical functions. Specifically, the proposed research will focus on the design and performance of the boom's robotic joints. The system's kinematic configuration will be validated through analysis of workspace, packaging and deployment requirements. The robotic joint design concept will be validated through thorough analysis of joint performance models and simulations that assume the use of existing, commercially available components and technologies. Robotic joint technical challenges will be identified and a program plan will be formulated that includes an implementation and development strategy for any new technologies. Designs and test plans for critical-function breadboards will be developed. One breadboard will be built and tested. While the Honeybee Robotics work to date has been largely project-based, the company is eager to expand its business in the area of recurring sales and product lines. The proposed application has a large potential in the commercial satellite industry and Honeybee Robotics believes that it is well placed, with the development assistance of the SBIR program, to make the innovation commercially available if successful. NASA and the Air Force have established a need for smaller payloads launched on the Shuttle Hitchhiker Experiment Launch System (SHELS) to achieve longer missions and/or more useful orbits by use of a propulsion module (PM). For Phase I, SpaceDev will improve on and demonstrate the practicality of the Maneuvering and Transfer Vehicle (MTV) when deployed from SHELS. The MTV is a scalable, affordable and modular design that utilizes safe, storable propellants (nitrous oxide and Plexiglas). The primary difficulty in implementing a PM for SHELS is the stringent safety requirements of the Space Transportation System (STS). SpaceDev proposes to perform a thorough investigation of the SHELS/STS safety requirements combined with a careful design optimization process that emphasizes safety, cost, and performance. SpaceDev will show that an Advanced MTV can serve as a PM and host spacecraft bus that will maximize the available volume and mass for potential SHELS experiments/instruments. In addition, SpaceDev will design a catalyst bed for multiple MTV restarts and select new fuel core compositions to increase performance and potentially reduce vehicle mass and volume. SpaceDev intends to apply these findings to a Small Launch Vehicle (SLV) conceptual design in the event SHELS launches are not readily available. Many payloads get dropped off in an undesirable orbit due to current launch vehicle cost constraints. A recent California-funded SpaceDev study shows almost 700 planned or existing small satellites that need secondary launches. The fact is there are numerous potential customers who could benefit from the capabilities of an MTV. It is safe and affordable and it can be scaled to provide the desired performance. Furthermore, an MTV with SpaceDev's advanced spacecraft bus subsystems can perform on-demand orbit transfer, rendezvous with orbiting objects, and maneuvering for inspection and docking. These mission capabilities could be considered in great demand especially with the recent trend of high failure rates in commercial communication satellites. To support autonomous scenarios, future constellations of satellites must manage multiple sources of information carrying various levels of uncertainty. Multi-mode payloads will be autonomously configured based on fusion of evidences provided by independent cooperative agents. This will require an advanced architecture to loosely couple distributed knowledge sources. The Adaptive Belief Engine will concurrently manage uncertain information from onboard processing agents as part of a Cluster Manager's intelligent reasoning. The same engine will concurrently support integrated Fault Management at the vehicle and/or cluster level. It will manage, corroborate or refute evidences with varying degrees of certainty. These evidences are dynamically gathered from various diagnostics and prognostics engines providing unparalleled confidence in spacecraft automation. Results will be accumulated into the embedded shared database. Significantly, a cooperating expert system will evaluate rules, dynamically uploaded, that will trigger based on user-tunable thresholds of certainty associated with the current set of hypotheses. The real-time executive will then concurrently process specified scripts to intelligently task the cluster payload and elements or even recover from newly detected faults. This component will be integrated within a distributed blackboard architecture required to allow interchange of information across heterogeneous elements such as subsystems, satellite clusters or other unmanned vehicles. - Increase return in opportunistic acquisition of data (based on unanticipated events detected onboard) for military or science applications. Sophisticated image or geo-location processing algorithms intrinsically generate uncertain data. However, combination of enough evidences provided by cooperating agents could result in opportunistic acquisition not previously anticipated. Autonomous and continuous monitoring of wide areas becomes possible. Stealth or silent mode of operations becomes the norm until specific data is downlinked. This results in an effective data compression ratio that can reach 10,000:1 as proven by the New Millennium Space Technology 6 program. Physical Sciences Inc. (PSI) proposes to demonstrate the feasibility of reconfigurable computers for image processing on future satellite platforms. A pipelined, inherently parallel procedure such as image processing is conducive to an approach based on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) with SRAM logic. Reconfigurable computing platforms have the potential to provide near-real time, customized data products directly from the sensor to the user in the field. PSI proposes to demonstrate the radiometric calibration of archived data from the PSI AIRIS hyperspectral sensor in a reconfigurable FPGA at a data rate of at least 30 Hz. PSI also proposes to detail two alternative concepts for a low-cost, ground-based prototype constructed from COTS components, a crucial precursor to a spaceborne system. In addition to performing the radiometric calibration of hyperspectral data from a variety of sensor platforms, the prototype will be capable of executing user-selected image processing algorithms, again at real-time video rates. Both system concepts will be designed to radically decrease the time between data collection and dissemination of processed data to the end user, will support applications developed on PCs, and will meet size, weight, power, and interface requirements of a generic space-based remote sensing platform. A successful Phase I program would set the groundwork for full-scale hardware-in-the-loop demonstrations of a real time hyperspectral image processor with a variety of sensor configurations and a space-qualification plan in Phase II. An engineering model of a reconfigurable image processing unit for a space sensor would be a key goal in Phase III. Several of the numerous commercial and military applications of reconfigurable processors include onboard image processing capabilities for remote sensors on satellites, as well as on trucks, airplanes, UAVs, and UUVs. The technology could eventually be generalized to provide expanded digital signal processing capabilities for military and commercial radars, laser devices, communications satellites and ground-based mobile communications systems. We propose to develop and demonstrate a miniaturized, high efficiency, 100 GHz, 5 W, traveling wave tube amplifier (TWTA) incorporating micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication techniques. A combination of innovative component designs based on three-dimensional (3D) MEMS fabrication capabilities and advanced computational tools will lay the foundation for miniaturizing TWTAs, thus enabling operation at or above 100 GHz. Initially, the program will investigate novel concepts to miniaturize critical components while optimizing for high efficiency and reduced mass. In particular, the development will focus on TWTAs utilizing field emission arrays (FEAs) as the electron beam source. FEAs offer significant improvements in efficiency compared to conventional, thermionic cathodes. Periodic permanent magnet (PPM) focusing and slow-wave circuits designed around MEMS fabrication technology will provide compact, lightweight devices. Millimeter-wave RF sources would find wide application for space-based applications due to their small size, light weight, and impressive RF performance. Significant data transfer rates could be achieved for advanced communication applications. Miniaturization technology has enabled small satellites in the 100 to 1,000-lb weight range. The ability to produce these satellites has outpaced the ability of military and commercial sector to cheaply launch them into space. Current spacelift is expensive; e.g., it costs roughly $15M to launch a 1,000-lb satellite to Low Earth Orbit, or $15,000 per lb of spacecraft weight. Small satellite potential is hindered by the lack of affordable and reliable spacelift. The market for affordable small launch vehicles is characterized by the classic "chicken and egg" problem. Space users are reluctant to address mission needs with small satellites because launch cost dominates the price of their architectures. Launch vehicle providers are reluctant to focus on developing small low-cost launch systems due to a fear that the customer base will not support the development cost. IET proposes to develop a decision theoretic design for Mixed-Resolution Modeling. The key concept is to treat a parameter produced by one model/simulation as evidence for the actual value of a parameter required by a second model/simulation. IET will investigate the feasibility of constructing an influence diagram that suggests an appropriate value for a parameter given information about the models/simulations. To preserve stochastic fidelity and support real-time and abstracted simulations, IET proposes a random variable representation for parameters. To facilitate parameter matching among applications running at different levels of resolution and how much evidential weight to give a parameter, IET proposes to design a knowledge representation for metadata associated with a parameter. The metadata will be incorporated into the constructed influence diagram and will include knowledge about the parameter's validity and the context under which it was derived. To support reuse of parameter transformation knowledge, IET proposes to investigate the utility of a knowledge base of Bayesian network fragments that perform parameter credibility assessments, parameter conversions and parameter selection. From such fragments, one could automatically construct a parameter-specific influence diagram that infers a value/distribution for the parameter. IET will investigate relevant commercial and DoD standards and requirements of the JBI.The market need for mixed-resolution modeling is well documented for the DoD. Just a few examples of where IET envisions our solution to mixed-resolution modeling to be of use include: i) clearly within the community that will be taking advantage of the JBI, ii) in the modeling and simulation functionality provided with the Global Command and Control System (GCCS) and the Global Combat Support System (GCSS), and iii) in supply and logistics entities within the DoD (e.g., US Transportation Command). Power consumption in microprocessors is rapidly increasing. Reconfigurable computing using FPGA chips where functions can be performed in parallel instead of the traditional serial processing methods of existing microprocessors offers the opportunity for increased capability and performance at great savings to electrical power requirements. With traditional microprocessors, only a very small portion of each chip does productive work at any moment. Yet the entire chip consumes power. The reconfigurable computing approach uses a much larger proportion of the circuitry of each chip to do meaningful work at any moment. Star Bridge Systems is developing reconfigurable computers with associated software to cost effectively program and utilize low power consumption computers. The increasing demands for higher performance optical acquisition, tracking, and pointing (ATP) systems, combined with cost pressures requiring lighter payloads, indicates a need for a new approach to slewing and structural control. The use of lighter weight structures exacerbates the interaction of slew maneuvers and acoustic disturbances with the system's flexible modes, causing errors in the alignment and shape of the optical components that result in degraded optical performance. Such gimbaled systems will require control systems that can accommodate the time-varying disturbances, rigid-body, and flexible dynamics resulting from the changing geometry as the payload is slewed. SOpsSim-RSDT is physics based with detailed spacecraft models, orbital environment effects, and an analyst workstation. It models prox-ops of servicing-inspection vehicles with Resident Space Objects (RSOs) as well as ground, airborne, space-based, or RSO attached sensors producing realistic data. It processes real world or simulated signature data. The outputs describe the RSO system state. A key element required for the successful implementation of higher performance Adaptive Optics (AO) systems is to increase processor performance while minimize mass, volume, and power consumption. A processor based on Field Programmable Gated Arrays, FPGA, offers significant advantages in implementing an ideal image processing architecture. These include: true parallelism, interface throughput, multiply accumulate throughput, determinism, simplicity, and flexibility. Closely associated with this is the Adaptive Reconstructor Algorithm, ARA, used to estimate the wave front. The ARA offers significant improvement in AO performance by changing the basic characteristics of the AO loop to minimize the residual slope error. The computational load, memory requirement and input-output requirements of the ARA heavily impact the processor. It must be tailored to the resolution and dynamic range (both spatial and temporal) of the DM and the Wave Front Sensor, WFS. It must also be integrated with the dynamics of the DM control loop so as to enhance the disturbance rejection characteristics of the system. This effort focuses on developing an appropriate ARA to be used in a FPGA implementation to greatly improve overall AO performance. AO systems are an integral component of directed energy and other optical systems. The performance improvements sought with this effort are key to meeting the stringent performance objectives required tracking targets through atmospheric turbulence for DoD applications of interest. In addition, there is significant commercial potential to be realized for the ARA and FPGA-Processor approach. These include industrial robotics and inspection systems, large dimension process controllers, and medical lasers and imaging systems. Space-based antenna systems require large amounts of power and aperture area to achieve desired coverage and resolution. This Phase I effort will demonstrate a method of printing electronics to interconnect a series of PV cells on a polyimide backplane. This same technology will be applied to print electrical feed lines and radiating elements of a radiofrequency antenna. This technology will replace chemical etching lithography techniques currently used to manufacture RF elements. The printing technique uses the parent polyimide material coupled with metal-ion containing materials. Once cured, the bond between the substrate and metal interface becomes extremely strong improving the reliability and operation of the elements. The use of this technology will enable expanded processes that accommodate production of large continuous film rolls - necessary to fulfill eventual flight requirements. The development of increased efficiency flexible membrane cells will lead to the replacement of traditional rigid panel photo-voltaic arrays. This work will demonstrate the integration of a cell series into a complete integrated one-piece structure that will eliminate many of the concerns of current arrays. The combination of the cells with printed RF elements will support large area and high power antenna systems. The technology is applicable to high power commercial satellites, as well as small micro-sats. The technology has value in the development of commercial and DoD high-altitude airships and long duration air vehicles. In this effort, a novel Adaptive Filtering and Disturbance Feed-forward (AFDF) technique is investigated in the context of direct practical application to the ABL beam control system. High performance ATP systems such as those required for ABL often operate in intense aero-acoustic and structural vibration environments. The degradation in performance arising from these disturbances is accentuated as the mass/inertia of the beam train and its support structure are reduced. Further degradation in performance results from the structural-dynamic interactions excited by the high bandwidth, high acceleration operational characteristics, typical of ATP systems. The proposed technique integrates previous proven approaches to AFDF with recent advances in flexible structure sensing and control. The result is a practical AFDF implementation suitable for flexible beam train applications such as the ABL. A unique aspect of the proposed effort is the introduction of closed loop AFDF to improve overall disturbance rejection and simultaneously reduce both structural mode and aero-acoustic environment effects on system performance. CSA currently supports Lockheed-Martin on the development of the integrated beam control system for ABL. The AFDF approach has a direct transition opportunity to the ABL program due to its potential to reduce vibration-induced jitter in the ABL beam control system. Specifically, AFDF can improve performance with respect to turret buffet, stable platform pointing error, and non-common path jitter. CSA also supports a number of other DoD, NASA , and commercial customers in the development of aerospace stabilization systems. Since CSA is an established provider of these solutions, insertion of the higher performance AFDF algorithms represents a significant opportunity. In addition, CSA believes the commercial potential for the AFDF techniques developed in this effort are significant, due to their broad applicability to applications in other industries (e.g. automotive, semi-conductor, medical, etc.). Because AFDF potentially offers higher performance via a more efficient use of available sensing and actuation capability, a large opportunity exists for incorporating into both existing and future products such as isolation tables for wafer manufacturing, high performance automotive suspension systems. Thin film solar cells have promise of producing high specific power values (over 1000W/kg) if a light weight substrate that permits growth of high-quality semiconductor material is available. Past results using CuInSe2 -type materials on polymer substrates have suffered because the CIGS quality has been low due to the limitations on growth temperature imposed by the thermal properties of the polymers used. Cells of CIGS on metal foils have suffered from the problems of the substrate's high density and high conductivity which prevents integrated interconnects. Triton proposes to develop unique insulating layers for a molybdenum and stainless steel film substrates to produce a thin film copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) photovoltaic (PV) cell. The high efficiency and excellent stability of CIGS thin film solar cells will provide for a cost effective solar electricity generation system. Since CIGS deposition requires relatively high processing temperature (600øC), the device fabrication must take place on substrates such as stainless steel or Molybdenum foil. This precludes monolithic device integration such as series connection of solar cells and incorporation of bypass and blocking diodes. These later processes are analogous to crystalline solar cell panel and array fabrication and accepted industry practice, because the device is produced on a conductive substrate and simple etching procedures can not expose an insulating or conductive layer to isolate or interconnect cells with relative ease. The key to implementing monolithic processes is incorporation of an insulating layer between the active cell and the substrate. The proposed program directly addresses this need. During Phase I, Triton will demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed insulating materials for CIGS deposition CIGS solar cells can be used for space applications because of their tolerance to high energy irradiation. They can also be used in remote areas for power generation and in power crisis situations as evidenced recently California. The Space-Based Laser (SBL) requires a Low Energy Laser (LEL) system to serve as a high fidelity surrogate during startup and optical alignment portions of test operations. In this proposal, we will develop a CW, diode-pumped solid state laser that can meet the requirements for the LEL, namely a CW power level in the 1-10 W range, and wavelengths in the 2600-2900-nm region. The device, based on a direct diode-pumped Er:YLF crystal, is rugged, compact, tunable, and well suited for space-based systems. A compact, reliable, efficient and inexpensive cryocooler requiring less than 1kW of power for 2W of cooling at 10Kelvin is being developed and will be demonstrated. This performance is at least twice as efficient as the best current state-of-the-art for small low-temperature cryocoolers. The proposed technical approach, whose feasibility has been confirmed, is to apply the advantageous features of large-scale cryogenic refrigerators to compact and reliable small-scale systems by implementing a novel thermodynamic cycle in a mechanically innovative machine. Size, cost and complexity are reduced in the proposed concept by employing a modular design whereby each stage is of identical construction (except for length), and where the heat exchanger and expander are constructed as an integral unit. The expanders are of extremely simple floating piston construction that requires no seals or mechanical power transmission devices to extract power from the cold expander. Piston motion is controlled by electro-mechanically actuated "smart" valves that require no mechanical valve linkages or mechanical timing mechanisms. This further reduces system complexity, improves reliability, and eliminates thermal leakage paths. Expander power is dissipated in the warm end of the expander by throttling gas to and from the compressor suction and discharge, and a reservoir volume. The proposed cryocooler is intended for use by Very Long Wavelength Infrared (VLWIR) sensor technology which requires cooling at 10K. The need for improved cryocoolers is not limited to space missions or military uses. There is presently a sizable market for sub-10K cryocoolers for devices such as cryopumps and MRI magnets that can benefit from improved cryogenic cooling. The emerging field of superconducting cryo-electronics is expected to require tens of thousands of small sub-10K cryocoolers within the next decade. In particular, digital superconducting electronics, which promises ultra-fast signal processing and tera/peta-flop computing speeds, will require cooling at 4K. Thus, the development of an inexpensive, reliable, and efficient cryocooler will better meet the cryogenic cooling needs of several existing technologies, and should serve as an enabling technology for emerging cryo-electronics applications. Conventional tracking schemes have reached their performance limit for systems such as the Airborne Laser operating in deep turbulence environments. The next generation of high precision tracking systems must exploit all information available to produce the desired track correction. A study of tracking from an integrated sensor perspective is proposed. This will include, but not be limited to, the use of wavefront sensor measurements to enhance the track estimate. A methodology will be developed which will lead to the assessment of tracking performance limits as a function of system parameters such as the Rytov number. Tracking concepts developed in this effort will be evaluated in detail with wave-optics simulations. A successful completion of this study of active tracking in deep turbulence will advance the state of beam control technology for systems experiencing tracking degradation due to high scintillation. This means extending the effective range of operation for weapons systems such as the Airborne Laser system. The concepts developed here will also have application to ground based laser systems and long range laser communication systems A device and system has been envisioned that may be highly suitable for cleaning high energy laser mirrors in space, and capable of mitigating or reduce charge buildup, and capable of removing hydrocarbon film contaminants. Low-energy reactive plasma technology is known to encompass windows of high reactivity where the combination of system operating parameters and the conditions at the surface to be cleaned are such that high reactivity (cleaning) rates can be achieved. An innovative approach has been developed that allows a low-cost means for addressing the feasibility of these systems to accomplish desired objectives (precision cleaning, charge buildup mitigation,and hydrocarbon film removal). Several spin-off activities and commercial applications such as pllution preventing replacement of solvent for hydrocarbons, other organic contaminants, and bio-mass reduction are already known. Foster-Miller is proposing a simple solution to the problem of cooling satellite instrumentation to cryogenic temperature. The system is a micro-pumped, 2-phase heat transport loop that employs multiple MEMS-size micro-pumps to move a cryogenic fluid between an evaporator and a condenser. The system is simpler than either a cryogenic CPL or loop heat pipe and a liquid accumulator and a sintered capillary wick structure are not needed for operation, which greatly reduces both the system mass and fluid charge. The micro-pumped cryogenic heat transport loop is particularly adaptable for use across a 2-axis gimbal, since flexure can be provided by simply adding coils to the system tubing. The use of multiple MEMS micro-pumps provides redundancy and reliability to the system and can control temperature precisely at the electronic interface. The pump power required is very low, on the order of 7 mW, which does not add significantly to the heat load of the system. (P020195) Advanced space-borne infrared sensor technology requires cooling at temperatures near 10 K. Cooling loads for these detectors will range from 0.25 to 1.0 W. The satellites carrying these sensors also have additional cooling loads at different temperatures. A multistage cooler capable of cooling multiple loads will offer large potential gains in system efficiency and weight. Turbomachine-based, Brayton cryocoolers are ideal candidates for these missions because they are highly efficient, lightweight, vibration-free, adaptable to multiple stages, and have long, maintenance-free lifetimes. State-of-the-art technology exists for all the critical components except for a 10 K turboalternator. Creare proposes to develop an advanced, high efficiency turboalternator optimized for a multistage, multi-load application to be identified by the Air Force. The advanced turboalternator promises to enable a significant reduction in cryocooler input power and cooling system mass. In Phase I we will select an optimum multistage, multi-load cooling cycle based on analysis and trade studies. We will then design a turboalternator for these specific conditions. In Phase II we will fabricate the turboalternator and conduct a series of tests to demonstrate its performance and to address the specific technology challenges in a multistage multi-load cycle. The development of advanced low-temperature turboalternators will enable the development of high-efficiency, low-temperature cryocoolers. Multistage cryocoolers will offer substantial savings in power and weight. Military applications include space-based surveillance and missile-defense systems. Scientific applications include space-based infrared telescopes. Commercial applications include communication satellites, superconducting instruments, and hypercomputers. Schafer proposes to further develop Silicon Lightweight Mirrors (SLMs) technology, an all silicon foam-core composite mirror material that is extremely stiff, highly polishable and low cost. High structural efficiency primary mirrors are required for the Air Force Deployable Optical Telescope System (DOTS) and the Airborne Laser (ABL). SLMS technology would greatly reduce the weight of the ABL telescope. SLMS technology has an order of magnitude higher specific stiffness than ULE and offers a potential weight savings of the PM of >250 lbs. Thus, 600 lbs or more are realizable in just the Telescope Assembly of ABL. The complete Turret Ball Assembly weight savings is estimated to be greater than this due to weight savings in the Gimbal Assembly. The Air Force requires lightweight, stiff and stable mirrors for use in high quality, space-based optical observation and energy projection systems. The current state-of-the-art uses various types of honeycomb core material with optical and composite face sheets. The honeycomb material, while excellent in compression, does not transfer the bending shear loads efficiently enough for truly lightweight optical systems. Honeycomb mirrors also are slow and costly to manufacture. The increasing demand for large aperture imaging and High Energy Laser (HEL) space-based systems has led to a technology push for light-weight, deployable primary mirrors. The use of a thin, space-rated, polymer membrane material as a primary mirror is a possible solution for this problem. SRS has developed processes to produce membranes with a very precise optical quality surface with very low areal density. Incorporation of Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) into an optical quality membrane will then provide the required energy necessary for deployment after launch. Using this process a precision optical shape can be formed using an SMA/Membrane material then a thermal step allows for efficient packaging. Another thermal step then lets the material recover its initial shape. The use of a non-contact magnetic actuation system would then allow for final shape optimization. Under this effort feasibility demonstrations will be conducted on a membrane/SMA composite for use as a deployable mirror, and a non-contact magnetic actuator system. The successful demonstration of the proposed concept of a Polymer Membrane/Shape Memory Alloy material to perform as a deployable primary mirror will provide an immediate impact on many current and future USAF, NASA, and other DoD space-based large aperture imaging or High Energy Laser (HEL) applications. Many require multi-meter apertures capable of being deployed after launch. The development of this technology along with a feasibility demonstration of a non-contact magnetic actuation system would enable such designs to become a reality and also open the door for commercial parties that are interested in the use of very large aperture mirrors. In military simulation, there is an ever-increasing demand to support more complexity in the visualization of synthetic environments. Tools that automate the generation of terrain databases from overhead imagery are necessary for simulations that require a high degree of geo-specific 3D cultural content given limited resources. Current tools do not address the removal of time-specific artifacts such as aircrafts, vehicles, and shadows. This reduces database realism and thereby limits the situations in which these databases can be used. The development of batteries, fuel cells, flywheels, and other portable energy sources requires power electronics devices to test performance parameters. In most cases, the power electronics devices serve as a load, distributing energy to the grid. For batteries, the devices can also serve as a source of energy for charging. To date, these devices have only been available and cost-effective for large systems on the order of ten-kW's or more and for high voltage. The proposed Phase I effort will investigate the feasibility of developing a bi-directional source/load device with on-grid capability in the two- to five-kW power range. Modasco proposes to extend the capability of Colored Petri Net design and architecture specification tools to include model performance measurement and evaluation. The methodology is based upon an automated simulation of the system executed within a controllable run-time interface. A graphical language is proposed for describing the complex logic and mathematical relationships of transitions between system states. Integrating graphical design, model architecture specification and simulation capabilities into one tool provides a highly-efficient way of performing end-to-end virtual prototyping of a proposed system architecture that avoids the need to create artificial interfaces among several specialized tools. The system designer can also define performance metrics with the rule-based design interface, store them for future application and assign them to model architectures. During the execution of a model's simulation, the values of assigned metrics are updated and displayed to the analyst. This tool will significantly reduce the time and cost currently required to create and update model simulations and thus will produce system designs that are more robust and whose properties are better understood. The proposed system is directly applicable to the collaborative development of large scale systems by remote teams of specialists whose designs can be integrated and evaluated in operational conditions. Decrease the development time and cost for prototyping new systems. The proposed software tools are directly applicable to the design and analysis of commercial and military processes including information systems, health care, economic forecasting, software and hardware. The primary goal of this SBIR is to develop a layered architectural approach for future inter-exchange gateways that enables data translation from one medium to another and/or among several mediums. For example, with the mandated proliferation of Link-16 over the next 5 years, every SPO must work together to ensure overall interoperability, not only among Link-16 participants but also among numerous other diverse systems and datalinks which are not Link-16 compatible. This non-interoperability between diverse systems may be resolved by implementation of data forwarding rules, translation architecture(s), or other unique translation applications that act as a "gateway" between otherwise non-communicative datalinks. These gateways will provide communications connectivity for legacy and other disparate communications systems. Our approach seeks to leverage established or developmental initiatives in DoD and commercial practices that deal with the translation of data from one medium to another. As this SBIR progresses through its phases, the end objective is to minimize the duplication of effort at various AF agencies, establish a centralized translation protocol and provide a body of reusable tools that any future gateway might use. The benefits of an interoperability gateway based on a common, neutral data format is best evidenced by the considerably increased number of users of disparate systems that will be able to contribute to and acquire a more complete, common operational picture. The modeling, simulation, and training communities will also be able to use this gateway as a direct conduit to the real Command, Control, Communications, Computers & Intelligence (C4I) systems. Research in the commercial sector has uncovered similar data translation issues. For example, the Open Applications Group (OAG), a commercial organization, is tackling very similar translation and forwarding issues from the electronic commerce and business interoperability perspective, and is building a consensus-based interoperability framework using Object Oriented Design and metadata concepts. We believe this core approach, with key performance-related enhancements, offers a promising solution to current and future communications interoperability problems. Effects-based operations must determine how the enemy might respond to air strikes. Current approaches to predicting enemy response to target damage suffer from serious limitations: they typically do not consider how the enemy might repair or modify the structure of a target system, they typically reason only about a single type of target system, they cannot adequately represent delayed effects, concurrent actions, and uncertainty, and their models are difficult for analysts to construct and maintain. The problem of information security has become critical because of the growing dependence of the economy and the armed forces on complex networked information systems. Of particular concern are security vulnerabilities that are caused by programming errors. We plan to study the feasibility and plan the development of a security vulnerability detection toolkit based on advanced static analyses. Our plan is targeted at semi-automatic detection of security vulnerabilities in C and C++ source code. This work will build on our own dependence-graph based COTS product for program understanding named CodeSurfer. We will focus our efforts on addressing technologies to detect vulnerabilities caused by buffer overflows, race conditions, and memory access errors. We will investigate the application of constraint analysis, dependence analysis, constant propagation, array subscript analysis, and other static analyses to the problem of vulnerability detection. We will develop a plan to integrate these analyses with CodeSurfer, in order to produce a commercial vulnerability detection toolkit. The proposed system will help eliminate vulnerabilities in open- and closed-source software systems. In doing so it will meet an emerging market need for security code-audit tools. Free-space optical communication's inherently low probability of intercept, resistance to jamming, lack of licensing requirements, ease of use, high-speed capability, and compact size make it an ideal addition to the array of equipment that can be used to form a battlefield network backbone. Daniel H. Wagner Associates, Inc. will develop a prototype Ground Attack Data Fusion and Optimization System (GADFOS) that will accurately fuse all of the information available from large numbers of sensors using non-Gaussian and multiple hypothesis techniques along with computer resource optimization algorithms and high-performance, inexpensive hardware to allow this computationally intensive data fusion process to take place in near-real-time. GADFOS will utilize the non-Gaussian tracking information when determining the likelihood that a contact is associated with a particular target, will produce target tracks that are as high quality as possible given the available data, and will also optimize the placement and operation of surveillance sensors. We will quantitatively analyze the performance of GADFOS in our Decision Support System Testbed (DSST), using hundreds of simulated targets and hundreds of simulated sensors. This analysis will measure the distance between the GADFOS Situation Awareness (SA) picture and ground truth using operationally oriented and honesty inducing metrics. It will also quantify the performance difference between GADFOS generated surveillance plans and a surveillance plans generated using current operating procedures. The prototype GADFOS will allow us to demonstrate how advanced data fusion and optimization techniques can significantly improve the ability of United States forces to conduct search and surveillance and targeting against ground targets. Improved correlation and tracking technologies such as these are particularly necessary at a time when the United States is facing sophisticated ground threats such as terrorists in a difficult environment with reduced resources. Under this SBIR effort, MŽK Technologies proposes to develop advanced multi-sensory display management concepts and algorithms that will improve the information flow to the Air Force warfighter on today?s C2ISR displays. Leveraging in-house products and technology, MŽK will implement prototype algorithms for experimentation and test. The Phase I research and prototypes will provide a strong foundation for Phase II development and commercialization of a Multi-Sensory Display Toolkit. MŽK will also leverage its experience in developing powerful, yet easy-to-use toolkits to create a mechanism that will allow the community at large to access the multi-sensory display management technology developed under this effort. The proposed effort will leverage COTS, standards-based, plan view display and 3D visualization software, lowering cost, time, and risk. The proposed MSDT concept has the following benefits: 1. Increased effectiveness of commanders and air controllers due to the more intuitive and readable displays with minimal overlap and occlusion. 2. Reduction of decision times by timely presentation of mission-relevant and mission-critical information. Delivering the proposed capability as a software toolkit aimed at system developers has the following benefit: 1. Increase in the number and capabilities of automated display systems due to the ready availability of the proposed capability in toolkit form, ready for integration. Leveraging MŽK's COTS PVD, Stealth and CGF software and MŽK's extensive experience supporting commercial-grade software toolkits has the following benefits: 1. Increased capability of the proposed multi-sensory display software toolkit due to the $2.3M internal, product funding commitment MŽK has made to these products. 2. Increased viability of the proposed display software toolkit due to MŽK's best-commercial-practices design, implementation, documentation, and support capability. 3. Low cost, time, and risk via extensive leverage of non-developmental software. Space systems are expensive to develop and deploy. Oftentimes, budgeting tradeoffs dictate increases in spacecraft development at the expense of developing the training systems needed to learn how to operate it. This results in on-the-job training using operational equipment versus using a controlled training environment. This is especially the case in learning the use of subscriber terminals by space crews. To counter this problem, we propose the Collaborative Operational Unit Messaging Simulation and Interaction Modeling (COMSIM) system. COMSIM applies advances in computer-supported collaborative learning to create a subscriber terminal learning environment separate from operational equipment. Additionally, COMSIM trains message interaction as the inherently collaborative activity it is through innovative applications of enterprise software, intelligent agents, and distributed simulations. A COMSIM-based training system will train space crews to become expert in messaging and provide aerospace forces to see the big picture value messaging plays in overall military operations. Potential commercial applications include COMSIM-based training environments for commercial telecommunication services that are expected to greatly increase in availability over the next decade. Additionally, we foresee opportunity to apply COMSIM to the war on terrorism as the Federal Government engineers computer support and information sharing systems to allow diverse Federal agencies share knowledge. We propose to develop an Intelligent Tutoring System for AF intelligence analysts (ITS4Intel) that helps student analysts to refine and apply the two cognitive skills that are fundamental to their work: categorization and inference. It will use scenario-based training to team them to assess the quality of intel products (e.g., messages); assess their relevance to current information requirements; make assessments of intent, predictions, and other inferences from the data; and select the best sources from which to elicit additional information. The system will employ three technologies: an extension of Latent Semantic Analysis for modeling human categorization abilities, an IBIS architecture for representing relations between elements of knowledge and emulating expert inference over it, and an instructional system shell that integrates these modeling engines and adaptively presents explicit instruction, practice scenarios, and feedback. A significant innovation is the explicit representation of mental models that elicits observable and measurable indicators of cognitive state and process. By working with the explicit models, students will learn how to structure and use a large, complex body of intelligence material. A key efficiency of this effort is that it will leverage knowledge acquisition research underway in an existing AFRL SBIR concerning AF intelligence analysis. When completed, the Phase I work will produce as catalog of mental models and quality assessment heuristics used by expert intelligence analysts in a specific domain, training objectives for intel analysts, measures of student performance, a prototype training system, and an evaluation of the prototype by operational personnel. The Phase II work will produce a robust system for training AF intelligence analysts, deep and formally represented knowledge of the mental models employed by analysts, and validated measures of cognitive state and cognitive processes pertaining to intel analysis. In Phase III, we will transition the system to other markets that value training in qualitative analysis skills, and address opportunities to transform the training system into a job aid for AF intel analysts. Triton addresses the US Air Force need to develop multifunctional polymer nanotube composites and adhesives for aerospace applications requiring high electrical conductivity (EMI shielding for electronic packaging, stealth), thermal conductivity (thermal management), and high strength (structural applications). Nanotube composite research has demonstrated that these materials can theoretically achieve high levels of thermal and electrical conductivity, as well as high strength providing huge reductions in weight over conventional composite systems. Difficulties in achieving substantial nanoparticle dispersion have prevented these materials from achieving these enhanced properties. Triton's nanotube composite research team has developed enabling chemistries and processing methods in which to homogeneously disperse these nanotubes to achieve significant improvements in the properties required to validate them for these applications. These techniques are truly cross platform, and will allow their use over a wide variety of polymer matrices and will result in materials that can be processed by traditional methods such as melt extrusion and spray coating. For the Phase I program, Triton will demonstrate the fabrication of well dispersed carbon nanotube polymer composites, which will exhibit isotropic electrical conductivity greater than 25 S/cm and thermal conductivity greater than 50 W/mK The carbon nanotube composite technology developed by Triton Systems will open the opportunity for applications in many areas. The benefit of electrical conductivity to traditionally poorly conducting or insulating matrices lends their use in many applications such as EMI shielding and thermal management of structural materials. The conductivity may also provide static discharge for fuel system components in the automotive and aerospace industries MMCC will develop an isotropic graphite fiber reinforced magnesium rigid mirror material that will result in an areal density of 5 kg/m2, reduce lead times for paraboloid blanks by two-thirds, and cut mirror costs by at least 50% over Be mirror systems. Phase I will design, build, and test graphite magnesium composite variants and mechanical, thermophysical, and optical surface evaluations will be performed on flat graphite magnesium blanks, while a near net shape cast ROTF (rough oversize to finish) sub-scale component will be cast simultaneously to demonstrate efficiencies in manufacturing. Moreover, it will be shown, that an isotropic and dimensionally stable mirror can be produced through novel preforming methods, proper alloy selection, and heat treatment. An ultra-lightweight graphite magnesium mirror blank will be near net shape manufactured with a thermal expansion coefficient as low as 1 ppm/K, a thermal conductivity of 200-300 W/mK, stiffness approaching steel, and a density near that of beryllium. Furthermore, the graphite fiber reinforced alloy will be engineered with isotropic mechanical and thermophysical properties, resulting in dimensionally stable optics for space. Current thermal spray ceramic tamper-resistant coatings (TRCs) for electronic components are expensive, unreliable and can cause significant thermal damage to underlying circuitry during application at high temperatures. Foster-Miller proposes to develop a secure and reliable, environmentally-compliant tamper-resistant coating that is sprayable without using VOCs and cures at low temperatures in air to a hard, tough, adherent coating. The proposed coating is opaque to light, x-rays and infrared radiation. It bonds strongly to both electronic components and substrate and is so durable that removal of the cured coating via chemical or mechanical means obliterates all evidence of underlying interconnects, traces and dies. In Phase I, we will formulate the coating, prepare coated electronic component test specimens and demonstrate their resistance to tampering. In Phase II, we will refine and scale-up the TRC and conduct tests using coated electronic components leading to early commercialization. (P-020173) Foster-Miller proposes a highly innovative concept for an Active Thermal Management System (ATMS) that is sufficiently robust to allow operation in a space environment for between 15 to 20 years. ATMS is designed to generate a surface exhibiting a constant low absorptance value throughout the solar spectrum and variable emissivity values over the thermal IR region. Impinging sunlight will be efficiently reflected off the surface and thus contribute little or no additional heat to the spacecraft interior. High emissivity values will allow spacecraft heat to be radiated into space, cooling the spacecraft interior. Low emissivity values will reduce or prevent radiative cooling, allowing heat to build up within the spacecraft. Spacecraft internal temperatures can be maintained at a constant level by selecting appropriate intermediate emissivity values. ATMS robustness results because it relies on no moving parts or changes in polymer oxidation states to generate variable emissivity values. Our concept takes proven terrestrial bound technology, modifies it for this application, and hardens it for use in the space environment. We are teamed with a supplier of key thermal materials, a thermal coatings manufacturer, and a spacecraft manufacturer, which will permit rapid demonstration, qualification, and production of products from this program. (P-020201) The 4th stage compressor IBR of the JSF F119 engine is fatigue limited. Surface enhancement, by the introduction of compressive residual stress, is a practical means of improving fatigue performance without changing material or design. Low Plasticity Burnishing (LPB) provides twice the HCF strength and four times the damage tolerance of shot peening in Ti-64 and IN718 laboratory specimens. LPB applied to the leading edge of the F404 Ti-64 1st stage fan blade has been shown to produce sufficient through-thickness compression for complete tolerance of 1.3 mm (0.050 in.) deep FOD. LPB offers rapid, affordable, surface enhancement using conventional CNC machine tools in a manufacturing environment. The proposed research program seeks to develop a totally new methodology for the fabrication of polymer-based electrooptic waveguide devices and subsystems-on-a-chip. These devices are currently produced using conventional spin-coating or dip-coating technology. However, these techniques constrain the selection of polymers for the electrooptic waveguide layer and for the upper and lower cladding layers because of the need to use solvent systems that will not disrupt the previously deposited layers. To avoid having to expose the polymer layers to potentially harmful solvents, we propose to adapt MicroCoating Technologies' (MCT's) patented NanomizerT spray deposition technology for the fabrication of optically clear polymer cladding films. The key feature of the proposed approach is MCT's unique nozzle design that disperses a liquid solution of the polymer (or reactive oligomers) into sub-micron droplets. This allows the solvent to flash-evaporate as the droplets travel toward the substrate, and results in the deposition of a pinhole-free film with minimal solvent exposure to the substrate. In addition, it enables the fabrication of mode-matched waveguides having adiabatic tapers, with graduated thickness and refractive index profiles. To ensure that we will be working with state-of-the-art materials, MCT has established a teaming relationship with the research group of Professor Larry Dalton, a world leader in electrooptic polymer development, for the proposed project. If successful, the proposed project will greatly enhance the selection of polymer materials for each layer of an electrooptic polymer device, and will allow device designers to focus on the key properties of refractive index, conductivity, thermal expansion, and optical quality without having to be concerned with solvent compatibility issues. MCT expects that the successful completion of the proposed Phase I program, together with an anticipated Phase II development program and a subsequent Phase III commercialization program, will enable the development of a variety of polymer-based electrooptic subsystems-on-a-chip. Because these electrooptic polymer materials can be tailored to provide frequency response in excess of 100 GHz with drive voltages below 1V, the resulting polymer-based subsystems-on-a-chip will offer extremely high bandwidth with very low power requirements. They will therefore be well positioned to meet the growing demand for greater bandwidth, lower power, and smaller size for both military and commercial telecommunications and signal processing applications. The resulting products will be able to combine multiple optical and electronic functions on a single chip or wafer, and will have greatly increased robustness as compared to comparable subsystems today, which must be assembled from a number of discrete components. Because MCT's deposition technology provides a unique capability for fabricating the chips we envision, based on the state-of-the art electrooptic polymers developed by Professor Dalton's research group, the proposed project represents a major opportunity for MCT. MCT expects to license its deposition technology to companies that are commercializing Professor Dalton's electrooptic polymers for integrated-optic devices. In 2005, the targeted marketplace is estimated at $23 billion/year. Capturing even a tiny percentage of this market represents a significant opportunity for MCT. The rapid pace of development in the fields of optical telecommunications and networks over the past decade has led to an increasing demand for integrated-optic devices that are capable of processing large quantities of information more rapidly than could be done with conventional electronics. In the meantime, the rapid and continued growth of optical applications and devices outside the visible and communication wavelengths for both military and civil applications has also resulted in a need for optical control elements in these wavelength regions, such as in the MidWave InfraRed (MWIR) spectral region. To meet these requirements, ferroelectric thin films are being used to develop new classes of electrooptic components and devices with high optical quality and high electrooptic coefficient. Using its innovative, high volume, low cost and open-air Combustion Chemical Vapor Deposition (CCVD) technique, MCT's proposed Phase I program is to deposit dense, epitaxial ferroelectric thin films on single crystal substrates for the applications of dynamic filtering of infrared lights for both military and civil purposes, and to evaluate the chemical, optical and electrooptic properties of these films. An industrial support letter is included. Tunable filters for MidWave InfraRed Radiation are required for industrial, medical and environmental applications for materials processing, inspection, diagnostics and chemical sensing. Successful development of films and devices proposed in this Phase I and a follow-on Phase II effort will result in meeting the market need. Industrial partner has been identified and recruited for this effort. If MicroCoating Technologies triumphs in its product plan, both military and commercial segments would benefit immensely with the availability of a commercially viable production technique. Physical Sciences Inc. (PSI) proposes to develop innovative variable-reflectance polymeric devices with on-demand controllable solar absorptivity (alpha) and IR emissivity (epsilon). The goal of the program (Phase I and II) is to design and demonstrate a prototype device with broadly variable (alpha/epsilon). While there are many potential applications, we will focus on spacecraft thermal control. During the Phase I program we will develop concepts and a model of utility for assessing the electro-optical properties of the concepts. Several devices will be fabricated and utilized for proof-of-concept experiments. A detailed Phase II program plan will also be developed. Successful demonstration of advanced thermal control devices will have a very significant impact on space systems designs. The system we envision will reduce the thermal cycling of the interior of spacecraft. This will significantly extend the life of components and allow a broader range of COTS components to be used. The end result will be more cost effective, longer life satellites. We propose to design and synthesize new polymers that are more conductive than currently used UV-curable polymer at both low and high temperatures (~200 oC ). Low loss, non-UV curable host polymers will also be identified and developed. The more conductive polymers and the host polymers will be blended or covalently incorporated. Thin films and waveguides will be prepared to examine film quality, film resistivity at different temperatures and voltages, as well as dielectric constant and optical loss. During Phase I, the goal is to increase conductivity of cladding materials to a level that is two orders of magnitude higher than that of EO polymers made from PWC proprietary highly active chromophores. At the end of Phase I, working devices will be fabricated using the more conductive polymer blends to demonstrate the enhancement in EO performance. The use of proposed cladding polymer materials with increased conductivity in polymer modulators is expected to enhance a poling efficiency by 35%. That will translate into cost-effective, broadband devices with driving voltages under 3 V that satisfy reliability requirements of telecommunication industry. This study will examine the current understanding on hard alpha inclusion crack initiation and growth in titanium investment castings to determine the required information needed to predict their effects on component durability. Specific focus will be made on the small crack growth regime for defects of various sizes and locations since it can encompass a majority of the fatigue life. This information will be used to develop an innovative predictive tool that complements current lifing models based on long crack growth behavior. This study will also generate an accept/reject criteria that will assist in qualifying fracture-critical titanium castings (and improving the manufacturing process) by identifying the most critical inclusions that must be found/removed, thus providing airframe designers with the necessary confidence to expand the use of titanium castings. This project will develop an accept-reject criteria for qualifying fracture-critical titanium castings to allow their expanded use in airframe applications. It will also construct an innovative crack physics-based predictive tool for analyzing the effects of hard alpha inclusions on durability of titanium airframe castings. The tool will allow engineers to account for the potential impact of the inclusion failure mode to more confidently assess component durability. It can also be used to intelligently conduct in-service inspection schedules. To provide the Air Force with new space-borne intelligence gathering techniques for the detection, identification, characterization, and tracking (DICT) of hostile ballistic and cruise missiles and other advanced systems, we propose innovative and unique physical models that allow for the interpretation of radio frequency (RF) signatures of missile plumes in a way that is directly traceable to the radiating source. The signature is the result of both thermal and nonthermal radiation: the calculation of nonthermal radiation from plumes has never been done before; the usual thermal radiation theory must be expanded to include our unique model of electric charge separation in hot, ionized combustion gases in order to calculate accurately the electrical conductivity within the plume and, therefore, of the radiation from the plume. We also provide preliminary estimates of where in the RF frequency range satellite sensors should be sensing. Inasmuch as the radiation phenomena have no effect on plume flow field, whereas the latter determines the former, the output of any appropriate plume flow field computer code becomes the input to our proposed post-processor 3-dimensional radiation code RFPLUME. Previously, we applied the theoretical model of electric charge separation to the nonthermal RF radiation from detonating explosives/warheads. Physical model can be used to detect, identify, characterize, and track missile plumes and therefore the missile; to identify location of launch tube from muzzle blast after projectile exit. to identify sources of weapons fire, building demolition, land clearance, and mining operations, pyroclastic flows, and underground magma. We propose to develop a systematic and, at the same time, rigorous and efficient computational scheme for solving high frequency electromagnetic scattering, propagation and imaging problems. The main building blocks of the approach are: In this work, we propose to capitalize on our experience with synthetic jet actuation, low order system modeling, and control in order to develop an integrated approach to hingeless flow control. We first propose to develop a new, hybrid, synthetic jet actuator that will be capable, via real-time actuator parameter control, of both separation manipulation (reduction, elimination or promotion) and dynamic virtual shaping. Next we will generate reduced-order flow models and will subsequently close the control loop. The planform used to develop and demonstrate the new techniques will be a NACA-0015 wing first in steady flow and subsequently in dynamic maneuvering. The Texas A&M Fluid Dynamics Laboratory of the Aerospace Engineering Department has had several years of experience with actuator development and steady and dynamic wind-tunnel testing. Aeroprobe will be responsible for the controls aspects of the problem. The area of active flow control is undergoing great activity and the successful completion of the proposed effort will satisfy the needs of several industries such as jet engines and turbomachinery, rotorcraft, UAV's military and civil aviation to name a few among others. Due to our dominant market position in the area of multi-hole probes and fluid measurement instrumentation, we are in contact with several major companies from the aeronautics and UAV segments. In order to commercialize the product that may result from the proposed effort, we will further exploit these contacts, identify the specific needs of each application and tailor the product appropriately and consecutively penetrate the market. We are already carrying out market research in the area of UAV manufacturers where that such technology is very appealing and the deployment can be faster. Our objective is to be able to establish a dominant market position in this segment first and subsequently expand to new ones. The program will demonstrate low cost sensors that can accurately provide accurate deformation shape sensing and mapping of wing structures. Large sensors arrays can be fabricated on a single thin film. Such thin films are easily integrated with both metal and composite wings structures and have already been successfully demonstrated in composite embedment. These have further advantages that we can build data processing directly into the same thin film as to provide usable data upstream. The upstream data will be fed back into both feedback control and a visualization tool that enables user direct `real time' comparison of both open-loop and closed-loop control response of aerodynamic or aeroelastic phenomenon. Thin film sensors would be easy to both attach and remove during wind tunnel and laboratory testing phases The ability to sense shape change, process the acquired data and transmit upstream all on a single (very flexible) piece of film no thicker than a post-it combined with a visualization tool that can take the measured data and represent the system condition graphically real-time will have enormous commercial applications. Our focus will be on medical and sports products, where this inexpensive system can provide real time information on patients or equipment. To realize these applications we have commercially teamed with Rockwell who already has a large commercial interest in thin film devices. The objective of the proposed research is to develop an advanced methodology for designing and manufacturing novel composite materials for future military air vehicles. The proposed new methodology, referred to as function-oriented material design (FOMD), will provide an effective tool for the design, in an optimal way, of structurally efficient composites such as that with an optimally shaped cellularity or an optimal arrangement for woven or braided composites. With the design tool developed in this program, new materials will be optimally designed to meet directly the requirements for advanced structural performance and weight reduction. For example, materials in the main structures and the secondary structures of an air vehicle will be optimally designed with respect to their specific performance requirements. Hence optimal design will be achieved in terms of both global performance and local performance. The methodology developed in this program will find important applications in developing future military air vehicles and enhance the performance of current military air vehicles in many different ways including significantly increasing the strength, stiffness, and durability of emerging composite structures. It will also improve vibration and sound characteristics, buckling stability, and impact resistance for advanced structures in future military air vehicles. This program will also result in lightweight and high performance structures for future commercial (air and ground) vehicles. Dual use technique developed in this program will further increase the opportunity for affordable implementation of this technique, thus enabling the Air Force to meet the goals for high-performance air vehicle weapon systems. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique is evolving as a complement and sometimes an alternative to experimental procedures in the generation of design data for realistic aerospace systems. An integrated circuit is proposed which combines coplanar transmission lines, optical waveguides, high power transistors and high power lasers monolithically. The aperture for an RF radar element should be designed as a transmission line with its characteristic impedance matched to that of free space. We propose to achieve this with a field-effect structure in which gate and source terminals form a coplanar line. The input is introduced as a gate-source signal at one end and propagates to the free space termination at the chip edge. It is also possible for the field-effect device to operate as a laser in which the channel region between the sources acts as the waveguide for a high efficiency laser. With the laser biased above threshold, an optical waveguide terminates at the chip edge, such that the modulation power impressed upon the optical signal at the waveguide input is launched as the optical output of a LADAR element. Thus the optical and the RF energies emerge from a common output port (common pointing accuracy) with matched traveling optical and RF wave velocities, eliminating the need for separate chips. In this SBIR, we will develop the technology platform to realize common aperture EO and RF transmitters. The EO/RF common aperture transmistters will become the basis for compact sources for aircraft and auto communication and radar systems. In addition, the ability to produce integrated electronic and optical functions will form the basis for optoelectronic systems which includes very high speed photoreceivers and transmitters. Smart pixel formats will enable a diverse number of applications ranging from computer buses, AD converters, optical data links and optical memories. The integrated approach is the key to reduced cost and improved reliability. CAE Soft Corporation proposes to develop a unified, simultaneous, and power efficient "Intense Moving Target Surveillance (IMTS)" airborne radar mode that exploits the complimentary aspects of individual SAR, GMTI, AMTI, and ATR modes enabled by using shared aperture, shared energy approaches. The IMTS mode will have the ability to continuously and simultaneously detect, maintain track, and geo-locate airborne, ground moving, and stationary targets as well as perform cumulative ID though all phases of their movement history over wide areas. This ability to continuously track and ID both Airborne Targets (ATs) that weave or hover and Ground Moving Targets (GMTs) that repeatedly move, stop, and move in a dense moving object environment would significantly improve the Air Force's capability in the critical areas of battle space awareness and tracking and targeting of time critical targets. Currently DOD imagery systems have standardized on the National Imagery Transmission Format (NITF) for the capture and recording of IMINT data. The author will argue that NITF is not an appropriate format for the capture of real-time sensor data, especially when it comes to issues such as multi-sensor fusion, sensor cueing, precise geo-positioning, and format adaptability to new sensor systems. Other sensor acquisition standards such as NATO STANAG 7023 are on the right track but are immature and lack the capabilities of a fully robust sensor acquisition capture format. Phase I will integrate the concepts of XML, Numeric-Homomorphic-Space-Time sensor modeling and Entity-Relationship data modeling with a real-time format such as STANAG 7023. It is believed that a truly robust sensor acquisition concept can be achieved. These concepts would enable a sensor acquisition format to describe it self to an adaptable processor utlizing common reference frames. Phase II will continue with a prototype of an adaptable processor matched to this highly self-descriptive format. The common space-time sensor model would provide a basis for the fusion of any sensor with any other sensor based on the definition of a set of common reference systems. With this added capability the description of a sensor is essentially boundless enabling the format to describe sensors as complex as SIGINT, Acoustical, Hyperspectral, Moving Target Indicator, & Synthetic Aperture Radar sensors and as simple as inertial, thermal, audio, or positional sensors. Fielding diverse and challenging military training exercises pushes the current line-of-sight limits of Aerial Target control technology. Use of commercial Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satcom services can provide cost effective enhancements, particularly for flight profiles extending over the horizon or over rugged, obstructed terrain. We propose to develop format conversion/compression, navigation, and viewing software to enable the collaborative visualization of SEDRIS terrain databases. This software will maximize the use of emerging standards for accessing and visualizing geographic information and graphical representations on the Internet. XML-based standards, including Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) and Extensible 3D (X3D) will be emphasized. A unique aspect of this work will be the ability to use vector-based features as an aid to navigation and collaborative visualization. BENEFITS: This development will benefit current and potential users of SEDRIS by leveraging tools and standards being developed by the OpenGIS Consortium and other commercial groups. It will increase the accessibility of SEDRIS to commercial interest who have not traditionally been SEDRIS users. Simulations are used to model the real world in support of analysis, training, and research and development. The goal is to have the simulation as close to reality as possible. While, in theory, this may be a good approach, in practice it is not always feasible. Today, simulation developers no longer need to choose between creating a high resolution or a low-resolution simulation environment. Advances in simulation technology have enabled models of different-resolutions to be used together. Unfortunately, there are many technical challenges associated with how to have models of different resolutions interoperate in a common environment. In this effort, M?K Technologies will define the technical challenges, investigate state of the art multi-resolution modeling methods, and identify promising techniques. M?K, through its CGF development effort and its battalion-level game development has the experience and knowledge required to perform the necessary research. M?K will create detailed criteria to evaluate how current methods support the technical challenges associated with multi-resolution modeling. M?K will evaluate current methods against the defined criteria and investigate how new innovative technologies can be utilized to either improve existing methodologies or to create new approaches. M?K will leverage its CGF product, VR-Forces, to develop a multi-resolution modeling testbed. BENEFITS: M?K's Phase I effort results in a set of evaluation criterion and representative test cases, and an evaluation of current multi-resolution modeling approaches. In addition, M?K will perform an initial investigation into how new innovative technologies can support multi-resolution modeling. The analysis and research performed in Phase I in conjunction with the development of a multi-resolution modeling testbed provide a strong foundation for Phase II development. In Phase II, M?K will use the multi-resolution testbed to further investigate promising approaches and prototype new techniques. Based on the results, M?K will develop a full implementation of a multi-resolution modeling approach for extensive evaluation and research. The resulting model will be demonstrated to STRICOM. The U.S. Army has 21 ammunition plants in the U.S. along with a large number of Army Deports and Forts. It is estimated that 40 of these installations require clean-up of explosives contaminated soil at one or more sites. Total estimated volumes of soils are greater than 1.2 million tons. In-situ treatment of both soils and ground water is the initial know-how being developed in this effort. Anaerobic in-situ treatment promises to be lower cost compared to available remediation options, is mechanically simpler and poses less potential safety concerns (excavation and handling of soils eliminated). Based on Phase I testing, anaerobic treatment of explosives is technically and economically promising. The treatment of explosives in soils and groundwater at Army sites poses some unique challenges. Phase I results indicated that the presence of difficult electron acceptors and the explosives themselves can be inhibitory to the microbial community capable degrading explosives. The objectives of this effort are to develop additional process know-how to overcome this hurdle for treatment of explosive contaminated soils in the unsaturated zone and combined treatment of soil and groundwater in the saturated zone. USAEC estimated complete progress costs for treatment of 10,00 CY (13,000 tons) of soil to range from $280 to $299/ton for composting, $230 to $270/ton for aerobic bioslurry, $314/ton for a proprietary anaerobic bioslurry process and double that for incineration. In-siru treatment should offer a significant reduction in the cost. The system proposed is much less mechanically complex and less capital intensive than soil slurry systems and composing. Because of the elimination of the need for soil excavation and handling, the technology will be particularly attractive for application at U.S. bases in foreign countries. The information needed to proceed to the field for testing. This same base of information will be extremely useful in optimizing and improving robustness for on-site treatment of pinkwater, and other munitions production and demil related wastewater streams. The proposed system will allow tracking the movement of chemical clouds in real time from a safe standoff distance. The instruments used are passive standoff chemical agent detector already fielded (LSCAD). Each instrument individually can only measure the total of all the chemical in its line-of-site; the distance to the cloud is unknown. By merging data from multiple vantage points (either one instrument moving past the cloud or two or more instruments spaced so as to view the cloud from difference directions) a map of the cloud location can be generated. To improve the sensitivity and accuracy of the cloud map, chemical point sensors can be added to the sensor array being used. The equipment requried for the proposed system is either government-off-the-shelf or commercially available. Also, the data fusion techniques (tomography) have been demonstrated previously in the medical field. The proposed system represents a low risk solution to the problem of remotely tracking toxic and hazardous chemical clouds. Recent advances in liquid crystal and electroluminescent "microdisplay" technologies have achieved very high resolution in relatively small sizes. Among these advanced technologies is a class of liquid crystal materials that are immune to exposure to extremes in the military range of temperatures, and others that can produce analylogue grayscales. In addition, they are robust, have full color and consume very little power. They can be integrated with RF signal processing components and applied to the needs of the individual soldier both as hand-held and helmet-mounted display (HMD) units. Technology development in theis area will serve to meet the needs of the Land Warrior providing a springboard for advancements towards "Future Operational Capabilities" (FOCs) being advocated by TRADOC. Additionally, this research will provide spin-offs for advanced civilian applications. In phase I of this STTR, ASI, in association with Alabama A&M Research Institute shall develope a world class technical data base to support focused research in this area and develope a breadboard system for optimization and interface studies. In phase II, two optimized prototype units will be developed. The first will be hand held and the second integrated into a helmet. In phase III, ASI will continue development of this technology for commercial applications. We are seeing a continued proliferation of communication and navigation technologies. The commercial market is demanding increased miniaturization and increased performance. A helmet mounted display system would be extremely effective in coordinating teams to accomplish time critical complex operations in commercial and civilian operational environments. Some of these applications could include: inproved coordination of fishing boats at sea; improved coordination of air and/or sea platforms during rescue operations; improved corodination of law enforcement air and/or land platforms during police operations; and improved ground trafffic control at major airports. The seven toxin serotypes of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin are the most potent substances known to mankind. The neurotoxins act on cholinergic neurons inhibiting the release of acetylycholine causing flaccid paralysis due to the inability of the enervated muscle to contract At present there is no known treatment for non-immunized individuals exposed to the toxin as once the active portion of the toxin is internalized into the neuron antibodies to the toxin are no longer beneficial. Research under this proposal will demonstrate the feasibility of synthesizing prodrugs consisting of multiple copies of the model metalloprotease inhibitor captopril covalently bound to a polymeric delivery vehicle which will be directly linked to botulinurm heavy chain. This will yield a pharmaceutically active compound that specifically targets and internalizes desired substances into cholinergic neurons including inhibitors of the active fragment of the neurotoxin itself. Phase II research will consist of synthesis of prodrug conjugates and assessment of their internalization into cultured motor neurons and neurons associated with other in vitro models. Potential benefits stemming from this research and additional work being done at the University of Wisconsin include the following; 1. Antidotes to botulinal neurotoxins will be synthesized for civilians and U.S. military personnel lacking immunizations that have been exposed to toxins. 2. The delivery vehicles generated under this research could be used to transport other pharmaceuticals of interest that lack either water solubility, CNS toxicity, or are degraded rapidly specifically to motor neurons. A new paradigm is possible for the design of hybrid optical/digital imaging systems that will have unique properties. Imaging systems can be designed that have a depth of field or focus that is ten or more times that of a normal system, without the need to increase exposure. This means that barcodes, labels, and manufactured items can be seen Over a large region of object space. Thick microscope specimens and integrated circuits can be seen over their entire depth. The entire scene in a video camera can be in focus. The hybrid system is also invariant to focus-related aberrations such as curvature of field, chromatic aberration, and spherical aberration. [Wach, et al., 1998]. This means that simpler optical systems can be used, and plastic lenses can be used for applications where previously they could not. The result is a more powerful, but cheaper and lighter imaging system. This work will concentrate on: (1) creating fast, user-friendly, design tools, which include ray tracing and signal processing, for designing hybrid optical/digital imaging systems; (2) simulations to demonstrate the greater effectiveness of hybrid imaging systems; and (3) experimental demonstrations of hybrid systems that provide significant advantages for package readers and industrial inspection. BENEFITS: Label and barcode readers will be able to read the labels on packages at different heights or shapes without requiring camera movements or autofocusing. Industrial inspection systems can have a depth of field that will allow them to see the entire object at one time, at higher frame rates, and with less illumination. Consumer camcorders will not need a focus motor, but can always be in focus over a large region. Lenses for all of these applications can be made much cheaper because of invariance to aberrations that are related to misfocus. Plastic can be substituted for glass. In addition, the tolerance to misfocus will allow the temperature and manufacturing tolerances to be relaxed. Mast cells provide an exciting potential for biosensor applications. Coupled with target specific IgE antibodies, mast cells can both be specifically targeted against a single antigen and also act as signal amplifiers. Perhaps the most commonly known example of this effect is the reaction many people have to allergens. The cell membranes of all mast cells have high affinity receptors, which bind IgE antibodies. When two or more receptor bound IgE antibodies capture their allergen, they initiate a sequence of biochemical events that acrivates the mast cell and causes it to degranulate and release a number of chemicals. Because of the power of this natural amplification, sub-femtomolar detection is possible. As with other immunological systems, a vast number of targets can be detected with the system by interchanging different antibodies against the respective antigens. In the Phase II, Agave BioSystems will utilize the natural power of mast cells as signal transducers to demonstrate that mast cells are a robust amplification system that can be harnessed as the lead biocomponent in a new class of highly sensitive and specific biosensors. This technology will tap into the large immunoassay market, complementing the specificity of traditional immunoassays with the power of the mast cell's natural signal amplification. This signal transudation mechanism will allow the use of simple flurometric instrumentation for immunoassays with much greater sensitivities. The development of truly effective portable biosensors for a wide range of applications will be possible. Because of their central role in the allergic immune response, the use of a mast cell biosensor in detection and identification of both airborne and foodborne allergens is particularly exciting. Development of a low-cost high-exclusion proton-exchange membrane for use as an electrolyte in a liquid feed direct methanol fuel cell is proposed. This fuel cell, because of its simplicity (no reformer, simple heat management) and inherent reliability (cell membrane flooded with water) is a potentially attractive power source for low- to medium-power applications, such as a battery replacement, back-pack power and battery charger applications. One drawback to direct methanol fuel cells is that methanol permeates across presently available proton-exchange membranes from the liquid to gas side, where it reacts with O2 (air) resulting in a parasitic methanol loss and reduced fuel cell voltage. To overcome this problem, a team consisting of Giner, Inc. and Tulane University proposes to develop membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs) for direct methanol fuel cells based on Tulane's experience with polyphosphazene membranes and Giner, Inc.'s expertise in preparing MEAs. These advanced MEAs are expected to provide reduced methanol crossover, as compared to state of the art Nafion MEAs. The research objectives are to fabricate polyphosphazene membrane, evaluate select properties, develop MEAs using the polyphosphazene membrane, and demonstrate performance in an operating direct methanol fuel cell. We expect to develop an advanced MEA for direct methanol fuel cell use that results in a significant decrease in methanol crossover, while providing high fuel cell performance. Direct methanol fuel cell-powered vehicles have a very large market potential in states mandating zero-emission vehicle use within the next several years. Other opportunities include airport and mail vehicles, golf carts, lawn mowers, power tools, cellular phones, and dispersed power generators. Military applications are similar, and also include battery charger applications. The objective of this Phase II proposal is to continue the successful Phase I, proof of concept project, through production of a commercially practical multivalent, broad spectrum, oral vaccine against major bacterial pathogens responsible for traveler's diarrhea. The vaccine produced for clinical use as a result of this STTR effort will consist of inactivated whole cells from Shigella felxneri 2a, Shigella flexneri 3a, and Shigella. The vaccine will be formulated with and without a mutated form of labile toxin of enterotoxigenic E. coli (termed mLT) which serves not only as an important antigen of ETEC, but also is a potent mucosal adjuvant. The whole cell components of the vaccine will be prepared using Antex's proprietary Nutriment Signal Transudation (NST) technology. Animal models developed during Phase I of the STTR will be used during Phase II to establish that protection may be provided by specific Shigella vaccine components of the vaccine against homologous challenge. The preclinical vaccine will be similar to that to be produced for clinical evaluation, but it will also contain C. jejuni, S. flexneri 6 and will be formulated with CFA 1, CS 3, and CS 6 as components of ETEC. As a parallel effort to the preclinical studies, a multicomponent vaccine containing S. flexneri 2a, S. flexneri 3a, and S. sonnei with or without mLT will be produced under GMP and tested for safety and immunogenicity in a Phase I trial. These efforts will not only result in a means to achieve immunoprotection against enteric infections, but they will also establish a new medical approach that should quickly result in more effective oral vaccines against a broad range of infections. This vaccine will be a major benefit to military personnel and other travelers. Further, it will provide an important pediatric vaccine for use in developed and developing countries. The technology developed during this project will also have broad commercial applications for other vaccines which may be similarly formulated for mucosal delivery. Sensor for active protection hardkill countermeasure is proposed. Sensor integration based on a proprietary and innovative circuit integration technique into a small 4-inch diameter volume with a set of surface-mount antennas is shown to be feasible for development. Different surface-mount antenna configurations have been discussed with two types to be investigated for selection. Sensor system configuration for generating a proper waveform has also been proposed. Based on our extensive active protection sensor and system experiences, the sensor design should provide an effective and low cost solution for active protection. Dual use and commercialization of the sensor components technology have been discussed for insertion into ongoing commercial activities to share in a growing market with a projected market size exceeding $2B by year 2003. BENEFITS: Will ensure the development of an active protection system for enhancing the battlefield survivability of our armored vehicles and personnel and change the armored vehicle engagement techniques. The component technology developed can be directly inserted into current high frequency and large bandwidth wireless local area network market with a projected growing market of $2B by 2003. Immersion Medical and the Uniformed Services University of Health Science (USUHS), aims establish the feasibility of a medical training simulator for Central Venous Catheterization (CVC). The proposed project involves several technical advances. Tactile feedback user interface hardware designs will be researched to serve as a realistic proxy for catheters and other devices used during CVC. This interface device is anticipated to require force feedback in three axes: pitch, yaw and translation. Innovative "active" haptics (a.k.a. force feedback) will be developed as well as controlled passive force feedback to provide realistic procedural feel. Planned software advances include refinements in computer modeling for the deformation of surfaces and for the interaction of rigid catheters with body tissues that are pliant (e.g., blood vessels) and rigid (e.g., bone) body tissues. IN success, the completed CVC simulator will be operable on a high-end laptop for enhanced portability. It will be a real-time training device that integrates visual, haptic, and audio features to create an environment for performing central line placements. Evaluation for feasibility will be conducted at the USUHS. In success, the proposed project will improve patient outcomes and practitioner satisfaction, decrease medical costs, and will serve a broad market need. As a component of both Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) and Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS), CVC is a procedure for which advanced training has important implications in both military and civilian medicine. By creating a simulator for CVC, we can transcend problems with traditional training methods (human patients, animals). Training with a simulator has numerous advantages for the trainee, including: no risk to patients, no risk to trainees (e.g., no exposure to patient blood-borne pathogens), the opportunity to gain familiarity and comfort with the procedure through repetition, exposure to various cases with built-in complications and pathologies, and objective measurement of learning progress and procedural competence through longitudinal data tracking of trainee performance. The implementation of the proposed technology will enable the DoD to provide improved medical support to the wounded soldier through enhanced medical training with improved diagnosis, rehearsal, and treatment. In success, the proposed project will improve military readiness through shortened recovery times, and will lead to the production of commercially viable products with educational and training benefits for U.S. hospitals and medical schools. Laptop portability will further allow training in field situations currently inaccessible for CVC training. We propose a fundamental study of filamentation in air that will combine the theoretical expertise at the University of Arizona in simulating these nonlinear phenomena, the experimental facilities at the University of New Mexico in ultrafast diagnostics, and the experience at Lite Cycles, Inc. in the design and construction of high-power, short-pulse lasers. In Phase I of this program, we will make measurements of air parameters at various wavelengths to refine the simulation. We will perform direct spatio-temporal measurements on IR and UV filaments by letting them diffract in a vacuum chamber sealed by an aerodynamic (supersonic) window. This technique will enable us to make measurements on pulse parameters inside the filament, which are not affected by nonlinear effects usually occuring at a solid reflecting interface. We expect that the combination of measurements and simulation will enable us to get a complete understanding of the self-trapping mechanism in air, and thus select the best wavelength to be used in Phase II of the program.This project will have applications in creating a remote bright point source for lidar applications as well as for wavefront correction. TDC/UDRI will undertake development of a physics based model for the propagation of terawatt, femtosecond laser pulses through the atmosphere. Previous experiments and theoretical results have made it clear that a new approach must be taken in order to have an unambiguous understanding of this high power ultrashort laser pulse propagation problem in the atmosphere. Simple extensions of the nonlinear Schr”dinger equation will not suffice to make definite and significant progress on this problem. The program will significantly enhance the simulation and modeling capability for the field of intense ultrashort laser propagation. Our approach is based on rigorous multiple?scales expansions of the vector form of Maxwell's equations and the resulting equations will incorporate important nonlinear effects, as well as, vector fields, non-paraxial, space-time focusing phenomena, and plasma generation. We will not assume radial symmetry and we will incorporate sub-gridding into the computations. Where the computations become too memory intense for a single computer we will explore implementing parallel computational methods into our code. The resulting model will provide for verifiable analysis of the details of pulse propagation as a function of initial and boundary conditions, as well as, providing a clear path for Phase II experimental investigation and verification.This effort will result in a model that, when verified by experimentation, will serve as the basis for development of novel, long range LIDAR systems. These systems will be used to detect chemical/biological agents at long ranges, as well as provide a means for remote detection of atmospheric chemicals and aerosols for monitoring of pollution. These advanced LIDAR systems may also be used to remotely measure atmospheric turbulence, providing improved, early alert of wind-shear to landing aircraft. Recombinant protein production in high cell density fermentation of R.eutropha using T7 polymerase system: Organophospho compounds are known to include several highly potent cholinesterase inhibitors. Such compounds can be readily obtained by conventional organic synthesis and their deployment can pose a serious threat to human life. Efforts to protect against the toxic effects of organophospho compounds have focused on enzymes that are able to hydrolyze the phosphoester bond and thereby substantially reduce their toxicity. The main obstacle in obtaining more than experimental quantities of this important chemical catalyst has been the unavailability of cost-effective enzyme expression system. GlycoFi is interested in developing genetic tools to overexpress proteins in high cell density fermentation. We propose to establish a T7 RNA polymerase based protein production system in a robust fermentation organism, Ralstonia eutropha. Our academic collaborators (Dr.Gerngross' lab at Dartmouth College) have been able to establish high cell densities of about 180g/L in R.eutropha under industrial feed conditions. T7 RNA polymerase system has been one of the most efficient recombinant protein production system developed. Although high yields (about 50% of total protein is recombinant protein) have been obtained in other bacteria (E.coli and Pseudomonas) in laboratory scales, various factors like proteolysis, inclusion body formation, difficult large scale fermentations have limited their production capabilities. In Phase I of the project, we would establish the T7 RNA polymerase system in R.eutropha and construct a plasmid to overexpress the gene of interest under the T7 promoter. Assuming that we are successful in achieving relative protein yields similar to other bacterial systems in R.eutropha, the high cell density fermentation capability of the organism with T7 expresssion system would enable us to produce recombinant protein titers of about 40-50 g/L. Successful completion of phase I is anticipated to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed bacterial expression system over existing methods of recombinant protein production. We would establish a low cost protein production system to produce high yields of Organophospho hydrolase, an enzyme used to reduce the toxicity of organophospho compounds (cholinesterase inhibitors). While we use OPH as a model enzyme, other applications that require large quantities of protein such as chemical/biological decontamination, bio-organic synthesis, materials for tissue engineering and molecular motors based on proteins, would greatly benefit from the new low cost protein production system. A unique recombinant protein overexpression system will be investigated for the production of phosphotriesterase, an organophosphate hydrolase from Pseudomonas diminuta MG and Flavobacterium sp. ATCC 27551. This enzyme is a leading bioremediation candidate for large-scale detoxification of insecticides and chemical warfare agents. The hydrolase will be prepared in three different versions using this novel system. A soluble form, a membrane-bound version and a fusion protein suitable for biosensor applications will be attempted. This versatile expression vehicle could be very effective for membrane protein applications, an important niche where systems currently available have been shown to be inadequate. Furthermore, the low-cost nature of this system is very attractive for large-scale protein production purposes.This system will occupy an important niche market where expression systems currently available commercially are not effective. This system can be used for the mass production of medicinally important membrane proteins and in structural genomics efforts of membrane proteins. The recombinant membrane proteins can be marketed for use in high-throughput screening, in structural biology efforts of medicinally important membrane proteins hence crucil in structure-based drug design endeavors. This proposal encompasses a facile method for generating transgenic chickens. Traditionally, the approach to accomplish this has been to target the avian egg or embryo for gene insertion using either viral or 'standard' plasmids as vectors. In contrast, our proposed method introduces two new features, i.e. (1) novel transposon DNA vectors and (2) injection of DNA into the testes of immature males. As a result, the injected genes will integrate into the genome of some proportion of spermatogonia and this transforms a significant percentage of the eventual mature spermatozoa for transmission by normal breeding to the next generation. This procedure is expected to produce much higher efficiencies n the production of true germline transgenic offspring. Enhancement of integration of the injected trangene construct is accomplished by transposon vectors, which forces integration into the genome of forming spermatogenic cells, as demonstrated in fish by the Co-Investigator. Thus, this STTR proposed research is an extension of previous work, which is now applied to avians. This simple and efficient methodology should facilitate generating transgenic poultry which secrete large amounts of recombinant proteins into their egg whites, thus providing a method of large scale, low cost protein manufacturing.At the end of Phase I we anticipate having 1- 10 true germline transgenic chicks which, after breeding, should demonstrate not only a new method for transgenesis but also provide the groundwork for a new industrial niche using birds as large scale bioreactors to produce the myriad of recombinant proteins needed in the near future. TransWestTech, Inc. plans to be one of the pioneers in commercializing this technology to allow the production of large quantities of low cost proteins by contract, Once this approach has been confirmed, it should be possible to generate millions of transgenic hens within 18 months, each of which could secrete up to a gram of protein into each egg, at a cost of about $.05 each. A small number of contract poultry producers could therefore produce multi-kilogram amounts of protein- pharmaceuticals annually for an estimated finished price of less than $1/gram A research program to develop a manufacturing and processing technology for a novel, low-cost, high strength layer geometry is proposed. An integrated experimental and computational effort directed toward the characterization of the influence of layer geometry on the strength and damage tolerance is proposed. It is anticipated that the result of this research and development effort will be an optimal layer geometry with tunable design parameters for structures with maximum strength and damage tolerance. Methods of forming complex components incorporating the corrugated layer geometry will also be investigated. The anticipated benefit of this research and development project is a low-cost, damage tolerant corrugated layer geometry with commerical and military applications in applications currently using balsa and/or honeycomb core materials. Nomadics has been working with landmine detection technologies since 1998. During that time we have established the extreme sensitivity of an amplifying fluorescent polymer (AFP) that has been employed in the direct detection of ultratrace quantities of chemical signature compounds of explosives and effective methods of fluorescence measurement including standoff detection. These methods have the potential for use with developing sensors based on the use of microbes for detection of explosives. Together, these technologies offer tremendous potential for locating landmines, unexploded ordnance, and other explosives. Nomadics is collaborating with Oak Ridge National Laboratory to meld these complementary technologies to prove the feasibility of this approach.Besides wide-area screening for landmines and UXO, this technology has the potential to provide detection of other chemical and biological contaminants, such as releases of environmental pollutants and toxic wastes. For example, with specific microbes, large underground storage tank fields could be monitored for leaking containers. The ARMY needs active protection using a UV and IR dual band focal plane array (FPA) to detect and track hostile fire so that targets can respond and avoid incoming rounds. The objectives of this effort are to determine the requirements of an uncooled UV/IR FPA for active protection and demonstrate feasibility of integrating UV and IR detector arrays with the readout integrated circuit (ROIC). In this FPA approach the UV and IR detector arrays are grown on the ROIC and monolithically interconnected to the ROIC without hybrid bump bonds. Specific tasks are to determine the requirements for active protection, grow UV structures on Si wafers and ROICs, fabricate UV device structures on Si wafers and ROICs, and provide a monolithic dual band process.Dual band UV/IR arrays would primarily benefit military applications. However separate uncooled LWIR and UV arrays are attractive for analysis of products and processing, guidance of automobiles, navigation at sea, unmanned aerial vehicles, search and rescue, fire detection and containment, surveillance systems for drug traffic and border control, and rifle night sights. Solus Biodefense and George Mason University proposes to develop an assessment battery measuring Army junior leader attributes, adaptability skills, developmental work experiences, and leadership effectiveness. Anticipated changes in the U.S. Army's operating environment argue for the ascendant importance of leader attributes that promote complex problem solving and adaptability. The Army will also need to develop these qualities in their junior officers more quickly as the demand grows for high quality officers capable of performing in the increasingly dynamic and complex battle environments of the future. The proposed assessment battery, based on conceptual models of leader performance and leader development, will include novel and objective measures of these attributes, and will allow for the assessment of leadership in real time, real world settings, using the internet and other digital technologies. The proposed battery is intended to be part of a longitudinal Army leader assessment program. An integrated effort would link the measures in the proposed battery with those in other ongoing assessment programs (e.g., Baseline Officer Longitudinal Data Set (BOLDS)), and would provide an assessment of leadership growth and development across an officer's career. The expectation is that the assessment battery will assist the Army in training, assessment, and development of its officer corps. The techniques and methods developed will be generic in the sense that, with domain and process specific modifications, they be applicable to other DoD services and, more generally, to leadership development in non-DoD and non-government service sectors, including perhaps K-12 education. In the future, relatively junior leaders will face broader responsibilities. To predict and guide more rapid development of command leadership ability, it is necessary to know what personal attributes and experiences mold it. We will construct a novel battery of accurate, objective direct-leadership assessments to predict performance in real world settings. The centerpiece is a command situation simulator, Command Performance. This simulated environment for direct-leadership performance adapts two new scenario-based leadership training and assessment technologies: Think Like a Commander discussions among senior officers, and Tacit Knowledge for Military Leadership interpersonal command skills of platoon, company and battalion leaders. Command Performance will be a 3midway measureý. its data related both to potential predictors among the extensive background information on USMA graduates in BOLDS, and to performance in real world settings such as led-unit results and NTC transcripts. A unique and critical capability of the project is Latent Semantic Analysis, a machine learning technology that accurately simulates human understanding of ordinary text discussions, verbal reports, recommendations, and transcripts, along with powerful data mining for predictive background variablesWhen fully developed, Command Performance will be offered by Knowledge Analysis Technologies directly to the Army as an ADL enabled leadership assessment and prediction technology. It will also be suitable for adaptation for use in other DOD branches, corporate leadership training, and educational applications such as business and public administration. The latter commercial applications will be developed and marketed by joint ventures between Knowledge Analysis Technologies and one or more of the distance education and corporate training organizations with whom we have now or will develop arrangements. The partner's and their client's knowledge of content will be used to adapt the system, and the partner's market reach to commercialize it profitably and for wide social benefit. The LSA-based data mining and analysis techniques for personnel and student records that we develop may also find commercial application. Finally, Command Performance, coming originally in large part from an environment intended for training rather than assessment as such, will adapted fopr that use as well and commercialized through the same channels The objective of this Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) project is to develop a prototype compact, portable electro-optic EM/thermal imaging system. The proposed electromagnetic/thermal imaging system can be directly utilized for the characterization of various RF structures including complex integrated circuits and large-scale antenna arrays. It provides near-field and thermal profiles of RF structures with an unprecedented high resolution and a measurement bandwidth over 100GHz. In the Phase I feasibility study, the capability of combined EM and thermal imaging will be demonstrated based on the existing electro-optic imaging system developed at the University of Michigan. A fiber-based laser will be integrated as an optical source into the system to make it compact and portable.The proposed electromagnetic/thermal imaging system can be utilized from the early design stage to the final performance validation of various FR structures for military and industry applications including large-scale high-density integrated circuits and active arrays. The ability to rapidly adapt mission plans is key to operational success on the modern battlefield. Although particularly true for front-line forces, long-term success also requires capable and aware force sustainment. Therefore, this abilityis equally critical for Combat Service Support (CSS). On the digital battlefield, the technologies necessary to allow rapid planning and adaptation include: 1) data fusion, 2) analysis automation, 3) battlefield visualization, and 4) collaborative planning. A prototype Logistics Site Planning and Operation Tool (LOGSPOT) that planners can use to optimize logistics site layouts and plan daily operations will be designed. This tool will be fully digital: capable of integrating information from intelligence reports, radio frequency (RF) supply tags, Digital Topographic (DTOP) and Vector Map (VMAP) terrain data, as well as tabular data from legacy systems such as the Standard Army Management Information System (STAMIS). The requirement for LOGSPOT to co-register geographic data and provide high-quality map products implies the need for embedded Geographic Information System (GIS) functionality. However, additional requirements for efficiency and minimal training imply a customized, easy to use tool. TSC proposes to marry the extensive functionality of ESRI's commercial ArcView GIS with the customized algorithms and interface required for intuitive logistics planning. BENEFITS: An inexpensive, prototype PC-based tool that logistics planners can use to perform routine operations and share information in a timely fashion will be designed. The tool will be flexible enough to be useful for either military or commercial logistics applications by varying the rule sets, symbology and terminology employed. Reflective optics for short-wavelength applications are required having ultrasmooth finishes, with rms roughness in the range below 10 angstroms. Typically this is achieved by extensive figuring and superpolishing of bulk samples or deposited thin films, an expensive and time-consuming process. SKION proposes to employ its unique negative metal ion beam deposition (NMIBD) technique to fabricate high quality reflective optics with a super smooth finish without the need for a final polishing step. The need for polishing is eliminated because NMIBD films actually become smoother during deposition, unlike conventional film deposition processes. This innovation will make possible the fabrication of mirrors which not only avoid the above-mentioned problems, but which also can be deposited at lower temperatures than many techniques such as CVD, thus reducing cracking and distortion, and enabling deposition on less expensive low temperature substrates. SKION's unique ion beam deposition process can achieve a breakthrough in the fabrication of high-energy short wavelength reflective optics with better performance at lowered cost. SKION has recently developed the only commercially available large area ion beam source, which will be adapted and utilized for this program. BENEFITS: Successful completion of this program will provide new technology applicable to many military and commercial optical needs for space-based and synchrotron radiation optics as well as optical components for laser welding, drilling, and other high-power uses. NEWTEC Remediation Services, Inc. recently field demonstrated a new technology for the wide area detection of UXO. The technique was originally developed for landmines, but works for all types of ordnance or associated explosive waste (EW) products. It depends on the leakage of explosives from UXO items, resulting in a concentration on the surface of the soil over the hazard. The detector of this subtle signal is a strain of benign soil bacteria that has been engineered to detect trinitrotoluene (TNT) and respond by producing a fluorescent protein, making a detectable fluorescent mark on the ground. Using a laser, the fluorescent emissions are detectable. The laser produces real-time imaging of the fluorescent signatures on the actual terrain in the field. New breakthroughs have occurred since the original field demonstration. Spectroscopic investigations showed that a new variant of the fluorescent protein gives better contrast between bacterial and background fluorescence, particularly in plants. Additional research has resulted in plants that emit a fluorescent protein expression. Plants offer an attractive complement to the bacterial vector since certain plants efficiently absorb ground based explosive chemicals through their root systems. The fluorescent protein is then expressed over the broad area of the plants leaf canopy. An airborne detection platform is the objective for the field deployment of this new technology.NEWTEC Remediation Services, Inc. is commercializing the use of fluorescent bioreporters in several fields-of-use (FOU's). The primary and near term goal is the detection of explosive hazards and waste at UXO sites, and the detection of landmines in other countries. The NEWTEC-RSI objective is the creation of site survey and soil characterization information to enhance the efficiency of UXO remediation projects for land reclamation and reutilization initiatives. We will also establish broad area detection information to promote demining operations for major infrastructure projects such as oil and gas pipelines, new roadways, and utility lines. A secondary, and a more highly visible global benefit, is the refinement of the process as an area reduction/wide area detection tool for humanitarian demining operations. NEWTEC-RSI with its growing family of biological and phyto-detection capabilities, will be able to expand into several additional market areas. These include, but are not limited to: Frontier Technology Inc. (FTI) and the University of Florida (UF) propose investigation of Morphological Neural Net (MNN) technology for applications to Automatic Target Recognition, Mine Detection, Wide Field Imagery and Target Classification. MNN technology has the potential to solve two-class pattern recognition problems of arbitrary complexity. Partnership expected with companies involved with law enforcement, environmental processing, and drug enforcement techniques. An effective mixing process for gelled propellants, recently developed at AMCOM, will be enhanced to accommodate solids with low bulk densities while completing all gassing. The proposed research will assure mixing process compliance with all solicitation requirements through lumped parameter based system level analysis combined with numerical simulation. Phase I will focus on: 1) system level analysis within a Simulink or MATLAB environment to support equipment definition and numerical boundary conditions of all mixing process simulations; 2) multiple high fidelity flow simulations of the actual gel mixing process using CFDRC's advanced Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) software; 3) detail design of a prototype system utilizing existing mixer features in use at AMCOM and Talley Defense Systems; and 4) identification of the requirements to support Phase II prototype and Phase III production within a Government Owned Contractor Operated (GOCO) facility (Optional Task). Prototype fabrication of two (one fuel and one oxidant) prototype gel processing systems, followed by demonstration at Talley Defense Systems, will be completed in Phase II. The final mixer technology will be delivered to AMCOM and comply with all potential laboratory installation and operational specifications, as well as exceed all local, state and federal regulations. BENEFITS: The Phase II prototype gel propellant system is projected to meet anticipated demand through CY2003. Anticipated demand of gelled propellants in fielded missile systems will necessitate a 10-fold scale-up of the Phase II system beyond CY2005. Existing CFDRC commercial client processes that will benefit from this research include the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food processing industries. Triton Systems, Inc. and the University of California, Santa Barbara are teaming to develop a low-cost, hybrid composite technology which combines the high temperature corrosion resistance of ceramic matrix composite surfaces with the high strength, high thermal conductivity, machinability and weldability of a metal matrix composite. These highly integrated metal-ceramic matrix composite (MCMC&#61668;) structures can be fabricated in a range of component geometries, placing the CMC surfaces in any desired location. For example, MCMC&#61668; gun barrels will be developed possessing a CMC inner bore surface which is structurally supported by a high strength MMC. These hybrid composite barrels will withstand the extreme temperatures, pressures, and chemical environments created by the advanced gun propellants which are exceeding the capabilities of current metal gun systems. By tailoring density/composition gradients through the wall thickness, the MCMC&#61668; will possess a functionally graded metal-ceramic interface that controls thermal stresses and through-barrel thermal conductivity both at the micro- and macro-scales. We will develop a material properties database from which an adequate constitutive description of the material can be formulated. This work will be closely coupled with the development of the computational design and analysis tools capable of predicting the behavior of specific MCMC&#61668; components. The primary near term defense application is light weight, high performance gun tubes for medium and large bore applications. In different configurations the MCMC&#61668; will be used for armor systems, and missile air frame and propulsion components. The low cost technology has direct application as high and low temperature corrosion resistance components for industrial applications, e.g. fluid transfer pipes for the chemical industry, and wetted components in vacuum systems and waste management equipment. Ceramic matrix and metal matrix composites (CMC and MMC) have exemplary properties but do not meet all requirements for gun tubes and other applications. Combining the two composites into a functionally gradient system has the potential to improve performance over either material independently. This could place the CMC in regions of high temperature, wear and/or corrosion while supported by MMC for enhanced structural integrity. Such composite systems including tubular geometries and rocket nozzels have been demonstrated at MER. This program will model a fiber architecture that meets gun tube requirements in the size range of 20 to 155mm. A novel low-cost CMC of SiC/SiC composite will be produced with a fully dense inside surface and porous outer surface, which will be infiltrated with aluminum that transitions into a functionally graded aluminum fiber matrix composite for structural confinement of the CMC. Since MER has the demonstrated capabilities to produce functionally graded CMC, MMC composite material the MER/WPI team will produce tubular composite systems and characterize; which will identify a select composition that will be produced in tubes for burst tests to failure, thermal shock cycling followed by burst testing and deliverable to the Army. A functionally graded ceramic matrix to metal matrix composite material with improved strength toughness/damage tolerant, wear resistant and lightweight has extensive applications in gun tubes, bearing races, armor, corrosion/erosion resistant piping, heat exchangers, etc. This Phase II STTR proposal describes the development of a prototype enzyme-containing adhesive capable of attaching biocatalytic activity directly to skin. The adhesive, when containing organophosphorus-hydrolyzing enzymes, shall serve to protect underlying skin from otherwise toxic applications of nerve agents and pesticides. Agentase, a recognized world leader in developing polymer-based carriers for enzyme catalysis, in collaboration with the Midwest Research Institute, shall demonstrate the feasibility of providing personal protection from hazardous chemicals to individuals via enzyme-based skin adhesives. The toxicity of organophosphorous (OP) nerve agents results from their penetration through the epidermis and their entry into the general circulation, from which they can reach the nervous system. To deal with this problem, protective clothing has been developed in numerous forms. Naturally occurring organophosphorous hydrolases are being incorporated into external protection systems to hydrolyze chemical agents. An alternative to incorporating the nerve agent-degrading enzymes into protective clothing would be to directly attach the enzymes to the surface of the warfighter's skin. Agave BioSystems, in collaboration with Professor George Malliaras of Cornell University, proposes to develop a unique and innovative biosensor based on induced luminescence of captured BW bacterial agents and organic light emitting diode (OLED) technology. The system would use an array of bacteriophage engineered to express fluorescent protein in infected BW agents. The specificity of the phage provides capture of only targets of interest, while the infection of the bacteria and natural replication of the expressed protein will provide the detection signal. Using novel OLED arrays, a phage array chip can be constructed similar to DNA chips for multianalyte detection. The combination of the phage array approach with OLED detection allows development of a powerful biosensing system that does not require additional labeling, sample manipulation, or sophisticated microfluidic and pumping mechanisms.Potential markets include the food processing, environmental, medical and agricultural sectors. Relevant examples include the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in dairy foods and detection of multi-drug resistant bacteria in hospitals and clinics. All bacteria responsible for these outbreaks are susceptible to phage infection, and thus are likely candidates for detection by the phage array biosensor. An optoelectronic integrated circuit combines intersubband infrared and wide bandgap ultraviolet absorption in one pixel with an integrated output. Currently, QWIPs employ a doped multiquantum well structure sandwiched between n+ type contacts. The quantum barrier limited dark current flow requires cooling to 60K for BLIP performance and the QWIPs are hybrid bonded to a Si ROIC for electrical access. In this proposal the intersubband process occurs in a modulation-doped quantum well, so the dark current is generation across a wide-gap semiconductor. No cooling is required because the low dark current allows room temperature BLIP operation. In addition, the wideband material surrounding the quantum well enables UV detection. Thus UV and IR sensing occur in the same pixel. Both the IR and the UV detection mechanisms integrate electrons in the empty well at a inversion-channel interface which is the storage section of a CCD or active pixel with a dedicated output amplifier. The pixel is co-located for both wavelengths so that the IR and UV signals are accessed sequentially. The approach has high pixel density, low noise, reduced power dissipation, circuit size and radiation resistance and manufacturability. In this STTR the dual detector will be demonstrated as an active pixel or CCD.Uncooled CCD arrays with simultaneous IR and UV detection with seamless integrated electronic designs open the door to a wide array of low cost commercial and government product lines that include but are clearly not limited to systems for ultra-high resolution night vision, atmospheric monitoring, medical imaging, thermal sensors, photolithography, and automated manufacturing monitoring. Frontier Technology Inc. (FTI) and the University of Florida (UF) propose investigation of Morphological Neural Net (MNN) technology for applications to Automatic Target Recognition, Mine Detection, Wide Field Imagery and Target Classification. MNN technology has the potential to solve two-class pattern recognition problems of arbitrary complexity. Partnership expected with companies involved with law enforcement, environmental processing, and drug enforcement techniques. The military's traditional reliance on teams to perform vital missions has become even more pronounced as the military transforms itself into a lighter, more mobile, and more deployable force. Although the military does an exceptional job of imparting the technical skills that are required for mission performance, considerably less progress has been made in understanding other factors that make a "good team player." One goal of this project is to identify the dispositional characteristics that comprise the effective team player. In Phase I of this STTR project, we examined the construct of team orientation and defined the core personality facets or traits that underlie this construct. We presented an approach to assessing team orientation using a conditional reasoning test. In Phase II of this project, we will develop, test, and validate these assessment tools. Satisfactory completion of this work will result in the development of innovative and robust team competency assessment tools to support the Army in building the force of the future. The product will be an empirically-tested conditional reasoning test that can be used to link team competencies-specifically team member attitudes-to valued outcomes such as team performance, satisfaction, and retention. A large market exists for the commercialization of this product for individual assessment and personnel selection and placement within the public and private sectors. No satisfactory tool for the assessment of team orientation currently exists. This proposal entails the fabrication of selective permeable reverse microemulsion derived elastomeric membranes which are fabricated using rapid prototyping (RP) techniques. Rp offers a significant advantage in that it is capable of forming membranes having controlled porosity and microstructural architectures on a three dimensional level rather than the two dimensional level attained by conventional membrane fabrication routes. Furthermore, this work also details the synthesis of new, high flexibility liquid crystalline copolymer membrane materials exhibiting predicted lower permeability than conventional butyl elastomer.The ability to fabricate transparent controlled porosity and selectively permeable membranes will have tremendous commercial utility. First these materials could find use in chemical process industries as improved gas or liquid purification/separation membranes. An example of this could involve the removal of trace organics from water or water impurities from engine oil. These membranes could also be used as an effective means of separating viruses or bacteria from drinking water. Finally these selectively permeable membranes may find use as bandages for severe burn victims due to its ability to readily allow perspiration evaporation yet prevent dirt contact with the wounds while they heal. Defense against chemical weapons is a critical DOD requirement. An effective defense requires the development of unique clothing systems that are a physical barrier to toxic vapors, liquids, and aerosols. In addition, the protective material must be permeable to water to reduce incapacitating heat stress, and must be lightweight, flexible, and cost effective. Materials currently in use by DOD are effective barriers to chemical and biological weapons but they are not permeable to water vapor and produce dangerous heat stress and are bulky, severely reducing maneuverability and the overall effectiveness of the wearer. TDA Research, Inc. proposes to develop a breathable protective clothing material from polymerizable surfactants and butyl rubber. The surfactants will form a continuous porous structure with nanometer scale pores large enough to allow water vapor to pass while preventing chemical agents from reaching the wearer. Our approach will use a unique family of polymerizable surfactants and an innovative two step process for forming stable nano-porous structures in the vulcanized butyl rubber. The porous structure of cross-linked butyl rubber films will be characterized and the permeation of water vapor and chemical warfare agent simulants will be quantified.The development of a breathable clothing material for chemical agent protection would be a very significant benefit to the armed forces and civilian defense. Currently, individuals wearing a protective suit are very limited in the amount of physical activity they can endure without the use of a cooling vest or external air supply. The commercial application of this technology would be to manufacture clothing materials for garments produced for the armed forces and civilian defense as a means to protect against chemical warfare or terrorism. Additionally there will be markets for personal protection in industries that handle or produce dangerous chemicals. We propose to develop dual infra-red UV solar-blind AlInGaN-based photodetectors by combining our novel Strain/Energy Band Engineering (SEBE) technology, selective area growth technique, and device passivation for the leakage current reduction with the Multiple Quantum Well design for using intersubband transitions for the infrared detection and band-to-band transitions for the UV detection.Dual and/or multi-color detection/imaging systems will be developed for target recognition and commercial applications such as medicine, spectroscopy, flame sensing, etc. Advanced Ceramics Research, Inc. (ACR) and the University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB) propose to develop novel composite systems with high threshold strengths and fracture toughness for structural applications. This effort will combine our Fibrous Monolith (FM) composite processing and Rapid Prototyping (RP) expertise with UCSB's computational modeling and composite design expertise to develop a new generation of low-cost laminated ceramic-matrix composites. The proposed merger of technologies will allow fabrication of high performance structural components from computer-aided designs (CAD) without part-specific tolling or human interaction. The toxicity of organpophosphorus nerve agents results from their penetration through the epidermis and their entry into the general circulation from which they can reach the nervous system. To deal with this situation, protective clothing has been developed. Naturally occurring organophosphorus hydrolases are being incorporated into external protective systems to hydrolyze chemical agents. In this project, methods will be developed and tested to covalently couple such enzymes directly to the skin surface. This approach may provide safe and effective biodetoxicification of a number of potentially harmful agents. Successful coupling of nerve agent-degrading enzymes to the surface of skin will be of enormous value to military personnel in military conflicts. In addition, non-military commercial applications will be of significant importance for biodetoxicification of industrial, agricultural and chemical agents. Safe and effective topical skin formulations will have widespread utility for extended protection against such agents. We propose to demonstrate the feasibility of hydrogen production from ammonia in a mesochannel-based reactor and heat exchanger. Thermocatalytic ammonia decomposition will be demonstrated in a prototype mesochannel reactor (with approximately 0.5 mm channels). Mesochannel architecture offers substantial improvements in performance compared with the conventional thermocatalytic, packed-bed reactors used in industry. Rapid heat and mass transfer in the small channels allows for significantly smaller reactor and heat-exchanger volumes, lighter system weight, and faster startup. Mesochannel reactor surfaces will be coated with conventional and/or nanocatalysts to eliminate problematic heat-transfer resistances typical of packed-bed reactors. Because heat- and mass-transfer resistances are minimized, the reactor size and weight are reduced to the greatest extent allowed by the reaction kinetics. Our heat exchanger and reactor will include ultra-low thermal conductivity aerogel insulation to keep overall size small and weight very low while maintaining excellent thermal efficiency. Finally, we will include an evaluation of surface-modified carbon adsorbents for the adsorption of residual ammonia from the product stream. These adsorbents offer up to an order of magnitude more ammonia-adsorption capacity than acid-impregnated activated carbon. BENEFITS: A lightweight ammonia-decomposition system will facilitate deployment of hydrogen/air fuel cells as power supplies for the military. Reductions in power-supply weight will improve the effectiveness of war fighters and reduce the operating and support costs associated with battery replacement and recharging. Commercial applications for lightweight power supplies are numerous. Reactive gases such as fluorine present a significant safety and health threat. Despite this, large quantities of these gases are used in a variety of industrial, medical, military, and aerospace applications. Their toxic nature requires accurate and efficient monitoring during manufacturing, transportation, storage, and end use. In order to meet the Army's desire for a fuel-air plus batteries hybrid power pack with 1000 Whr in a 3 kg, 2000 cc unit, we propose an lC-engine starting and running on JP-8, driving a COTS, ECDC starter/generator, with typical solid-state power management and high-energy-density COTS batteries (not NiCd). The small model engine is made practical by a novel fuel-air mixture preparation system and SOTA signature control. Phase I will demonstrate the fuel-air and ignition subsystems on JP-8 with a COTS model engine, and provide quantitative conceptual design of the required configuration and construction for a high-quality small engine. Phase I Option will collapse the bench-top fuel-air and ignition subsystems into a small package for integrated electronic control and demonstration with an existing engine. Phase II will provide a novel small engine-generator subsystem, JP-8 testing, and package integration design. The novel fuel-air system has other applications in engines and burners. BENEFITS: The proposed hybrid system is the only way to meet Army goals for JP-8 predictably. The novel fuel-air system is applicable to larger military and commercial engines and burners that require high performance with liquid fuels, especially heavy fuels. This project proposes the development of a robust, low cost, high density, hybrid power system. The most important features of the proposed approach are: 1) The implementation of the best commercially available power production components with emphasis on simplicity, robustness, and low cost. The baseload and intermediate power (15 W to 50 W) will be provided by a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) commercially available from H-power and the peak power will be provided by a proven, high performance Nickel-Metal-Hydride battery available from Energizer. In phase I bottled hydrogen will be used to fuel a brass board demonstrator and in phase II one of two candidate hydrogen storage technologies will be integrated. 2) A robust and simple overall configuration which places the fuel cell and battery directly in parallel. Careful selection of cell counts in both the fuel cell and battery will lead to a system that does not draw from the battery until the power level reaches ~ 50 W but still provides enough overvoltage at baseload power (15 W) to trickle charge the battery. This simple approach is made practical by the implementation of a battery management strategy based on slight variations in fuel cell air stoichiometry (i.e. slight changes in air supply). 3) An efficient, robust, and low cost control strategy that employs the SmartGuardTM battery management technology developed at AeroVironment. The SmartGuard is a commercially available battery management system that can be slightly adapted to provide the control requirements of this system. SmartGuardTM will cost only $50 per unit. BENEFITS: The power supply proposed here will have immediate benefit/application in Army activities and if energy density targets are met other branches of the DOD would also benefit. Additionally, this type of technology could be directly used in some space applications. Other markets that could benefit from a high density energy storage device include: remote filming crews, remote communication platforms, or any remote installation that requires power. Backup power is another area where this device could have application. Backup power for hospitals, banks, fire stations, and sensitive industrial sites are target markets. This project proposes the development of a robust, low cost, high density, hybrid power system. The most important features of the proposed approach are: 1) The implementation of the best commercially available power production components with emphasis on simplicity, robustness, and low cost. The baseload and intermediate power (15 W to 50 W) will be provided by a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) commercially available from H-power and the peak power will be provided by a proven, high performance Nickel-Metal-Hydride battery available from Energizer. In phase I bottled hydrogen will be used to fuel a brass board demonstrator and in phase II one of two candidate hydrogen storage technologies will be integrated. 2) A robust and simple overall configuration which places the fuel cell and battery directly in parallel. Careful selection of cell counts in both the fuel cell and battery will lead to a system that does not draw from the battery until the power level reaches ~ 50 W but still provides enough overvoltage at baseload power (15 W) to trickle charge the battery. This simple approach is made practical by the implementation of a battery management strategy based on slight variations in fuel cell air stoichiometry (i.e. slight changes in air supply). 3) An efficient, robust, and low cost control strategy that employs the SmartGuardTM battery management technology developed at AeroVironment. The SmartGuard is a commercially available battery management system that can be slightly adapted to provide the control requirements of this system. SmartGuardTM will cost only $50 per unit. Presently deployed metal detectors can detect low-metal content mines, but cannot discriminate mines from metallic clutter. Their operation remains plagued by unacceptably high false alarm rates; 70% of remediation costs go to the excavation of shrapnel, spent bullet casings, and other clutter. Quantum Magnetics proposes a revolutionary enhancement to conventional metal detectors. Using a multi-component magnetic gradiometer as the receiver enables not only detection, but also localization, of an object. Wideband, multi-frequency excitation and advanced signal processing (collaborating with Duke University) can characterize metallic targets, discriminating mines and UXO from clutter. The system is a single tool to detect, locate and characterize both landmines and UXO. It lends itself to integration with other sensor technologies, such as ground-penetrating radar, soil conductivity anomaly sensors, and Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR). QM is the world leader in NQR for detection of bulk explosive charges in landmines. In Phase I, we will collect passive (magnetic) and active (electromagnetic) signatures of various types of simulant mines (SIMs) and clutter; we will then use these signatures to demonstrate the enhanced discrimination afforded by wideband excitation and signal processing. In Phase II, we will develop a prototype using gradiometer technology leveraged from other efforts. BENEFITS: The military and humanitarian demining market for a truly high-performance metal detector numbers in the many thousands of units, worldwide. At a projected per-unit price of no more than $10,000, this yields a demining market size of up to $100 million in sales, not counting in-service support and upgrades. The technology can be adapted for concealed weapons detection in a variety of security and law enforcement applications, and it finally has a limited sales potential in the hobbyist (beachcomber, prospector, metal scavenger) arena. Currently available handheld mine detectors are effective in detecting metal mines and pieces of metal used in the firing mechanisms of non-metallic mines. However, these detectors can have a very high false alarm rate due to an inability to discriminate targets, particularly the types and shapes of small metal-firing mechanism parts, and they are not effective at localizing small metallic targets within their electromagnetic footprint. We are proposing innovative enhancements to the technology embodied in the Army standard mine detecting unit AN/PSS-12 that will lead in subsequent SBIR phases to the development of an affordable device that can precisely locate and discriminate between mines and clutter. BENEFITS:This capability could shorten the time and risks involved in humanitarian demining operations. Consolidating nanopowders into large volume dense compacts while maintaining an ultrafine grain size has remained an elusive goal for the past decade. Part of the problem can be attributed to the unavailability of an economical and practical method for providing the additional driving force for sintering while keeping the temperature low, thus minimizing grain growth. The other aspect of this shortcoming is the close relationship between the starting nanopowders and the final sintered density; majority of the processes available today yield particles that are either aggregated or have a wide particle size distribution, leading to lower densities and exaggerated grain growth in the consolidated material. We are addressing both of these issues by (1) starting with nanopowders (produced by our patented process) that have a minimal amount of aggregation and a narrow size distribution, and (2) using microwave energy to uniformly and rapidly heat the green compact. Using this combination, cermet and ceramic nanopowder compacts have been sintered to near theoretical density without exaggerated grain growth. Furthermore, for the first time ever, microwave sintering has been used to sinter metal components (using coarse powders) with a diameter of 4 and a thickness of 1. Based upon our progress and experience on microwave sintering of nanopowder compacts, in Phase I of the program, we propose to sinter rectangular blocks (4 x 4x 2) of nanocrystalline tungsten and cylindrical discs (4 dia x 1 thick) of nanocrystalline aluminum oxide. Thus, for the first time, nanocrystalline metal and ceramic samples of such a large volume will become available for detailed mechanical property determination, which will be accomplished in Phase II along with consolidation of carbides, alloys and mixed metals. In addition, the sintering system will be further scaled in Phase II, and will be sold as commercial units in Phase III of the program. BENEFITS: There are several applications for nanocrystalline (or nanophase/nanostructured) bulk materials in the military, including penetrators, armors, windows and ballistic protection shields. In addition, the same materials have civilian applications, such as, engine components, cutting tools, bearings and wear parts. The market for nanomaterials is growing at an explosive rate. Once the proposed technology is fully developed, it is expected to occupy a significant portion of the total market, which is estimated to become $ 6 billion by the year 2005. The objective of this phase I and eventual phase II effort is to deliver a prototype fiber-optic delay line capable of delaying an instantaneous bandwidth from 4 to 12 GHz from 0 to 30 msecs, programmable in 10 nsec steps. The Phase I effort will focus on completion of a detail simulation of the proposed delay line configuration to project system performance and determine potential problem areas before the system construction begins with phase II. A recent study involving an experimental recirculating fiber-optic delay line to 25 msecs has shown that the proposed WDM fiber-optic delay line will be completed with low risk. A problem experienced with previous very long fiber-optic delay lines has been the unacceptable side mode activity of single frequency source lasers. An additional important goal of the phase I effort is to design a high performance DFB laser bias circuit which will result in maximum side mode suppression. The delay line resulting from this effort will provide exceptionally long delays of very wide bandwidth microwave signals not previously available, which will result in substantial cost savings in applications where the delay line is used for target simulation and telemetry systems testing. BENEFITS: This research will result in a delivered prototype fiber-optic microwave delay line capable of delaying microwave signals from 0 to 30 msecs, programmable in 10 nsec steps. A substantial cost savings will result by using the delay line as a radar target simulator instead of real targets. This program proposes to develop a power source capable of producing a high-output directional transmission of acoustic energy, using piezoelectric spring-shaped drivers produced using ACR's Fibrous Monolith (FM) technology. These "springs" will consist of a piezo-electric core surrounded by a conductive metal outer layer, and will be configured to provide the desired acoustic output signal while giving consideration to device size, weight and cost. The use of FM processing technology will make it possible to rapidly provide any one of a virtually infinite number of final spring configurations. This design will also provide a method to "pole" the piezoelectric using the outer metal shell to provide both the necessary heat and electric field. The springs can be fabricated from a variety of materials, including those that provide significant high temperature resistance (i.e. >1000 øC). In addition to the above-mentioned acoustic application, these springs also have potential application as load sensors and piezoelectric actuators, especially where resistance to harsh environments is critical. This has a verity of commercial applications including load sensors, actuators and acoustic sources for stereo speakers. A need exists within the U.S. military for more accurate, rugged, rapid, and portable detection systems with reagents that can be customized to address multiple chemical and biological targets. Improved systems allow more effective site inspections, battlefield analysis, and remediation and decontamination of chemical/biological warfare agents. During the Phase II program, Luna Innovations (formerly F&S. Inc.) and its university partner propose to continue development and commercialization of optical fiber molecular microarrays for ultrasensitive chemical/biological (CB) agent detection. This program combines Luna's commercial experience in developing sensor technology with university research into a in vitro evolution and selection process to create novel oligonucletides for targets of interest. During the Phase I program, the Luna team developed a model oligonucleotide system, coupled by the oligonucleotides to hydrogel coated optical fibers, and demonstrated multiplexed mass and fluorescent detection of target. Luna has demonstrated the individual components of the target detection system and during the Phase II will integrate them into a commercially viable system with near term market impact. Luna believes this technology will benefit the U.S. military and numerous commercial applications by improving the sample time, sensitivity, flexibility, portability, and selectively of current CB sensor technologies. Research concerning optical fiber molecular microarrays for chemical/biological agent detection systems will yield high-resolution, low-cost, multi compound, affinity systems for applications in 1) chemical/biological agent detection, 2) drinking and wastewater monitoring, 3) large-scale, high-speed testing in the medical field, 4) chemical analysis, and 5) intelligent process monitoring of advanced materials. New methods are needed for the rapid detection of biological threat agents in the field. Biologically-based molecular recognition is the most promising approach to this problem; however, most threat agents are not easily recognized by natural systems and it is difficult to determine when recognition has taken place. We propose to solve these two problems by creating new threat agent binding sites and incorporating them into a biological system that undergoes changes in its optical properties during its normal biological function. When the target binds with the system, this function is inhibited, which changes its normal optical properties. This deviation from normal optical behavior after agent binding provides the basis for our sensor. The requisite binding sites for the threat agents can be developed and incorporated into the biosystem using well-established biochemical techniques. The proposed optical biosensor would permit rapid detection of the molecular recognition event with simple, inexpensive optical hardware. Laboratory proof-of-concept studies have already validated our approach. We propose to broaden the scope of species that can be detected with this technique and to demonstrate the feasibility of developing a compact, inexpensive optical biosensor for threat agents such as biotoxins. BENEFITS: The optical biosensor will have an extremely broad range of applications. The proposed method is highly adaptable and potential target species extend from small organic molecules to viruses and cells. Applications include medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring. All of the elements of the biosensor are inexpensive and robust, further insuring the commercial viability of this technology. The objective of this proposed work is to develop a novel high-performance catalytic microreactor that can be used to generate hydrogen through the autothermal decomposition of ammonia. The microreactor will operate with an extremely short residence time that is on the order of a millisecond. This chemical reactor configuration has two advantages that make this route to fuel cell hydrogen attractive. First, the autothermal operation of the reactor allows for the coupling of the exothermic combustion of ammonia with the endothermic decomposition of ammonia to hydrogen and nitrogen. Second, the short residence time translates into a small reactor volume with high throughputs. BENEFITS: The proposed Phase I research will be immediately applicable in any chemical process that requires the use of hydrogen. The novel reactors proposed here can be readily scaled up to provide large quantities of hydrogen. However, due to the short contact time of these reactors, they will still be substantially smaller than "traditional" chemical reactors i.e. typically 1/10 to 1/100 the size since residence times are 1/10 to 1/100 of those in "traditional" chemical reactors. Processes that would find the novel reactors proposed here useful are hydrogenation, hydrotreating, hydroisomerization, and the hydrogen enriching of syngas. A lightweight hydrogen fuel source is proposed, consisting of a reactor utilizing liquid ammonia (NH3) and solid (powdered) aluminum hydride (AlH3). The package includes a control block and a filter. This package can safely provide hydrogen to a hydrogen/air fuel cell (H/AFC) within the power range of 10-500 W, with sufficient fuel for 1 kWhr of energy. With total weight less than 1 kg and total package volume less than or equal to 1 liter, the unit is suitable for integration with a H/AFC for portable applications. The unit can be produced in sizes tailored to specific power requirements. The reaction of interest is NH3 + AlH3 = AlN + 3H2 + 45 kcal of heat. Stoichiometric reactants for production of 1 kWhr of energy are 170 g of liquid NH3 and 300 g of AlH3. The only gaseous byproduct of the reaction is hydrogen; all other byproducts are solid phase. This Phase I effort includes determination of reaction kinetics, developing controlled operation of hydrogen production, control of reaction heat release, optimization of the reaction to decrease released heat, and development of a near-optimum design for packaging the reactor components. BENEFITS: It is anticipated that the Army will gain from this R&D effort a hydrogen source which is at or near 1 Wh of energy per gram of total source mass, including reactants and packaging. This source should be easily adaptable as a fuel supply for hydrogen/air fuel cells, which can be used as portable power sources for a variety of recreational purposes. Primary recreational applications will be portable GPS systems, emergency beacons, and small portable appliances and equipment which utilizes low-power electronics. The Army has implemented multiple programs to develop and field rechargeable alternatives to currently used primary batteries. These programs are motivated by the need to reduce peacetime (MOOTW, military operations other than war) battery costs. While the performance characteristics of Army rechargeable batteries approaches the state-of-the-art relative to available battery technologies, battery capacity, shelf life and high temperature stability are significantly less than primary battery alternatives. To improve rechargeable cell chemistry to more closely meet the Army's needs, Yardney Technical Products, Inc. proposes a Phase II SBIR program to develop and demonstrate novel negative electrode materials for Li-ion batteries. In particular, the program will build upon past success with tin based anode materials and focus on materials that have the potential to enable the development of rechargeable batteries with significantly improved energy density, shelf life and high temperature stability. Anticipated benefits to the Government include longer life rechargeable batteries, facilitating reduction in Army battery costs. Further, a unique rechargeable cell chemistry that offers performance superior to currently available technologies will reduce production costs and enable the establishment of new business opportunities for battery manufacturers. Company level supply operations are complicated by frequent moves in response to changes in the Forward Edge of the Battle Area (FEBA). Each move involves extensive planning to select and layout a new site that satisfies all tactical and logistic requirements. The current process is manual. Maps, overlays, and grease pencils are primary tools. Experience and intuition are the key inputs. Many person hours are consumed. Opportunities abound for errors that can seriously impact support effectiveness and inflate operation and support costs with additional planning hours and unnecessary delays at supply nodes. Plans for the Army After Next (AAN) include a highly digitized battlefield and a Revolution in Military Logistics (RML). A tool such as LOGSPOT must be developed to ensure that these benefits become available to company level supply units. Regal proposes to integrate the positional accuracy provided by GPS with a comprehensive supply planning tool for company sized units. Phase I will develop a full set of functional requirements and system specifications. Key GPS integration features will also be demonstrated. Integration with existing and planned information resources will enable LOGSPOT to reduce planning time, lower O&S costs, increase support effectiveness, and enhance situational awareness at all levels. BENEFITS: Incorporation of LOGSPOT will improve supply effectiveness and reduce operating and support costs. The company level LOGSPOT tool can be expanded to other supply nodes in the Army supply chain. Civilian disaster relief and emergency management require similar planning that can benefit from the features offered by LOGSPOT at national, state, and local levels. The ability to rapidly adapt mission plans is key to operational success on the modern battlefield. Although particularly true for front-line forces, long-term success also requires capable and aware force sustainment. Therefore, this ability is equally critical for Combat Service Support (CSS). On the digital battlefield, the technologies necessary to allow rapid planning and adaptation include: 1) data fusion, 2) analysis automation, 3) battlefield visualization, and 4) collaborative planning. A prototype Logistics Site Planning And Operation Tool (LOGSPOT) that planners can use to optimize site layouts and plan daily operations will be developed. This tool, based on the concept development version developed during Phase 1, will be fully digital: capable of integrating information from electronic intelligence reports, radio frequency (RF) supply tags, digital terrain databases (vector, raster and imagery), and tabular logistic knowledge and rules. The requirement for LOGSPOT to co-register geographic data and provide high-quality map products implies the need for embedded Geographic Information System (GIS) functionality. However, additional requirements for efficiency and minimal training imply a customized, easy to use tool. TSC proposes to combine the extensive functionality of ESRI's commercial ArcView GIS with the customized algorithms and interface required for intuitive logistics planning. The objective of this proposed Phase I study is to examine and evaluate primarily though simulation tools such as CADSI and more specific higher level DTI developed programs, the advantages of integrating leading edge subsystems into a modular trailer concept compatible with future AAN requirements. The concept proposed is a logistically flexible, high mobility trailer platform utilizing active suspension/in-wheel drive swing arm modules with hybrid electric power and a control system that will provide an autonomous platform where an intelligent system determines desired steering, braking and power commands. The study will investigate the hierarchical control methodology, performance and logistical utility gain of using a umbilical power control cable system that will couple vehicles and trailers together in a combination of variants and provide dynamic control and appropriate movement of coupled vehicles as they relate to each other. Performance optimization of the Integrated suspension/drive swing arm module and fuzzy logic controls will be explored and independent in-wheel propulsion drive configurations will also be selected for simulation and study. This concept has the potential to achieve greater trailer performance levels in mobility, and logistics. The information and preliminary design produced will provide a solid foundation for a successful phase II program. BENEFITS: It is expected that the new technologies examined in this program when applied to the proposed modular trailer concept could yield substantial performance breakthroughs for utilization of independent electric drive for traction control and skid steer capability, and an advanced suspension to increase load capacity and high mobility. These technologies developed and validated during the HMT program should be equally applicable to commercial, recreational and military interest. Once matured the commercial and recreational markets should drive future technology advancements for the military to further reducing operating and support cost of mobility for the military. Defense Planning Guidance (DPG), FY2000-2005 requires the United States (U.S.) Military to develop the capability to rapidly project a dominant ground force anywhere in the world within days. The Army Vision and draft Army Strategic Environments (Draft FM 525-5) reinforce the DPG by requiring the right mix of mission tailored, combat-ready land forces and capabilities, including support and sustainment, to any point in the globe to achieve full spectrum force effectiveness and overmatch thoughout the spectrum of operations. A program is proposed to evaluate the feasibility of using low-cost microturbines to meet the U.S. Army future requirements for small, lightweight engines (less than 10 kW power) that operate on heavy fuel and achieve very high power per cubic foot of engine volume. The program will accomplish this evaluation in two tasks; the basic program using today's technology, and an option that will evaluate innovative technology advances.In the basic program today's state-of-the-art microturbine capability will be demonstrated through both analysis and test. A very simple, low-cost turbojet developed for the model aircraft industry will be modified into a shaft engine and tested to determine it's capabilities, including it's power density. Along with the test evaluation, analysis will be conducted to provide an engineering understanding of the engine demonstration. Analysis will include performance, thermal and stress analysis, sealing/leakage evaluation, dynamic behavior, and life projections.In the program option a microturbine in the power range of interest will be conceptually designed using advanced technology features and innovative component arrangements to maximize the volumetric power density.This program will provide the U.S. Army with an engineering evaluation of the suitability of an important class of engines (microturbines less than 10 kW) for use in air/ground unmanned vehicles and to supply power needs for the Army footsoldier. Commercially, this will provide a heavy-fuel, lightweight alternative to small gasoline engines for smooth and safe aero, marine, business, or home application. Yardney Technical Products proposes to develop a novel type of dual-use Li-ion cell optimized for future Army applications. In addition to offering specific energy, energy density and low temperature performance beyond that possible with current Li-ion technology, the program will focus on the development of a technology that offers high temperature performance, pulse power capability and cost consistent with the Army's anticipated battery needs. The batteries will achieve these performance goals through development and incorporation of improved cathode, anode, electrolyte and ancillary materials that address materials limited criteria, including high temperature stability and pulse power capability. The metallic anode material to be developed and optimized in this program will be based on a material that offers unparalleled capacity density, 3.8 times that of carbon. This program will address the material's optimization for high power application and use in extreme temperature environments. The proposed mixed metal oxide cathode material offers high capacity, long cycle life, and low cost. The proposed electrolyte system permits extended life, high pulse power, and improved low temperature capability. These innovations will yield a new generation of Li-ion cells that offer improved energy density, electrical performance, and meet projected Army rechargeable battery performance criteria. BENEFITS: The proposed program will develop a new type of Li-ion battery that offers performance beyond that possible with current technology. This power source will permit the development of new apparatus currently not possible due to the lack of a viable power source. Commercial applications of the proposed technology include commercial aircraft batteries, radios, power tools and cameras. Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells are a candidate to fill the Army's need for high-energy lightweight power sources. Methanol is a more convenient fuel source than gaseous hydrogen, but requires advanced membrane materials and alternative processing. A polyphosphazene-based PEM processed with electron beam has the potential to meet the Army's portable fuel cell requirements. Preliminary experiments have shown enhanced conductivity, low methanol crossover and good structural properties. Electron beam crosslinking is an efficient, cost-effective processing method for fuel cell membranes, with chemical and fabrication advantages. The prevailing low-cost electrochemical capacitor technology consists of carbon electrodes in an organic electrolyte. To increase the energy storage of this system, it is proposed to functionalize the carbon surface with a group which undergoes reversible electron transfers in organic electrolytes. The procedure for attaching this group to carbon has already been demonstrated, and the electrochemistry of the group itself is known. Its associated faradaic processes should provide a two-electron pseudocapacitance, and based on our past experience with another pseudocapacitive system, this is expected to increase the carbon's energy storage by 80 to 400%. The greatest enhancements are anticipated when certain varieties of nanofiber carbon are functionalized. The proposed surface-modification procedure involves no special equipment; it is straightforward and practical. The Phase I work includes the preparation and testing of carbon materials enhanced with this pseudocapacitive scheme. BENEFITS: The proposed pseudocapacitance may well double the capacitance of the original carbon, and it would be applicable to almost all varieties of carbon. The greatest potential benefits will come from enhancing tailored carbon nanofibers which exhibit high frequency capacitance. We have evidence that pseudocapacitance can add energy even at high frequencies in some nanofibers (at >1000 Hz in aqueous systems), so that a relatively high-frequency pseudocapacitance may also be realized in organic electrolytes when nanofiber substrates are used. The result would be enhanced power as well as energy from surface functionalization. Paratroopers have been among those in the Army at the highest risk of serious injuries. These injuries are due to excessive impact forces and moments, and are a great concern for military operations. The overall goal of this Phase II program is to reduce these injuries. Two avenues will be taken to achieve this goal by using a combined approach involving biomechanical modeling and laboratory testing. One is to provide guidelines of landing techniques for paratrooper training. The other is to reduce landing impact forces and moments through protective devices. Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposes to investigate integrated optic gas sensors (IOGS) for real-time monitoring of hazardous gaseous combustion/pyrolysis chemicals in a fire/thermal/smoke environment. A sensor array will be fabricated upon a silicon substrate using waveguide splitter geometry. The light source and detector array will be fabricated onto a GaAs or InP substrate and will be integrated into a single substrate with the sensor array by using newly developed wafer fusion technology. Each splitter arm will be coated with polymers specific to different gaseous chemicals. The same chip will contain an RF system for remote control monitoring of the IOGS. To identify and quantify gaseous mixtures, user-friendly software based on POC's existing neural network (NNW) technology will be developed. The IOGS will be retrievable, highly sensitive (ppbv) and fast. Because of its small size and rugged package, the IOGS can be easily placed on clothing or protective clothing items. Phase I will demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach, using several military listed chemicals with the IOGS prototype. In Phase II, a workable pocket size prototype will be demonstrated for all 17 chemicals listed by the military. BENEFITS: This project will provide a compact, highly efficient, extremely rugged, cost effective, fire/thermal/smoke resistant semiconductor waveguide based IOGS. It will be combined with a laser source and detecting system onto a single substrate for hazardous gaseous chemicals detection on military battlefields. It is practical in all areas where chemical and biological toxins require control or monitoring. Over half a million military and civilian personnel are annually, in the course of performing their duties, exposed to toxic combustion and pyrolysis byproducts. Greatly reducing the impact of such exposures, or avoiding them altogether, is the purpose of a fast, rugged, "early warning" system Implant Sciences proposes to develop. This "sensor-on-a-chip" employs a matrix of tiny catalyzed-semiconducting-oxide elements for simultaneous, nearly instant identification and quantification of the constituent gases present in an airborne mixture. The sensor takes advantage of gas composition - and concentration - dependent surface conductivity changes in oxide films carried on submicron-thick bridges to create a very fast instrument capable of analyzing for a wide range of gases and combustion products with parts-per-billion sensitivity. Because the heart of the instrument, the sensor chip, is fabricated using high-volume microelectronics technology, both its cost and the cost of the finished instrument will be low. The project's ultimate objective is a device sufficiently compact and inexpensive to serve as a personal combustion monitor carried in a pocket or on a belt, from which location it measures toxic gas concentration, sounds an alarm if hazardous levels are exceeded, logs data, and upon interrogation transfers these data to medical personnel for analysis and interpretation. BENEFITS: The principal of catalyzed-oxide chemical sensing is readily extended beyond its potential as a personal combustion-product monitor for combatants, firefighters, miners, and oil-field workers to household and automotive applications such as inexpensive, reliable, CO, CO2, NOx, and hydrocarbon measuring instruments. A broad variety of military environments subject soldiers to severe shocks, vibrations, and rapid sharp motions on a regular basis that can contribute strongly to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and other repetitive stress injuries (RSIs). In order to understand the causes of MSDs, particularly to the head and neck, it is necessary to determine the forces and stresses imposed upon the head and neck and correlate the results with the response of the major muscle groups as measured by electromyographic (EMG) activity. Physical Optics Corporation proposes to develop a Compact Upper Extremity Tracking and EMG Recorder (CUE-TER) system, with wired and wireless capability, in which microelectromechanical system (MEMS) sensors measure the accelerations and rotations of the head and torso while simultaneously sensing the EMG activity of the major muscle groups of the neck and upper back. The resulting data is relayed from these sensors to a solid state recorder, which compresses and stores the results in non-volatile flash memory. From the recorded data, military personnel can extract the forces, torques, and stresses on the head and neck, and the associated muscle activity. This information can then be used to identify and ameliorate the causes of MSDs, and to design laboratory simulations. The objective is the development of a high power microwave antenna to operate with 100 megawatts pulsed input at L band. Unfortunately, the present dish antennas capable of achieving this objective are too large for use on Army land vehicles (HMMV) and air platforms (Blackhawk). With recent antennas in dielectric materials, ferrolectric materials, semiconductors, and plasmas, coupled with advances in numberical and analytic prediction techniques, it should be feasible to accomplish a miniaturized antenna which will meet the Army's objectives. BENEFITS: The miniaturization of antennas will find wide applications in the civilian wireless, PCS, and portable telephone market. The objective is the development of a high power microwave antenna to operate with 100 megawatts pulsed input at L band. Unfortunately, the present dish antennas capable of achieving this objective are too large for use on Army land vehicles (HMM) and air platforms (Blackhawk). With recent antennas in dielectric materials, forrelectric materials, semiconductors, and plasmas, coupled with advances in numerical and analytic prediction techniques, it should be feasible to accomplish a miniaturized antenna which will meet the Army's objectives. The commercial power grid within the CONUS is potentially susceptible to severe interruption and damage resulting from Geomagnetic Storm Induced Currents (GIC) and from the Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD/E3) component of a High Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) event. Under the recently completed Phase I SBIR program, SARA has successfully developed and experimentally demonstrated an innovative "sense and isolate" concept named "TWIST" for protection of NMD and C4I facilities against MHD and GIC threats. "TWIST" is a unique and innovative technique for sensing and mitigating the electrical transients that are induced on power lines as a result of (MHD/E3) and GIC. SARA's revolutionary technique is a multi-stepped technique that discriminates between "real" MHD events and other non-destructive electrical transients and reacts to protect the system by isolating it from the power distribution system. The Phase II program will develop, fabricate, and demonstrate a full scale engineering prototype of the protection concept for the NMD facilities. A set of non-flammable electrolytes composed of a lithium salt and a mixture of carbonate and carbonate-like solvents is proposed for Li-ion batteries. Some of these specifically designed solvents, which are not commercially available, will be prepared in a single step from readily available starting materials. These electrolytes are expected to exhibit superior battery performance, including improved safety and wider temperature ranges for operations. This proposal is a combined effort between a growing small business company and a leading academic institution in the area of lithium battery technology. BENEFITS: The developed electrolytes will significantly promote the emerging EV battery market, as well as in other high-power energy storage areas sponsored by the private sector, such as cellular phone and power tool industries. Recent advances in programmable Spatial Light Modulators (SLMs) have lead to their use in optical processing systems for high-speed target recognition. Unfortunately the state-of-the-art in SLMs still limits the overall performance of the optical correlators. These limitations include operating speed and optical efficiency. Boulder Nonlinear Systems (BNS) proposes to draw on its expertise in the development of high-speed SLMs to develop a high-speed bipolar multi-level SLM. The key is developing a very high-speed SLM that also has high optical efficiency when used as a bipolar multi-level modulator. During Phase I we will utilize new Liquid Crystal (LC) materials with our existing 128x128 multi-level SLM to determine the feasibility of obtaining highly efficient bipolar modulation. We will also take this information, combined with our expertise in developing high-speed liquid crystal SLMs, and develop a conceptual design for a high-speed, high-efficiency bipolar multi-level SLM. The conceptual design will be based on availability of silicon foundry processes and of off-the-shelf driver components. During Phase II, the high-speed, high-efficiency bipolar multi-level SLM and associated drivers will be fully developed. As the only supplier of high-speed multi-level LC SLMs BNS is highly qualified to complete this program. BENEFITS: BNS has built substantial business around our SLMs because we have designed them exclusively for optical processing applications. This focus of design objectives has so far resulted in three successful SLM products, the 128x128 binary SLM, the 256x256 binary SLM, and the 128x128 multi-level SLM. The 512x512 multi-level SLM has yet to be released as a final product pending the completion of the current development efforts on the small pixel pitch and high-speed drive electronics. There is a great deal of interest in high resolution, high-throughput multi-level SLMs from the space, military, commercial, and academic communities in our country as well as abroad. With the successful completion of the proposed Phase I and II efforts, we will be in a position to offer this high-efficiency bipolar multi-level SLM as a product, the likes of which cannot currently be found anywhere. The objective of this product is to increase the ability of existing Army lithium prismatic battery types to meet future equipment battery footprints and decrease the chances of future battery type proliferation in the logistics system. The proposed battery system is a dual voltage, multiconfigurable design that can be inserted into a BA-5847/U lithium battery configuration by using the specially designed adapter. Without the adapter the proposed battery system can form four(4) physically distinct battery types, each capable of providing two(2) electrical configurations. BENEFITS: Potential post applications exist both in the defense and commercial markets. In the defense, we see this product to become as the "power on demand" application for the handheld applications, such as infrared or GPS guided, in vehicular applications such as communications, microprocessors/computers. In the commercial sectors, camcorder cameras, handheld computers, laptops, monitors, communications, microprocessors or computers. The objective of this product is to increase the ability of existing Army lithium prismatic battery types to meet future equipment battery footprints and decrease the chances of future battery type proliferation in the logistics system. The proposed battery system is a dual voltage, multiconfigurable design that can be inserted into a BA-5847A/U lithium battery configuration by using the specially designed adapter. Without the adapter the proposed battery system can form four(4) physically distinct battery types, each capable of providing two(2) electrical configurations. The intelligence community is interested in extracting tactical situation knowledge of current and planned enemy activities from the automated monitoring of battlefield radio communications. The limiting factor in the successful application of these emerging language based interpreters is the poor quality of the speech captured from these tactical radio intercepted transmissions. Natural Language Understanding (NLU),language identification, language translation, speaker identification, keyword spotting, gisting, language parsing and context interpretation are emerging technologies to be developed to achieve this automated intelligence processing. Innovative wide-band signal recovery techniques, are used for accurate extraction of captured speech from the severely degraded transmission intercepts, incorporating methods most beneficial for natural language algorithm performance and to discount radio specific signatures. Unique to this research opportunity is the ability to merge our recent technology breakthroughs for identifying and tracking speakers by stripping away radio channel masking and multipath degraded tactical radio transmitted speech. TRI has demonstrated highly accurate speech extraction algorithms are possible in noise environments with a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) of minus 10dB. These TRI emerging signal recovery and speech extraction algorithms are designed to work as a front-end processor for NLU recognition and interpretation algorithms. TRI is also developing and integrating a superior speech interpretation and understanding system for information extraction from tactical transmissions using syntactic, semantic and tactical dialog context understanding algorithms. The real-time speech intelligibility enhancement technology is to be embedded with the next generation radio audio processing schema to effect a processing efficient and low-power consumption solution, by merging duplicative speech processing and memory requirements. BENEFITS: Speaker identification and natural language understanding that are communications media independent, represents the next generation interface between humans and electronic devices. Consumer product applications include; personal data assistants, computers, appliances, radios, cell-phones, vendor kiosks, ATMs, web-site browsers, information fusion and decision aids. Asbestos containing materials have been used in buildings in many applications for insulation and fire proofing such as pipe insulation, vinyl asbestos tiles, transite boards. Asbestos fibers are hazardous and EPA in No. 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 61 regulates asbestos-containing material (ACM). Currently the ACM are encapsulated in place, which merely postpones the final solution, which is removal of ACM. In situ treatment using acids and fluoride ions has been used successfully in the laboratory for chemical digestion of ACM. However, in bulk construction material, other constituents such as gypsum, vermiculites are also present. The presence of these materials makes the acid digestion more difficult. It is proposed in this research that microwave-coupling compounds will be added to the chemical digestion process to enhance the chemical reaction because of local heat. The feasibility of using ultrasonic vibration in conjunction with microwave energy to enhance the chemical digestion of ACM in construction materials will be investigated. BENEFITS: At present the cost of asbestos removal is prohibitive. Current techniques for removing asbestos containing materials (ACM) require the construction of airtight barriers, labor intensive scraping of the ACM and costly environmental and worker protection. Development and testing of an in situ chemical digestion process for ACM will greatly reduce the cost of asbestos abatement. The DoD owns more than 2 billion square feet of buildings and structures, which have some ACM. It is estimated that the cost to the DoD for asbestos inspection, training, in place management, and abatement will exceed $ 1 billion. In situ digestion by chemicals has the potential of cost avoidance of 20 percent, or $200 million. Specifically CREI hopes to achieve the following during Phase III. The monitoring and analysis of the structural integrity of buildings, bridges, and machines is increasingly important as the average age of these structures increases. Structural monitoring can be accomplished through the addition of a magnetostrictive phase to the construction material. Changes in the structure are reflected by changes in the magnetic signature of the magnetostrictive phase allowing prediction of structural problems well before they become catastrophic. The sheer volume of existing infrastructure requires large arrays of inexpensive magnetic sensors to accomplish the monitoring. Magnetic fluxgates have the required sensitivity for this application, but at present are either too bulky or too expensive for practical use. In Phase I of this SBIR, micromagnetic fluxgates will be fabricated using common, inexpensive techniques on rigid substrates, and compared to Hall effect sensors with regard to sensitivity. In the Phase I follow on, fabrication on flexible substrates will be investigated. In Phase II, integration of drive and sense circuitry will be completed and arrays of sensors will be fabricated. In Phase III, an inexpensive, off-the-shelf microfluxgate sensor system will be commercially produced and marketed. BENEFITS: Completion of this research will allow the production of inexpensive microfluxgate systems for use in monitoring structural integrity resulting in prevention of catastrophic failure saving both lives and money. In addition to this application, this microfluxgate system would be used in personal compasses, artillery shell spin sensors, vehicle detection, commercial compasses, proximity detection, ink and code scanners, and current sensing. Total sales in 5 years following Phase II are projected to be $40,000,000. DoD personnel and domestic first responders have an immediate and pressing need for a lightweight, man-portable system for rapid detection and quantification of CBW agents in the environment. The MesoSystems/Micronics/UW/SRI team combines the following key capabilities to create a unique opportunity for revolutionary advancement of miniaturized biodetection systems: With limited display luminance, the contrast of see-through head mounted display (HMD) systems can be degraded calamitously in the presence of high-luminance scenes, or bright ambients. Moreover, the visibility of a HMD is often impeded due to localized flares in the ambient. An ideal solution to the problem is an active ambient attenuator with adaptive optical density in the pixel level. This Phase I proposal addresses the design and fabrication of such an active ambient attenuator. The adaptive function of the proposed system is based on a nonlinear attenuation mechanism installed near the focus plane. A scene is first focused onto the focus plane near the adaptive attenuator. The adaptive attenuator is made to vary its optical density spatially in such a way that greater density is created in areas where more intense light impinges. Through such spatial filtering, the image is re-collimated for the viewer. With this system, the image of the ambient is altered to have a more uniform and suitable level of luminance for HMDs. In Phase I, a preliminary device will be made according to the described principles. A bench-top demonstration of the adaptive attenuation function will be performed. BENEFITS: A successful implementation of the proposed adaptive optical attenuator will greatly improve the effectiveness of the HMD systems. Devices of this kind can also be used for eye protection for personnel in war or for patients of macular degeneration. Welders and other personnel exposed to sun glare and intense laser irradiation may also benifit from the protection of the proposed adaptive attenuator. Recent advances in programmable Spatial Light Modulators (SLMs) have lead to their use in optical processing systems for high-speed target recognition. Unfortunately the state-of-the-art in SLMs still limits the overall performance of the optical correlators. These limitations include operating speed and optical efficiency. Boulder Nonlinear Systems (BNS) proposes to draw on its expertise in the development of high-speed SLMs to develop a high-speed bipolar multi-level SLM. The key is developing a very high-speed SLM that also has high optical efficiency when used as a bipolar multi-level modulator. During Phase I we have analyzed new Liquid Crystal (LC) materials, and developed a conceptual design for a high-speed, high-efficiency bipolar multi-level 256x256 SLM. During Phase II, the new 256x256 SLM and associated drivers will be fully developed. In addition, we will develop an optical correlator system utilizing the new bipolar high-speed 256x256 multi-level SLMs. This optical correlator system will be delivered at the end of the Phase II. As the only supplier of high-speed multi-level LC SLMs, and a developer of optical processing systems for over 10 years, BNS is highly qualified to complete this program. A state-of-the-art Computational Fluid Dynamic/Large Eddy Simulation (CFD/LES) methodology that has well established aero-acoustic capabilities will be implemented for investigating flow induced oscillations of cavity flowfields and a theoretical understanding of cavity acoustic suppression via leading edge jet blowing will be developed. Numerical investigations will be conducted using the three-dimensional, finite volume CFD code, CRAFT, which utilizes a fully implicit, characteristic based upwind scheme with higher order spatial and temporal accuracy to provide for accurate shock capturing while simultaneously preserving acoustic accuracy. Prior applications of CRAFT (in conjunction with LES) to various cavity/ducted problems have demonstrated its ability in providing accurate representation of unsteady flowfields characterized by pressure oscillations, periodic vortex shedding, acoustic feedback and instability modes. The ability of open-loop leading edge jet blowing to provide suppression of acoustic loads in a cavity will be systematically investigated and optimization of leading edge jet blowing will be conducted. Varied spectral analysis techniques will be employed to identify acoustic source location. The proposed research also provides the foundation for evaluation of cavity suppression via closed-loop leading edge jet blowing. BENEFITS: The proposed research is directly relevant to design of acoustic suppression techniques for future combat aircraft (F-22, JSF, etc.) and UCAV which feature internal bays. The research also supports development of novel technologies for abatement of jet engine and industrial equipment noise. Within the energy sector, cavity analysis technique finds application in the design of boilers, furnaces, incinerators, etc. where combustion instability is a major concern. Because of severe limits to the surface available to antenna apertures on many platforms, there is an emphasis on the use of very wide instantaneous bandwidth phased array antennas that can be used for both communication and radar purposes. In addition, many current and proposed systems require support for very wide band waveforms. Phased array antennas that meet this need must employ time delay control on top of phase control for proper beam forming and steering. The rapidly developing Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology is currently providing components such as controllable Time Delay Units (TDUs) that promise to meet the wide band phased array need. In addition, these promise to be low cost, light weight, and reliable in operation. Technology Service Corporation proposes to design and fabricate a Ku band beam steerable active array antenna using MEMS based TDUs that will have an instantaneous bandwidth greater than 10%, with beam widths of 2 o x 5 o . In addition the design will utilize a new layering architecture that will significantly reduce size, weight, and cost. BENEFITS: Wide band phased array antennas that use MEMS based time delay control for beam forming and steering together with a new layering architecture will significantly reduce their size, weight, and cost. This will result in a wider range of phased array applications to military and commercial communication and radar systems where cost, weight, and size are currently prohibitive. The Army has a need for a variable-volume, closed-batch process for making gelled propellants. The gelled propellant is produced by mixing fumed silica (sub-micron, low-density solids) with Inhibited Red Fuming Nitric Acid (IRFNA a toxic, corrosive volatile liquid). Gelled propellants are being developed as a safer and more cost-effective alternative to liquid propellants. A mixing process is needed to produce consistent and in-specification gelled propellants for research and development purposes. The developed system should scale up to accommodate production quantities. A Phase I program is proposed to investigate the feasibility of developing a Gelled Propellant Mixing (GPM) system. The program defined includes and an in depth study of the existing laboratory scale process to determine the complete system requirements including technical, regulatory, safety and site. Four key issues will be investigated, fumed silica conveyance, silica and IRFNA mixing, Gel degassing and Gel displacement. A Phase I prototype design will be completed. Testing of the prototype is planned at an Army facility during an optional task. BENEFITS: A GPM system would reduce the development costs of Gelled Propellants by reducing the number of out of specification batches, reducing the process time and increasing safety to the users, facilities and the environment. The development of the GPM system will accelerate R&D Capabilities in Gelled bipropulsion. Improved mixing technology would find application in any number of commercial markets that require the blending fine particulates in liquids. This proposal details use of an innovative new technology called Time Modulated Ultra Wideband radio, in conjunction with autonomous micro air vehicles to provide reliable, robust, high bandwidth communication between any number of ground stations and any number of unmanned ground vehicles. When two TM-UWB radios communicate, each accurately learns their relative distance. In our system, this range data is used by the micro air vehicles for self organization and self healing of the communications network. TM-UWB radios do not transmit continuous radio waves like conventional radio. Only pulses are transmitted, and power is used only during the short duration of those pulses. Pulses in the time domain result in very wideband signals in the frequency domain, which make them almost impossible to intercept and difficult to jam. The lower frequency component of the signal allows the signals to penetrate foliage, walls, and other obstacles, and TM-UWB is almost totally unaffected by multipath interference. The TM-UWB output stage is a single transistor which is ON or OFF, there is no intermediate frequency, and no up-conversion and no down-conversion. This simplicity is critical for realization of the micro air vehicle, where even a few grams makes a difference in the design. In a fiber optic telecommunications field that is rapidly moving towards wavelength multiplexed systems, a means of converting signals from one wavelength to another is needed. In this application organic materials can be combined with the second-order nonlinear optical process of parametric frequency conversion to produce novel state-of-the-art devices. Our goal is to develop wavelength conversion devices based on parametric frequency mixing with poled polymers. Previous work has shown that the critical parameter in polymeric waveguides is propagation loss at the second harmonic wavelength. Consequently, the first phase will consist of finding a polymeric system which has both small propagation losses (<3 dBtcm) in the wavelength range 750-800 nm and potentially large nonlinearities of 50-100 pm/V. Then, to take full advantage of this nonlinear material, it will be teamed with two other transparent linear polymers, to realize highly nonlinear waveguide structures that can be phase matched for efficient SHG around 1550 nm. If successful, this will open the door to the full development and implementation of polymeric wavelength conversion devices based on parametric processes. In particular, we will then realize frequency shifters for the 1.5 Am band that can operate at low optical powers. The rising demand for the Internet ls driving the telecommunication! industry to an all-optical network architecture. To meet the requirements of this strategy further development and improvement of the| components are necessary. Currently the commercially available photonic devices, including Wavelength Division Multiplexers (WDM's) - widely regarded as a crucial building block of the anticipated all optical telecommunications network - are based on inorganic materials. Polymeric materials for optical applications have recently reached a performance maturity to compete with these inorganic optical materials. The stability and nonlinearity of these polymers are high enough to be considered for commercial applications in optoelectronics. The physical and chemical flexibility of modern polymeric materials make them strongly advantageous over other materials for these types of applications. They provide a large inventory of photonic materials that have low dielectric constant and can be chemically modified to suite specific applications. Hence, we propose to construct a novel device that can perform several critical tasks for telecommunication industry and can be manufactured with a fraction of the cost of the silicon based devices. The proposed tests and approaches of this Phase I project are chosen to sample a range of functionalities required of such optical devices and to touch on areas of future commercial interest. This way we hope to ensure development of one or more prototypes as proof of principle and as a point of entry into phase II. Recently a great deal of work has been directed at the growth of epitaxial layers of the group III nitrides because of their potential application in the manufacture of blue LEDs and laser diodes. These layers have been deposited on such materials as sapphire and silicon carbide. Because of the large lattice mismatch of these materials with the nitrides, a large number of defects are generated. If large single crystals of the group III nitrides could be grown, they could be used as bulk devices or substrates for thin film based devices, resulting in a significant improvement in efficiency. The objective of our proposal is to use our new growth technique, the growth of single crystals of GaN in a gel, to grow large crystals of GaN. This technique can also be used for the other group III nitrides, such as AIN and InN as well as for other materials that are difficult to grow. A new and innovative high-speed, polarization independent, integrated optical switch matrix is proposed. The goal is to realize a state-of-the-art optically transparent switch capable of high speed switching (<< 1 microsecond) with no polarization mode dispersion (PMD) and no polarization dependent loss (PDL). The basic 2x2 switch will have very low-insertion loss (<3 dB) and very low crosstalk (<-40 dB). The 2x2 basic switch is scalable and can be integrated to form a larger NxN switch matrix. At present there is no viable high-speed optical cross-connect switch element, which limits the performance and implementation of the next generation optical switching network. This type of high-speed optical switch is a critical building block for the next-generation of fiber-optic "cross-connect" switching networks for ultra-wideband multi-gigabit/sec optical communication systems. This switching element is also a key enabling element for ultra-wideband optical signal processing applications. These include programmable single mode fiber-optic switched delay lines and optical transversal filters for wideband true-time-delay (TTD) elements as well as optical filters for microwave electronic surveillance and radar phased-array antenna beam forming. A high-speed, optically transparent, polarization independent switch with low insertion loss and very low-crosstalk is the key optical building block for the next generation of ultra-broadband, multi-gigabit/sec fiber-optic Internet "switch cross-connect" networks. This switching element is also a key enabling element for ultra-wideband optical signal processing applications, including programmable single mode fiber-optic switched delay lines and optical transversal filters for wideband true-time-delay (TTD) elements in addition to optical filters for microwave electronic surveillance and radar phased-array antenna beam forming. The development of this advanced state-of-the-art switch element will greatly increase the feasibility of these systems applications. The switch can leverage the potential implementation of these cross-connect systems which are expected to be worth billions of dollars per year. Optical interconnects are required for high speed opto-electronic packaged computing systems for fast image processing for missile interception and fast target identification. However, existing free space optimal interconnection suffers from diffraction limitation of interconnect line density and requires many large and sophisticated beam collimation, focusing, interconnect reconfiguration elements. It is preferred to have small interconnection beams and with Large interconnection Hesitance. Such requirement is not possible to achieve by conventional Gaussian optical beams propagating in free space. New Span Opto-Technology Inc. proposes herein high-density optical interconnection based on free-space non-diffracting beams. The diffraction contribution of the non-diffracting bean permits the bean to propagate in free space for a substance wily Large distance without significant beam size broadening. The non-diffracting beam is like a confined been in free space. It is like using an invisible fiber in free space. It offers s~n~taneously the advantages of free space interconnects and guided-wave interconnects incll~;ng cross-over interconnection, low propagation and coupling loss, and high interconnect line density. Using the Nun non-diffracting beam makes the laser tr~n~nitter packaging compact. It further eliminates the need for focusing lenses at photodetectors. Phase I research will demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed non-diffracting beam concept. The Theseus Logic/SUNY-Stony Brook team is proposing to develop, demonstrate and commercialize Rapid Single Flux Quantum (RSFQ) circuit designed using NULL Convention Logic (NCL). Phase I of this program will demonstrate, by simulation and modeling, the feasibility of implementing logic gate structures in RSFQ technology which can exploi the effective delay insensitivity of NCL. In Phase II the team will build and demonstrate NCL-based RSFQ circuits for high-frequency broad band front ends for radar and communication digital receivers. Theseus Logic has developed and demonstrated the viability of a proprietary new logic family, NCL, which produces inherently clockless data driven, and effectively delay insensitive curcuits and systems. This technology produces circuit designs without concern for the detailed timing issues which make the prospects of global synchron-ization with clocks so difficult with frequencies in the 1-100 GHz range. Theseus is focused on the commercialization of its proprietary technology. The State University of New York at Stony Brook is a world leader in developing superconducting RSFQ device technology. RSFQ circuits have demonstrated the capability of LSI circuits running at clock speeds well above 100 GHz and power dissipation approaching four orders of magnitude less than CMOS Research and development is proposed of a miniature low capacity cooler capable of reliable achieving and sustaining cryogenic temperatures for very long periods without maintenance and providing low capacity refrigeration to cryogenic sensors and cold electronic systems. The cooler has no moving parts of any kind and very long life (10 - 20 years) is anticipated. The unit operates without noise and because there are no moving parts, mechanical vibration is eliminated. There are no lubricants or other contaminants in the working fluids. Further the cryocooler is simple in form and may be made at low cost. The objective of the proposed BMDO SBIR program is to demonstrate the feasibility of electrostatic self-assembly (ESA) processes for the integration of multiple functionalities into nanostructured organic/inorganic thin film actuator materials for spacecraft structural control. The ESA process consists of alternately adsorbing cationic and anionic molecules, nanoclusters, fullerenes, nanorods and other materials, onto substrates at room temperature and pressure, to build up multilayer material structures. Electromechanical actuation, semiconductor junction-based signal processing, thermal transport, optical switching and modulation, and other functionalities may be achieved, combined and spatially-graded throughout the material, and at its surface, by proper selection of the material species adsorbed into each monolayer, and the sequence of the monolayers used to form the total nanocomposite. NanoSonic has demonstrated piezoelectric and electrostrictive behavior, light emission and detection, ultrahigh electrical conductivity and other properties, in thin films of such self-assembled materials. During the Phase I program, NanoSonic will demonstrate the ESA synthesis of conformal, self-assembled piezoelectric thin film actuator devices with conducting electrodes and external packaging, in cooperation with a major U.S. manufacturer of polymer-based actuator materials and devices. This will lead to the cooperative Phase II development and Phase III commercialization of self-assembled sensor, actuator and other materials and devices. Multifunctional thin film materials and devices based on self-assembly methods have applications as sensors, actuators and MEMS devices, in thermal control, as atomic oxygen degradation mitigating coatings for space structures, in active optical and electronic devices, and other areas. The Phase I program focuses specifically on fabricating piezoelectric thin film actuator materials for space system structural control using ESA processing. An innovative solution for the design of solid-state, spatial, scaleable high-performance active mechanisms is proposed. When developed, this device class will find use in various military, commercial and medical applications to provide mobile control surfaces for manipulating, pointing and tracking tasks. The first target application is a high resolution (<10 nm linear motion), automated alignment solution for reducing the cost of optical components assembly. To be innovative and viable, this device class must demonstrate characteristics such as the ability to provide sufficient control authority, to withstand high dynamic loads, and to provide sufficient rigidity while offering the necessary mobility to accomplish a specified task. DSM proposed to achieve this through the development of a compliant, three-dimensional parallel manipulator to serve as a scaleable pointing system or platform manipulator. This effort combines innovative technology developments in the area of compliant mechanism research as well as parallel manipulator research supported by flexure-based, solid-state pivots or other zero-play joints. This manipulator technology will be, at a minimum, capable of rotational motion about two axes and translational motion about a third axis. This effort will create the optimal synthesis and design tools for establishing families of compliant manipulators that combine the characteristics of parallel manipulators with the low cost, scaleable capabilities resulting from a compliant structure design. Candidate applications of scaleable, compliant, spatial manipulators include alignment solutions for optical components assembly, miniature tracking and pointing systems for mirrors and solar arrays, view stabilization and lens focusing for surveillance cameras, remote inspection, microsurgical augmentation and teleoperation, and microdispense applications (adhesives, combinatorial chemical analysis and screening assays, etc.) This SBIR proposal is to develop the first low-cost fabrication technique for high performance nonlinear optical (NLO) materials. By enabling the first low cost, all-optical, high bandwidth, low latency switch this innovation will have a tremendous impact on worldwide telecommunications. Reveo proposes the first viable fabrication method for oriented organic NLO crystal films. The technique uses the self-ordering mechanism of the liquid crystal host to align the `guest' NLO molecules and field-poling to remove the centro-symmetry. With additional processing, the guest concentration is increased a thousand-fold and oriented nano-crystallites are formed within the film. The NLO properties of the nano-structured films are expected to approach those of the bulk crystal, typically much higher than that of poled polymer films. Preliminary experiments demonstrate the viability of the proposed technology. These films will exhibit higher NLO effect, lower scattering losses, and substantially improved long-term stability compared to poled organic NLO materials. In Phase I, the film preparation and characterization techniques will be further developed and optimized. In Phase II, the technology will be expanded to a variety of nonlinear materials, and prototype devices will be developed and characterized. These devices will ultimately lead to dual-use applications in Phase III. The proposed technique represents a fundamental improvement over existing NLO crystal film fabrication techniques, and as such will enable the commercial viability of NLO devices for optical switching and signal processing. Highly integrated devices such as high-speed light modulators and switches will find an immediate market in telecommunications and optical computing. Other applications include all-optical logic devices (light-controlled switches) and wavelength conversion devices (second/third harmonic generation and parametric oscillator). Reveo will leverage its successful SBIR commercialization strategy and existing industry contacts to accelerate the process of bringing this technology to all of these markets. One of the primary processes used for device patterning in the electronics industry is deep ultaviolet photolithography. However, the highly reflective substrates require reduction of this reflectivity to minimize standing waves and to maintain tight dimensional control. Most of te industry uses anti-reflective coatings (ARCs) which are applied using the spin coating technique. Unfortunately, spin coating is not a conformal coating and tends to planarize complex geometries, essentially filling in the holes and rounding the features. This results in erosin of feature sidewalls and loss of dimensional integrity. The industry requires a new process for application of ARCs which is highly conformal, has low defect density and is equally applicable to substrates up to 12" diameter. Chemical Vapor Deposition of parylene is a biocompatible coatings. Parylene, however, also has many properties desirable for ARCs, such as, excellent thickness control and uniformity, absorbance in the deep UV regime, low defect density, and superior conformality. During the PhaseI program, we successfully demonstrated parylene's suitability for use as an ARC used in deep UV photolithography in comparison to spin-coated ARCs. Continuing into Phase II we will develop processes and processing equipment to tailor materials properties to enable the use of parylene coatings as fully-functional high performance ARCs. In additition, we will also expanding the scope of its research prograzm by incorporating low-k and multi-layer materials to be used in the semiconductor and communication industries, respectively. The availability of highly conformal (non-planarizing) anti-reflective coatings is essential for continued improvements in deep ultaviolet photolithographic processes used by the electronics industry. As the market for high performance ARCs grow toward 100 million, it is expected that CVD deposited parylene coatings, with superior conformality and low defectivity, will provide chip makers with high performance ARCs to enable them to meet continuing size reduction and production demands. This project addresses unit cost reduction for processing of carbon-carbon (C-C) composites from pitch-based precursors. Pitch matrices, which exhibit excellent char yield and produce graphitic rather than amorphous carbon, must currently be stabilized with a problematic oxidation step prior to carbonization, or be carbonized at high pressures. The project objective is to demonstrate the feasibility of producing composites using pitch-based precursors without the need for an oxygen stabilization step. This innovation is enabled through the dissolution of a chemical ingredient in the pitch, which prevents bloating during carbonization. The Phase I effort explores the effect of varying percentages of the active ingredient on the pitch viscosity as a function of temperature, and contrasts the mechanism of bloating inhibition versus that provided by conventional oxygen stabilization. Concept viability is demonstrated through the fabrication of carbonized pitch-matrix composites. The ability to use pitch as a carbon matrix precursor without requiring oxygen stabilization may revolutionize the way carbon-carbon is produced. Since the chemical additive is distributed throughout the matrix, stabilization is not dependent on diffusion of a gaseous reactant from the outside of a formed object. With an effective chemical stabilizer, one can envision the forming of thick sections prior to carbonization without fear of bloating. Injection molding of pitch/chopped fiber compound or vacuum assisted pitch transfer molding of continuous fiber preforms may become standard pre-carbonization forming steps for mass-produced C-C parts. Employing the sol-gel technology, the Phase II program intend to realize compact multimode interference (MMI) beam splitters integrated with semiconductor diode lasers on silicon for multi-channel pumping of Er3+ doped fiber amplifiers. The MMI splitters will be designed for the 980-nm window in such a way that the pump-shared outputs will be achieved through a cavity formed between a diode laser and a Bragg reflector at the input port. The milestones of the Phase I In the manufacturing of electronic modules, microvias have enabled significant improvements in module performance, weight, and size by allowing much denser interconnects in multi-layer circuits. The microvia generating technology used to drill the vias determines not only the ultimate device density but also the economics of the entire manufacturing process. Conventional microvia generation technologies suffer from either very low speeds, or very expensive additional process steps. This proposal presents a program for developing a novel, optimized microvia generation system technology capable of via formation rates that are one hundred times or more faster than the best current technologies. This throughput improvement can be achieved without loss of the benefits of a maskless, direct-write technology which eliminates additional costly process steps. It is expected that the combined benefits of higher throughputs and direct-writing will dramatically reduce the manufacturing costs for a variety of advanced electronic modules. In Phase I we will investigate several new system concept designs, carry out performance projections, and demonstrate technical feasibility. In Phase II we will design, build and test a fully operational prototype system, which will be developed into a product to be introduced to market in Phase III. The proposed microvia generation system technology will enable significantly higher - on the order of 100X - microvia formation rates than current technologies without sacrificing the benefits of direct writing. These advances will have tremendous benefits to military and commercial advanced electronic module manufacturing, allowing significantly reduced costs. We propose to develop a rocket engine injector and combustion chamber that will not only allow and engine to meet performance and durability requirements, but also will enable plume-signature tailoring. This tailoring ability would be extremely valuable for surrogate targets, as it will enable the production of low-cost, surrogate targets that could imitate the plume signatures of SCUD's and SCUD family missiles. The technology developed here will improve: liquied rocket target-missile fidelity; analysis capability for combustion processes in liquid rocket engines; and plume diagnostic tools for determining rocket engine performance. It will also assess advanced hydrocarbon fuels for their ability to increase density-specific impulse, and improve the mission capability of future space vehicles. This effrot will fabricate and fire a sub-scale combustion chamber, the design of which will demonstrate the capability of varying plume signature while meeting performance and durability requirements. A hydrocarbon-fuels test-bed will also be designed, fabricated, and tested under the project. The project will create a liquid-rocket engine diagnostic instrumentation capable of determining mixture-ratio striations across the exit-plane, and improve combustion modeling tools. Development of ballistic missile defense will require target missiles for training. This project will improve the fidelity of those targets by creating a target exhaust plume signature that look like a SCUD. Sierra Engineering will be situated to supply the combustion chamber devices for these target missiles. Furthermore, Sierra Engineering is likely to see substantial commercial benefits from this project even if BMDO does not produce a large liquid surrogate target demand. This is apparent from work that has come to Sierra Enineering as a direct result of the Phase I project, including combustion modeling ( for both future and current designs) and Plume signature modeling. The Phase II effort will help establish Sierra Engineering not only as a diagnostic and modeling leader, but also as a producer of combustion devices. And as environmental requirements drive commercial combustion devices to higher efficiency/lower pollution, the lessons learned through this proposal will poise Sierra Engineering to enter new, non-aerospace commercial fields. Development of a stereolithography-based fabrication technique is proposed that will enable lower cost fabrication of complex shaped, high strength rhenium components. In addition, an innovative design approach will be developed that utilizes the capability of stereolithography to fabricate complex internal structures. Cellular architectures will be designed based on predicted thermal and mechanical stresses in use and will be built such that the mass efficiency of the rhenium component is optimized. Lightweighting of rhenium components by 30% - 70% is anticipated. Phase I will focus on achieving strengths in test specimens comparable to conventionally processed rhenium. Sample characterization will include density, tensile strength and microstructure. BMDO has a continuing need for advanced propulsion technologies for both TMD and NMD applications. A particularly critical requirement is for rocket propellants with higher performance than state-of-the-art materials. The ability to intercept ballistic or tactical missiles puts a premium on the accelerating power of propulsion systems. It is known that the difluoramino group is superior to other common oxidizing functional groups as a source of combustion energy in combination with hydrocarbon or metallic fuels. With boron-based fuels, BOF is formed, which is non-condensable. The elimination of two-phase flow losses can result in 3-4% increase in performance. It has been difficult, however, to devise synthetic schemes for the preparation of propellant ingredients containing difluoramino groups that have sufficient overall content of oxidizing groups to meet formulation requirements. Under the proposed program, a little-studied method for the preparation of compounds with difluoramino and nitro groups will be elaborated for the synthesis of practical propellant ingredients. The overall simplicity of the approach means that useful target compounds can potentially be attained at substantially lower cost than those using methods currently under intensive study The goal of this project is to develop an entirely new polymer/inorganic nanocomposites. New polymer melt processing technology which incorporates conventional extrusion processes will be developed for producing these new polymer/inorganic nanocomposites. The new process will involve organophilic modification of layered minerals, promotion of polymer melt intercalation, and reaction processing to produce the nanocomposites. The new materials will be thoroughly characterized by morphological analysis and mechanical testing. The new nanocomposites will be especially useful for both of cryogenic and high temperature applications, can be inexpensively produced, and will offer important improvements in polymer composite material's mechanical, thermal and chemical properties. There is an immediate application for these composites in liquid rocket engine components if they can be shown to meet the cryogenic and permeability requiremetns. The Phase I will aim to demonstrate feasibility of the innovative materials and new process, test properties of these new materials, and provide a baseline leading toward commercialization. We propose to develop a remotely deliverable tagging device for both marking and tracking personnel, material, and vehicles. The approach is based on a new radiolocation technique we have developed, which is capable of highly accurate location determination using simple tag electronics. The research goals are to determine how small the device can be made using current electronic and battery technology, to identify delivery techniques capable of deploying the tag from a distance of 50 meters or more, to design low-cost portable base stations for receiving tag signals and determining location, and to study techniques to enhance performance in urban multipath.The system intelligence is contained in low-cost portable receiving/tracking stations that can track the target either stand-alone or collaboratively, as needed. The proposed system will be a major enhancement over our technology developed for applications such as locating patients with Alzheimer's disease and tracking cargo. In previous research the receiver stations were fixed 5 miles apart, and the tag, which did not need to be concealed, was too large for the application proposed here.In Phase II we plan the to implement the miniaturized tag, to refine the delivery concept, and to follow up with field testing with prototype receiving stations. The proposed technology would allow covert tracking and locating of people and valuable material or cargo with high accuracy. It has applications in less-than-lethal warfare and monitoring and locating stolen weapons, tracking cargo and packages, and locating stolen goods. Oceantek proposes to develop and validate a numerical tool to incorporate into existing software systems that will allow the user to compute a true and accurate representation of the cable/pipe shape as it lays on an irregular bottom terrain. It would also include the spans and points of contact on the bottom as well as the bend radii (to compute induced stresses) developed at the contact points. As the cable/pipe is laid over the ocean bottom, it bends over obstacles and free spans are created. The severity of these bends and the length of these spans are a strong function of the bottom roughness. Given the values of water depth along specific bottom tracks, the cable/pipe properties (wet weight and bending stiffness) and the cable/pipe bottom tension, the proposed software would determine the bottom contact points, the length and locations of the free spans, and the bend radii and global forces at the contact points. We propose that an RF-based personnel tracking system has significant advantages over presently used or contemplated ultrasonic/GPS systems. The proposed RF tracking system uses a central tracking station and multiple RF receivers to sense signals from personnel mounted transponder tags. The tags respond to uniquely coded probe signals by transmitting a second set of time coded RF signals. Triangulation to the receivers using proprietary signal processing algorithms allows accurate location of the tags in 2 and 3 dimensions. Numerical simulations of the algorithms indicate highly accurate distance measurement capability even under very low signal conditions and in the presence of RF reflective objects. The proposed system can seamlessly be interfaced with existing GPS systems to eliminate the tracking loss problem during building entry/exit. Furthemore, the system could also be extended to km distance scales for full coverage of training ranges. Such extensions could eliminate the need for GPS entirely, leading to a lower system cost. In Phase I we plan to develop and build a simple RF system to demonstrate tracking of at least one person. We will also refine the processor algorithms with a view to extending operating range and maximizing spatial resolution under low signal and multipath conditions. The proposed systems has applicability to fire fighter accountability systems, as well as location and tracking of inventories, equipment, and persons in secure facilities and prisons With recent advances in wearable computing and associated control and display mechanisms, there is significant opportunity to create a more effective operator control system for unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) operations. This Phase I effort proposes to study the UGV control problem, evaluate the advanced technology options for creation of a wearable control system, and design an optimum solution. Cybernet has significant experience to leverage in the development of advanced human computer interfaces, and in the development of portable UGV control systems. Advanced technology options that will be evaluated include: 1) hands-free interface solutions, such as voice recognition, eye tracking, gesture control, etc., 2) miniature force-feedback and other haptic devices, and 3) immersive and head-mounted displays. Selection of the advanced interface technologies will be performed based on satisfaction of the UGV control operation requirements, feasibility of implementation within a wearable computing platform, cost, potential benefit, associated risk, etc. The result of this Phase I effort will be the design of a highly intuitive and effective wearable computer interface for UGV operation, incorporating advanced control and display technologies. The immediate commercialization potential is for a wide range of military and other UGV control applications. The developed wearable operator control interface technology will also have broad reaching commercial potential for many other military and industrial control applications. This project is to develop a design for a wearable operator control interface for man-portable robotic applications. Typically, the controller will guide small, man-packable robots for tactical missions, such as reconnaissance in enclosed spaces like sewer tunnels. In military parlance, it is a "first man in" situation, where the robot relays video information back to the operator. The Operator Control Unit (OCU) also controls movement of the robot. Since this is a tactical situation, the OCU must allow the soldier to be free to carry out other duties without undo hindrance. It is especially important that the soldier remain free to perform battle tasks while operating the control system. The OCU will display video and other status information (direction of travel, velocity, tilt angle, etc). It will also accept control commands from the soldier and transmit the control data to the robot. In the first phase of this project, our goal was to develop a preliminary design for a wearable OCU. In Phase I, we successfully integrated Web authoring tools, LAN hardware and standard computers in order to demonstrate a prototype OCU interface. Phase II will refine this technology into an OCU that can comprehensively interact with the robot. Significant problems face the USMC as it plans its precision logistics pipelines for Advanced Amphibious Assault Vehicles (AAAV). The USMC now relies on inefficient, manual processes, primitive decision aids, and "time-late" communications in its legacy logistics efforts to support mobile warfighting platforms.An innovative Precision Sea Based Logistics System (PSBLS) - for AAAVs and other USMC mobile units - will address those problems with enhanced logistics velocity, visibility, and variability for Ship to Objective Maneuver. A robust PSBLS solution will embody intelligent agents, capable user interfaces, web-centric applications, plus open-systems interfaces to "operate in such a way that commanders have absolute confidence that required support will be provided when and where it is needed." General James Jones, CommandantORINCON's team will develop, test, and integrate cost-effective information technologies to automate, monitor, and recommend actions for the USMC precision logistics system. We plan to "instrument the pipeline" from factory to deployed units with automated tracking, cost accounting, prognostic evaluation, and total asset visibility.Our unique technical and operational experience will be leveraged to provide a comprehensive Performance Specification, a Decision Support System design, and a Cost Benefit Analysis for this innovative USMC AAAV logistics program. o The USMC and its AAAV organization will directly benefit from this system's innovative decision support, centralized computers/applications and human-factored total asset visibility (TAV).o Commercial merit of our feasibility study extends to focused logistics systems of all armed services and the DLA. Resultant PSBLS functions can further transition to commercial "just in time" high-volume logistics support systems that are multi-million dollar efforts annually.o Boeing Aircraft Company expressed initial interest in some of our intelligent agents for maintenance support of commercial aircraft systems Successful supply-chain management is an essential element in high performance military environments. Rapid delivery of key items to deployed mobile units is a must for military strategists. Effective logistics/supply-chain management allows just-in-time distribution of goods and services. Current technologies are available to evaluate inventory levels across the supply chain. The use of the World Wide Web allows faster flow-through times in supply chain pipelines. Many commercial and military organizations are feeling an urgent need to integrate an extended enterprise logistics system.USMC 's Precision Sea-Based Logistics is a human-factored, computerized system that requires Total Asset Visibility (TAV) of spare parts, issuance of repair notifications, tracking of maintenance history, and cost. USMC plans to deploy a sea-based logistics system. TPI proposes to develop a centralized information logistics system that is based on a fully extended enterprise model. This Precision Sea-Based Logistics (PSL) system will assist in information flow between components of USMC's sea-based physical logistics system. The PSL system will maintain the Total Asset Visibility (TAV) in a centralized database, which will include configuration management and maintenance history and is capable of wire or wireless communication with the mobile vehicles and maintenance facility. TPI believes that the proposed system once implemented would bring US Marines Corps logistics/supply-chain management capabilities into the next decade. It will support the N/MC Intranet structure. USMC is planning to build the N/MCI in the next five years that could be used for global application of the Precision Sea-Based Logistics (PSL) system. Furthermore, the proposed PSL system will assist USMC in achieving its goal of moving the logistics to a sea-based system. There are many direct benefits to USMC and among them are reduced inventory, effective logistics management and on time delivery to the mobile vehicles. General Dynamics Amphibious System (GDAMS) is building Advanced Amphibious Assault Vehicle (AAAV) for the United States Marine Corp. The proposed system can directly be used for AAAV logistics.The PSL system is capable of supporting trucking industry whether or not a truck is near its desired maintenance facility. A mobile truck may be able to quickly report to the base via PSL system its maintenance problems and parts requirements. TPI is planning to approach many Logistics companies once the system is built. Among them are United States Truck Stop Association, United Parcel Services, Federal Express, and others. The objective of this proposal is to demonstrate the feasibility of an innovative design that combines a water-selective and surfactant-inert filter cartridge, with cross-flow filtration (CFF), and a high capacity spiral-wound membrane element design into an, integrated and individually contained filter cartridge. The water-selective filter allows fuel oil to pass through its membrane and repels water on the surface. CFF makes use of the shear force parallel to the filter medium to reduce the contaminant formation and water adsorption on the filter surface. The spiral-wound element design gives the maximum membrane filtration area in a given volume. The filtration unit is composed of the individually contained cartridges (modules). The module design makes the upgrade and down-grade of the system capacity very flexible. The proposed design will offer a safe, reliable, high capacity, efficient, compact, and advanced filtration system. The design is also suitable for scaling to different sizes for various applications of the Navy. It can equally well be used in various commercial fuel oil filtration systems. Sensors Unlimited will develop and deliver a 5x5 InGaAs avalanche photodiode (APD) array for use in eye-safe laser rangefinders. The avalanche photodiodes will be fabricated using a process virtually identical to our current production focal plane array process. Thus, the reliable operation of the arrays will be assured. The InGaAs APDs will have primary dark currents below 1 nA, avalanche gains in excess of 20, responsivity >15A/W at a wavelength of 1.55 æm, and electrical bandwidths >2GHz. In Phase I the APDs will be fabricated in a 5x5 array and bump-bonded to a Si fanout for APD characterization. The final deliverable in Phase I will be a packaged 5x5 array with access to the 25 array elements via package pins. In Phase II, we will develop a readout circuit using small cell GaAs transimpedence amplifiers with scalability to arrays as large as 64x64 elements. The larger APD arrays will be hybridized to the readout ICs using our flip-chip indium bump process. In addition to the utility of InGaAs APD arrays in laser radar systems, there is a tremendous opportunity for commercialization of linear arrays of APDs in the field of fiber optic telecommunications. Currently deployed Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed (DWDM) systems operate in the wavelength band of 1.530 æm - 1.565 æm and use single element InGaAs p-i-n and APD based receivers. The ability to manufacture large arrays of receivers is ideal for such systems, as the benefits of reduced power consumption, reduction of interconnections, and reduced electrical parasitics are easily realized in hybrid integrated systems. The advantage of APDs over p-i-ns is the same in telecom as it is in LADAR: an improvement in the sensitivity of the optical receiver. The amplifier architecture developed within this program is directly applicable to use in DWDM systems in linear array devices. Foster-Miller proposes to extend our successful previous work involving intumescent fire retardant additives to develop a new class of zero halogen fiber optic cable jacket that is safer, fire-resistant and more economical. Our technical approach combines three enabling technologies to produce an innovative jacketing material that is ideal for shipboard and other cable applications. These key technologies include cross-linkable polyethylene polymers, intumescent char-forming fire retardant additives (IFRAs) and polymeric coupling agents that maintain jacket flexibility and enable high IFRA loadings. During normal service, our Intumescent Optical Cable Jacket (IOCJ) meets MIL-C-85045 performance requirements. Upon exposure to fire, the IOCJ expands into a tough, durable, insulating foamed carbonaceous/inorganic char that extinguishes burning and insulates underlying optical fibers from heat of the fire. The IOCJ meets UL 910 fire safety standards. It is self-extinguishing and non-dripping, produces no toxic, halogen-containing gases and emits low smoke, This feature protects crew members and provides time to transmit critical data before cable failure occurs. Phase I will demonstrate feasibility of meeting both MIL-C-85045 and UL-910 with the IOCJ. Our team includes an optical cable manufacturer and experts in zero halogen FRs as well as cable extrusion coating. (p00444) Our fire-resistant, zero halogen intumescent optical cabling jacket, the IOCJ, will improve the safety of U.S. Navy shipboard personnel in the event of a fire by self-extinguishing when ignited and not releasing toxic, irritating halogenated acid fumes upon burning. This technology will have strong commercial potential in safer, improved fire performance optical and electrical cable jackets and wiring insulation. A marine environmental compliance and analysis web-enabled toolset will be designed based on extensive prior experience with web and GIS enabled technologies in an environmental analysis and documentation environment. The objective of this research project is to develop an environmental tool capable of efficiently ensuring that the Navy has limited environmental impacts on the marine environment, while maintaining its force readiness and testing and evaluation programs. The toolset will consist of two parts. Part 1 will use existing data, acquisition policy documents, regulations and document design specifications to produce draft NEPA documents based on project requirements that are comparable to previous proposed actions. Part 2 will provide analysis tools for evaluating systems, sub systems, and technology at various stages in the acquisition lifecycle and the corresponding actions that are planned (tests, fielding, OPEVAL, etc). Two key features define this product. One: all the data is cross-referenced by the action or equipment being used, the resource impacted, the location of the action, time of year, the environmental standard operating procedures and regulations. Two: all documents and methods included at the outset will reference approved data, so that new documents can be built using approved language and methods. As changes occur in regulations, approved language and methods, these data will update automatically with minor software enhancements.Broad applicability for the resultant product is anticipated, both within the Navy and in the general environmental community. Any organization doing environmental analysis and documentation will benefit directly from a tool that allows quick and accurate access to previous related documentation. Although the content would change, no release of Navy information would occur, and the design would be useful elsewhere. Material Innovation, Inc. (MII) will develop a zero halogen fire resistant material for use in plenum cable jackets, which passes the UL910 flame test. Furthermore, the jacket will be cross-linkable with consistent process-ability and persistent fire resistance at a competitive price. Non-halogen fire resistant technology is one of the most effective methods of reducing fire hazards in a confined space such as the inside of a sea vessel or an aircraft. The zero halogen material offers several advantages over halogenated material upon burning, such as reduced toxic potency of gases, reduced corrosivity of gases, and reduced smoke generation. In Phase I, MII will first develop a silicone containing cross-linkable polyolefin base resin. Then this base resin will be modified by the addition of a phosphorous containing polymer, nano-caly, or polyethersulphone to give several candidates for screening. The ideal material formulation will be chosen based on flame and thermal tests using thermogravimetric analysis and cone calorimeter in conjunction with mechanical tests for tensile strength, elongation, and flexural modulus. Antioxidants and processing aids are also screened for consistent production. In Phase II, this material will be used to produce prototype plenum cables that pass UL910 flame tests for evaluations by interested government agencies and commercial manufacturers. The development of zero halogen, fire resistant cables provides improved fire safety in confined areas where human lives are at stake, and allows people more time to escape from a fire, for example, from an aircraft, a submarine, a shipboard, a subway, or a building. The reduction in corrosive gases during a fire minimizes the damage to sensitive electronic equipment such as in a telephone switching station, or a data processing center. The use of zero halogen cables also offers benefits in lower insurance costs, a reduction in environmental pollution, and compliance with government regulations. The estimated savings is 300 million dollars annually for industrial, commercial, residential, and hotel applications in the US using this new technology. To overcome the problems and performance limitations of traditional electronic compass designs and to achieve better performance at a lower cost, an innovative, simpler, more robust magnetic heading sensor is being developed. The approach is based on the thesis that heading sensor accuracy can be made better (and the heading sensor less complex and expensive) than traditional electronic compass designs. The approach employs the scanning magnetic angle comparator (SMAC) technique, which offers distinct advantages over conventional electronic compasses, because there are additional degrees of freedom to optimize performance by using feedback via a microprocessor to minimize error. During Phase I, an extensive error model analysis was performed. The analysis predicted an achievable accuracy of 0.1-degrees at 30-degrees latitude. The design study demonstrated the feasibility of implementing a precision, solid-state, non-inertial, self-calibrating heading sensor at a production cost of under $1,000 using commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) magnetic sensors and electronic components. During Phase II, a prototype -- 0.875-incles diameter and approximately 4.0-inches long -- will be developed. (A 0.5-inches in diameter unit for use in ThinLine towed arrays has been proposed as an option.) At the end of Phase II, a SMAC heading sensor will be available for testing on an AUV. GreyPilgrim LLC has patented and developed a long-reach manipulator that combines modular components in a reconfigurable, flexible, lightweight design suitable for a wide variety of commercial and government applications. We have demonstrated 8*, 15*, and 33* implementations of the modular EMMA* robotic arm technology under DOE Hanford contracts for use in retrieving nuclear waste from deteriorating underground storage tanks. The arm is also being developed with Boeing for aerospace manufacturing processes such as cleaning, depainting, and inspection of aircraft. Much of these R&D efforts have taken place under the auspices of a CRADA between GreyPilgrim LLC and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), where an open-architecture control system is being incorporated into the EMMA controller. The proposed multi-use manufacturing manipulator (MUMM) is similar in many respects to versions of EMMA already demonstrated. GreyPilgrim is therefore able to offer substantially greater progress than is normally possible with a Phase I SBIR contract. Proposed Phase I research will focus upon system modularity, portability, and flexibility requirements, deployment scenarios, and arm/tool integration. In Phase II a working prototype will be built and tested. BENEFITS: This research is expected to result in a reliable, cost-effective system capable of a wide variety of manufacturing tasks, including but not limited to cutting, fitting, welding, cleaning, blasting, painting, gluing, and inspection. In this proposal, Intelligent Automation Inc. (IAI) proposes an innovative new method of engine degradation monitoring, fault detection, and diagnostics, which is robust to sensor noise and is efficient in training and learning. This innovation will also allow us to detect new fault conditions that have not occurred before. This may include sensor failures and hence, the capability of validity self-checks. We propose to use two neural networks: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Fuzzy CMAC. PCA is a powerful technique for extracting the features inside the input signals. We have seen that PCA can reduce the signal dimension from 800 to 5 in several applications. A major advantage of PCA is that supervised learning is unnecessary. It can also be implemented in low-cost hardware. The Fuzzy CMAC (Cerebellar Model Arithmetic Computer) inherits preferred features of arbitrary function approximation, fast learning, and parallel processing from the original CMAC neural network, and the capability of acquiring and incorporating human knowledge into a system and the capabilities of acquiring and incorporating human knowledge into a system and processing information from the fuzzy inference rules of fuzzy logic. Our learning rates are at least an order of magnitude faster than conventional neural nets. The Universal Approximation Theorem that we have formally proven shows that any function can be learned to any degree of accuracy with enough learning cycles. The proposed method is relevant to the subtopic because our innovation can provide an early warning before the system actually fails. The purpose is to increase time between overhaul and safety. This proposal describes an SBIR Phase I program that identifies a candidate AAAV armor system and provides design rationale for its performance advantages. Ceramic and composite armor technologies are discussed and design guidelines are explained using ballistic data to substantiate performance claims. Ceramic facing materials and composite backing materials are combined using innovative construction methods to meet the AAAV armor weight goal of 17.0 lb/ft2. Armor materials and construction details are discussed and quantified using ballistic data. A ballistic test plan is presented, along with phased program objectives, to demonstrate that AAAV armor weight, protection level, and multi-hit performance requirements are met. Attaching objects quickly, quietly, reliably and securely underwater is required for various operations by Navy Divers. To present most of these objects have been attached to surfaces magnetically. Magnets can be detected and removed, redeeming an operation unsuccessful. Various other methods have been explored, but the harsh environmental conditions have limited approaches such as adhesives. The concept proposed here attaches mechanically to ill prepared surfaces. No adhesive and surface treatment is required. The device can attach to non-ferrous surfaces. The device utilizes a vacuum not unlike the system used by an octopus. This ensures reliable, quiet and secure attachment to any surface. Since PEM fuel cells are much more efficient than motor generators, their use by U.S. Navy ships would greatly improve fuel economy. Use of fuel cells would also allow power to be generated where needed throughout the ship, eliminating the vulnerability of a central electrical power generator. Since fuel cells run on hydrogen, a process is needed to convert diesel (or other liquid fuel) to hydrogen. EER has been developing such a process, Unmixed Reforming, but to make the process fully satisfactory for use by the U.S. Navy, an improved catalyst is needed. The research proposed herewith will develop that improved catalyst. In this Phase II SBIR effort we will investigate the fabrication of a composite, anti-corrosive applique that incorporates lightning protection capability as its main function. Although lightning protection is the main objective, the viability and usefulness of this applique will also be dependent on the materials' durability, ease of application, and its ability to provide appropriate E3 protection (using an applique system) that can easily be applied, removed, and repaired. Naval and Marine Corps aircraft must endure sustained operations in both an E3 and corrosive seagoing environment that requires the ability to rapidly reconfigure to fight an aggressor in any theater or climate in the world. Given the limitations with currently used systems, E3 protection has taken on a whole new meaning. In effect, the ever-increasing environmental challenge related to aircraft coatings demands that a mitigation system be applied that is long life, trouble-free, and provides a unique war fighting advantage such as lightning protection and E3 compatibility. Our proposed composite appliques hold the promise to significantly reduce drudgery, life cycle costs and enhance aircraft operational capability. BENEFITS: Commercial aircraft can directly benefit from the application of a paintless anti-corrosion, low surface energy applique and composites. Existing and future aircraft designs incorporating these materials will not only have the necessary protection against electromagnetic environmental effects (e.g., lightning strikes) but also improved fuel efficiency through reduced drag, longer and safer service lives, and significantly reduced application, repair, and removal costs. The Navy requires a trusted workstation equivalent to a B-1 Compartmented Mode Workstation (CMW) that can be built from a COTS PC. In response, Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposes an innovative low cost approach to implementing a CMW using multiple Single Board Computers (SBC) and an integrated Intelligent Secure Access Control Switch all integrated on a passive PCI backplane. The POC approach will have the following benefits: significant cost savings by using COTS SBCs hardware, a COTS operating system (OS) and application software and a single network connection; a modular design providing the best information partitioning with different security levels; significantly improved CMW fault tolerance; significantly improved security against both external and internal threats; easily upgraded with next-generation COTS operating systems and COTS application software upgrades. Phase I evaluation will be done using normal certification processes under the guidance of a Navy Certification Agent (CA). Phase I efforts will focus on hardware/software prototype construction, testing and security evaluation. In Phase II POC will complete the hardware and software design and demonstrate superior security capabilities. POC's CMW has a great number of military and commercial applications. It can be used as a low-cost secure work station at any location that maintains classified data or programs. In addition, it can also be used by organizations or individuals who desire to operate multiple computers concurrently in a single work station with a single user interface. Intelligent sensors and systems using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technologies for the health monitoring of energetic components are sought by the U.S. Navy Strategic Systems Program. To support the advancement of DoD initiatives in improved ordnance diagnostics, Intelligent Optical Systems (IOS) will develop a wireless multi-parameter sensor module for real-time, in-situ chemical and physical monitoring within energetic components. The IOS approach will use a novel MEMS-based microcantilever array, coupled with advanced spread-spectrum communications, to create a compact, low-power, embeddable multiparameter sensor suitable for use directly in and around energetic materials. In Phase I project we will fabricate unique low-voltage PZT thin-film resonant cantilever structures, and show that, with the use of selective coatings, these sensors can be used to detect propellant breakdown products (e.g., acetic acid). A complete engineering demonstration chip will be fabricated, including both resonant structures and microtelemetry electronics; the feasibility of our proposed approach will be conclusively shown in experiments where the sensor chips are exposed to know concentrations of target analyte. In Phase II, IOS will fabricate afield-ready launch tube gas generator-monitoring device and run systematic tests to evaluate system cost and reliability. After Phase II, the proposed wireless multiparameter sensor unit will be tested and commercialized with the help of a leading solid rocket motor manufacturer. The proposed technology could be used to make multi-element or multi-target sensor arrays involving hundreds of thin films and cantilevers without significantly increasing the size, complexity, or cost of an overall sensor package. The sensor module will find applications in warhead and rocket motor monitoring, weapon systems, and commercial chemical in manufacturing, storage, and transportation. We propose to develop a test bed to evaluate GPS performance on re-entry bodies. Available computational tools will be used to simulate those effects which potentially impact GPS operation including plasma sheathing, aerothermal heating, geometric shadowing and dynamics. Software will be developed to characterize these effects which will then be utilized to generate distorted signals which will be fed into the test GPS receiver. The test bed will allow hardware in the loop simulation of GPS performance under a variety of conditions. During the Phase I program we will define the test bed requirements, quantify the operational space, develop a conceptual design and demonstrate feasibility. The Phase I option will develop a preliminary test bed design and a Phase II program plan The availability of a GPS performance test bed will allow issues related to the guidance and navigation of high accuracy re-entry body designs to be evaluated in the laboratory prior to the implementation of expensive full scale field tests. Several DoD agencies should be interested in such a test bed and the strategies for overcoming re-entry guidance problems which we will evaluate. Derivative commercial applications are also thought to exist. Chemical kinetics based solid propellant combustion predictive capabilities have developed to the point where it is possible to compute combustion properties of solid propellants. Specifically burning rates over a range of pressures and temperatures. This capability will reduce the time, effort, and cost in developing solid propellants for a variety of combustion devices from rockets to air bags.The ability to predict solid propellant combustion properties will reduce cost and effort in designing and formulating new propellants. The cost savings to industry and the government are potentially enormous since only likely propellant formulations will be progress to the mix, cure, and testing phase of the development cycle. The Naval Education Training Support System (NETSS) is a networked, computer based, education deliver system. NETSS features a high bandwidth ATM based LAN, student Network Computers, and an Instructor Works Station which the distribution of whiteboard, and multimedia based audio and video training. NETSS also uses a Java based operating system and hybrid DVD-ROMs, allowing the updating of curricula both within the schoolhouse and in field units. Lastly, NETSS can deliver videoconferencing and tele-training The Advanced Training Technology Delivery System proposes a new training production paradigm for skill training. Based on an extension of the concept of dynamic web pages, this paradigm greatly reduces the requirement for skilled personnel in the maintenance phase, shortens the update time for training and automatically manages the consistency between the training and the equipment for which it is intended, such as aircraft. By building training from a common set of elements, consistency can be established in training given in the schoolhouse, in the squadron and on the flight line. By tying the training elements to the individual aircraft in which their target components are installed, a proper training configuration can be guaranteed. In this proposal we will extend a simulation techinique we used in cooperation with P&P Services of Moldova to produce the KONKRUS-TM trainer. Both the KONKRUS-TM trainer and the ASW helicopter have similar requirements. Each has a set of sensor and weapons systems which need to be emulated in an integrated environment. The proposed program will accomplish this by making each sensor and weapon system a component within a well designed interface. Java Beans meets the component requirements of the proposed software task and will be used to produce generic weapons and sensor models. Intelligent Decision Systems, Inc. (IDSI) proposes to identify and define the parameters for a web-based decision support conversion system that will lead to the reuse and integration of existing instructional components to reduce the cost and lead time of developing, revising, and maintaining computer-based training systems (CBT). This conversion system will be designed to include the decision "tree" for identifying the feasibility of cost saving factors, the structure for locating existing media elements, and the possibility of the whole conversion system being web-based. This research addresses conversion of existing training assets into a dual use scenario through the use of a decision model that leads to a conclusion concerning conversion potential and availability of the asset. This will be accomplished through determining feasibility of implementing cost cutting strategies (e.g., a reuse strategy of graphics and other critical media elements to cut the costs of CBT development). A strategy for storage and retrieval of media elements along with identification of requirements for establishing the conversion system on the web. A proof of concept for applying the conversion system to development as well as revision of existing courseware will be provided. Rapidly maturing smart materials technology can enable a new generation ofturning devices for naval surface vessels. These devices will offerhigh-authority control for a shrouded propeller, bypassing the need forconventional rudders and the undesirable noise and vibration that can arisewith current designs. The new concept involves shape control of anenclosing shroud via Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) devices. The SMA actuationtechnology will build on previous mechanisms that have been demonstrated inmarine environments under full scale loading. Phase I willinvolve a preliminary sizing and assessment of an active "Smart Duct"using validated flow field models and design optimization tools. Theperformance of several candidate configurations will be compared and theiradvantages over conventional rudders quantified. This work will also setdeflection requirements for SMA actuation hardware, and a first-iterationintegration study will be performed to establish power requirements andresponse time for full scale applications. This preliminary designwork will lay the groundwork for a full scale design and for scale model tests of key system components in Phase II, which will also include more detailedassessment of the impact of the new design on vibration, cavitation, andradiated noise. In addition to its potential use on naval surface combatants andnext-generation submersibles, the direct uses of this technology in themarine arena are potentially widespread, since a wide range of ocean-goingtransports could benefit from the novel ducted propeller configurationproposed here. Indirect avenues for commercial applications would includethe demonstration of a new class of very high force actuators based on SMAtechnology, as well as development of fast analysis tools for navalengineering. KaZaK Composites Incorporated proposes in this Phase I project to develop a novel composite process allowing low cost fabrication of high performance backing armor for AAAV. Key elements of this process implementation include pultrusion of multi-layered glass and hybrid glass/aramid preforms in which the layers are both differentially infiltrated with resin and interlocked with a through-thickness reinforcement. The type and degree of layer interlocking will be chosen to optimize ballistic performance. The varying density of matrix through the thickness of the composite, and the possibilities of multi-resin layering will also be evaluated to optimize the performance-weight-cost tradeoff. During the Phase I project, 12" panels of different constructions will be fabricated and subjected to ballistic testing to resolve key architecture details. Upon selection of a promising composite architecture, a trial run of continuous pultrusion for that composite will be performed. This trial of a multi-layer/material composite armor will not only shed light on processing, but will also provide specimens for ballistic testing. While we intend to evaluate novel composite architectures, our primary focus in Phase I will be to develop the continuous processing parameters allowing a "good" ballistic composite architecture to be fabricated at the lowest possible cost via pultrusion.KCI anticipates that the results of the proposed project will have widespread application in governmental and commercial arenas, both as a means of fabricating highly effective backing armor for various vehicles, and as a primary armor for those applications having less demanding threats. We believe that concentrating on reducing the cost of "good" architectures is at present more important than wringing out the optimum specific weight performance in order to enhance commercialization to law enforcement and VIP protection markets. Given a low cost processing scheme for the basic multi-layered/multi-material construction, architecture modifications to optimize ballistic performance can be easily implemented, either through material substitution or distribution and orientation. The AAAV requires lightweight components that can be affordably produced and assembled. The goal of this SBIR is to develop an effective armor system that can use low cost materials while minimizing overall weight. Reduction in fabrication and material cost of the armor solution translates into a meaningful reduction in the vehicle cost. In this SBIR, we expand the state of the art through the use of conventional materials in innovative ways. The technology focuses of on ways to reduce the overall installed armor costs through material, and manufacturing innovations.We expect that the technology developed in this SBIR will be immediately applicable to other application areas such as Navy patrol boats, Army spall liners, and aircraft armor, where weight and cost are important. Additionaly, we belieive that we can modify the material system to allow its use as a flexible body armor material for law enforcement. The law enforcement market is very price sensitive, and many of the materials in use today are very cost prohibitive. This material would provide a very attractive alternative. In today's military environment ships, systems, and equipment are being asked to perform at levels not thought possible a decade ago. The intent is to improve process operations and equipment reliability, availability, and maintainability without costly upgrades. Of course, these gains must be achieved without impacting combat readiness. Downsizing is also taking its toll on operations. Loss of personnel, particularly those who represent the corporate history, is depleting the Navy of its valuable experiential base which has been so heavily relied on in the past. These realizations are causing the Navy to rethink its condition-based maintenance policies, moving them away from reacting to equipment problems to taking a proactive approach to anticipate needs based on mission requirements. This SBIR will develop a new approach to condition-based maintanance-Context Dependent Prognostics and Health Assessment. This advanced diagnostics capability will be developed around a context dependent model that provides a capability to anticipate incipient system/element failures and determine machine performance over a protracted period of time. This prognostic capability will link mission requirements to an economic performance model. In this context, a system may provide 100% operability with less than 100% functionality. This new paradigm will be integrated into the Navy enterprise system to facilitate optimal logistic supply and support. ALPHATECH proposes to design, develop, and demonstrate an integrated Surface Ship Surveillance System (S4) that will a) track and classify maritime targets using reports from a constellation of space based radars, and b) detect patterns of target behavior that deviate from derived models of normalcy. ALPHATECH will model the space-based radar based on the DARPA/Joint Service Discoverer II initiative, a low earth orbit satellite constellation that uses Moving Target Indicator (MTI) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). We will demonstrate our S4 concept using internally developed scenarios running on an ALPHATECH simulation. Scenarios will be developed to demonstrate the performance and capabilities of the S4 concept in the stressing, dense littoral environment critical to developing complete Situation Awareness. ALPHATECH's experience in tracking, information fusion, and product development maximizes the expected benefit to the Navy, while minimizing the overall program risk. We are / have been key contractors for efforts involving: multiple hypothesis tracking, force pattern analysis, force level aggregation, target kinematic models, human computer interface design, and Global Command & Control System (GCCS) mission application development. Our role as researchers and developers for DARPA and the Services will promote cross-fertilization of ideas, while minimizing potential duplication of effort. The proposed technology will help provide USN complete surface situation awareness to support tracking and engagement of both area and theater surface targets. In addition, the technology has law enforcement applications in economically classifying, tracking, and monitoring ships that may be illegally transporting controlled technology to foreign nations, drugs and narcotics to friendly nations, or arms and weapons of mass destruction to international terrorists. The concept investigated in Phase I attach mechanically to ill-prepared surfaces. The device requires no surface finishing, be that polishing or cleaning, is quiet and attaches quickly, reliably and it can be re-used. The device will be non-magnetic and be able to attach to non-magnetic surfaces. The device utilizes a vacuum for adhesion. Hundreds of tiny vacuum suction cups, clustered together, are used to achieve adhesion of the payload to the contact surface. In the base effort of the proposed Phase II program, sub-systems will be optimized by; evaluating performance of COTS suction cups, considering and testing of alternative smart gels for creating a segmented central vacuum, and the evaluation and testing of using alternative chemicals to create the central vacuum. The base research will also investigate coatings and adhesives that will improve the attachment duration and the trigger and reset mechanisms. In the Phase II Option prototypes will be constructed, tested and validated under real operating conditions. The Option will deliver a proven design ready for production. Proposed is a study of incorporation of aircraft incident recorders and Structural Data Recorder Systems (SDRS) into an open architecture wireless network. This Enhanced Crash Survivable Flight Incident Recorder (ECSFIR) will improve flight safety by providing better information to accident investigators and reduce aircraft maintenance costs by improving diagnostics and automating maintenance schedules. Invocon will conduct comprehensive investigations into the ECSFIR system expectations and technical requirements. Consideration will be given to the incorporation of microminiature wireless sensors similar to those previously developed by Invocon. Programmable Surface Acoustic Wave (PSAW) correlators are under investigation by a team including Invocon, Sandia National Laboratories, NASA, and the Air Force Research Lab; in the ECSFIR, they will provide simultaneous RF communications giving the RF data bus extremely high-speed and reliable transmissions. The system will have an open architecture for future expansion and portability between aircraft. Invocon will provide at the Phase I conclusion a report detailing conceptual designs and configuration structures for all ECSFIR elements. Invocon proposes a Phase I Option to demonstrate a prototype wireless ECSFIR aboard a Naval Aircraft. This system will perform most of the major proposed requirements and provide a proof of concept and predetermination of some Phase II obstacles. The installation of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) is a major cost driver for shipboard controls and monitoring systems. The proposed effort will develop and demonstrate a wireless interface for PLC controllers within a shipboard environment per the Navy's instrumentation requirements. All situations where reliable, low cost wireless links are established in lieu of wires/cables will directly result in major savings to the Navy during both the installation and maintenance lifetime and will result in reduced weight of the instrumentation system. This proposal addresses development of a distributed image oriented storage and indexing architecture for building content searchable image databases (containing test, graphics, images, and digitize video). This is particularly difficult because computer vision has yet to solve the shape recognition problem which encompasses both text type and object type entities. Also, since substantial computation must be done to match image contents, substantial responsibility for the process must be delegated to the image archival engine (or in fact engines, because balancing data stored with computational elements is very important in this application as compared to more traditional text-oriented indexing and searching). In Cybernet's Phase I effort we will prototype a single node of the search engine and associated browser. Later we will scale the prototype product up for full scale Navy use. Single wall carbon nanotube - polymer composites will be synthesized and investigated for EMI shielding applications. Bundles of nanotubes will be prepared by an arc discharge process and dispersed in several polymer hosts as a physical mixture. Composites made from as-grown and chemically purified nanotubes will be investigated as a function of the vol.% loading, as will composites formed by laminating large area sheets of nanotube paper between polymer sheets. The effects of enhanced nanotube conductivity (chemical doping) and ferromagnetic nanoparticle additives will also be addressed. Stripline cavities operating in the 0.075 - 6 GHz range will be used to measure the complex permittivity and permeability of the composites. When applicable, the results will be modeled using an effective medium theory for composites built from dielectric hosts containing high aspect ratio conducting rods. The U.S. Navy and private industry are investing heavily in several ship electric drive systems including the High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) ac synchronous motor system, the Superconducting Homopolar motor and the Permanent Magnet (PM) motor. Composite drive shafts with optimized high torque end fittings hold promise for significant weight reduction. In the HTS ac synchronous motor these shafts are necessary to minimize heat leak to the rotating HTS coils Foster-Miller proposes to develop a low thermal conductance torque tube system which will provide minimum heat leak for the HTS ac synchronous motor application while also bringing significant value to the other ship electric drive options. The proposed approach employs Foster-Miller's Ultrasonic Tape Lamination (UTL) technology and tape winding. UTL enables on-the-fly, net thickness placement of the prepreg and the potential for non-autoclave curing. Several innovative designs in material selection, fiber architecture and end fitting integration are presented in detail in the proposal.Foster-Miller has teamed with American Superconductor and Alliant TechSystems to bring all of the expertise necessary to address this complex problem. In this program, the team will evaluate options, develop, analyze and design a low thermal conductance torque tube system and demonstrate key aspects of its fabrication. (P-00421) The proposed program will explore an advanced composite ship drive shaft system. This will support the HTS ac synchronous motor as well as several other electric drive systems for both Navy and commercial applications. The technology development is also a major asset for composite tube development for deep water oil drilling, civil structures and other applications. Beyond tubes, the integration of UTL and fiber placement has the potential to provide a dramatic advancement in composites manufacturing through on-the-fly debulking and curing. Composite tubes for cold-to-warm torque, requiring low thermal conductance, for advanced ship electric propulsion systems will be developed. Composite design and material selection must be optimized to provide low axial thermal conductance and high shear strength. Space limitations, fabrication difficulties, and costs limit the diameter of the torque tubes. The use of isogrid or isotruss composite structural designs as a supplement to a solid cylindrical shell must be carefully analyzed. The incoporation of advanced fibers such as alumina liquid crystal polymers, or polyethylene will be considered. Design of thermal intercepts and the end fixtures will be incorporated into the cylindrical structure.Our plan is to use our extensive cryogenic system and materials experience combined with composite analysis to design an optimum torque tube during the Phase I base program. The Phase I optional program will continue optimization and include torsion testing of previously fabricated glass/epoxy cylinders with a quasi-isotropic lay-up to confirm analysis predictions of shear strength. The most promising alternative tube geometries defined by the base program will also be fabricated and tested. The Phase II program will include fabrications and test (torsion, axial thermal conductivity) evaluation of candidate torque tubes, first with a subsize cylindrical structure followed by scale-up to a larger diameter and length. These will include end terminations and thermal intercepts for reduce heat leak and refrigeration loading. The proposed torque tube for cryogenic motors and generators will reduce heatleak to the cold region of these machines and will greatly reduce refrigeration requirements making such systems feasible for a wide range of applications in the military and commercial sector. These tubes would also have application to a large existing market for low heat leak cold to warm supports for use in magnetic resonance imaging systems (MRI), and the storage of cryogenic fluids nitrogen, oxygen, LNG, and others. Spectra Group Limited's (SGL) contribution in responding to N00-079 is the development of a new, benign, cost effective synthesis of poly[2,5-bis(N-methyl-N-alkylamino)phenylene vinylene]. Replacing the low yielding polymerization step in the current synthesis is the main objective of this proposal. By finding alternative routes to this step, many of the toxic reagents that are used in the original synthesis are avoided and replaced with safer, more benign options. The proposed synthesis is designed in such a way that many different types of polymerization reactions can be attempted based on a few simple easily made precursors. This versatility should allow a good number of options to be explored while spending minimal time in the laboratory preparing precursors. The anticipated benefit of this proposal is the development of a benign cost effective synthesis that can readily be scaled up to a commercial level. The ready availability of conjugated polymers would be of significant interest to the public and private sector. With the increasing complexity and size of advanced system designs come increasing requirements for an integrated set of methods and tools to measure, evaluate and predict behavior and performance. An environment is needed that will allow the engineer to rapidly iterate through multiple design paths and options, while evaluating the capability and completeness at multiple levels of abstraction. An integrated distributed environment is needed for engineers that support their processes and tools. This environment must support design, visualization and analysis at varying levels of detail. These capabilities can only be realized through the incorporation of a framework consisting of an integrated set of tools sharing a central design data repository that has "plug-in" support for external tools and codes. Creation of a robust environment to support complex systems development includes several key elements: first, an extensible framework and for integrating tools for designing, simulating and visualizing various aspects of the design; second, a process for using the tools and integrating and sharing their data; and third, a formal schema for describing, capturing and interrelating the data used by the tools. This project will attempt to realize a prototype of such an environment for the design and optimization of undersea weapons and vehicles. The rapid development of wireless technology is creating new opportunities and challenges for instrumentation users and suppliers. Wireless sensor systems can significantly decrease instrumentation set-up time and cost, while simultaneously improving sensor signal-to-noise ratios and instrumentation system flexibility. Further, the arduous task of manually collecting accelerometer samples for purposes of machinery health assessment has created a situation where a wireless data conditioning and collection approach would have many benefits; primarily a reduction in man-hours devoted to data collection and reduced instrumentation installation and maintenance costs. Unfortunately, no wireless accelerometer systems are currently available that meet the needs of the Navy's Assessment of Equipment Condition Program and similar harsh environment applications. Active imaging in the short- and mid-wave infrared has well-known benefits versus shorter wavelengths: eye safety, better visibility through battlefield obscurants, high atmospheric trans-mission, and reduced background emission. However, there are no suitable imaging detectors at eye-safe wavelengths. CTI proposes a nonlinear sum-frequency generator (SFG) to convert an image at 1.55 mm to a shorter wavelength where image intensifiers can be used. In addition, the SFG can provide spectral filtering and optical range-gating capability. Modern nonlinear optical materials can operate with high efficiency using modest pump sources in a compact design. CTI proposes a SFG converter with a large field-of-view, that is relatively temperature insensitive, and operates at room temperature. In Phase I, CTI will conduct detailed analyses and laboratory demonstrations to validate the proposed nonlinear up-converter. In Phase II, an imaging breadboard converter will be tested, optimized, and delivered.(1) increase detection sensitivity in eye-safe laser radar imaging, (2) demonstrate enhanced 2D LADAR imaging through SFG converter, (3) demonstrate receiver techniques through optical range-gating. This Small Business Innovation Research Phase I Project will produce a design for a monoblock configuration pulsed Er-Yb:glass micro-laser at 1540 nm, suitable for use in coastal LADAR applications at ranges greater than 1 km. Beside LADAR such a laser would be an extremely useful tool for a number of important applications; range finding, remote sensing, optical communications, etc. Our preliminary analysis indicates that the best way to meet the requirements for this laser is through an approach based on the optimal selection of pumping wavelength and cavity configuration, where both pumping and oscillation resonators form attached cavities. This method allows for scalability and versatility, while still achieving excellent performance in a relatively simple and rugged monoblock configuration.The developed system will radically improve the characteristics of lasers at 1540 nm, bringing its construction to a monoblock micro-design. In the commercial sector, the proposed laser will serve as an ideal source for parametric oscillators, high data transfer rate communication systems, spectroscopy, clocks, etc. This proposal describes and SBIR Phase I program to develop a high-performance, low-cost composite armor for the AAAV. Ballistic protection offered by state-of-the-art composite materials are presented and compared to demonstrate the need and performance goals for composite materials as fragment armors and as backings in ceramic armor systems. Ballistic performance models are presented and compared. Hybrid composite armor designs that use low-cost materials are discussed along with development and test plans. Cost models for composite armors are presented. Flammability testing proposed for candidate AAAV armor systems is outlined.Improved composite armor technology applicable to bullet and fragment armor systems. Improved ceramic armor designs that reduce cost and imrpove multiple impact protection of ceramic armors against armor piercing bullets. Composite armor designs and ballistic performance models applicable to personnel, aircraft, ship, and ground vehicle armor systems. Military divers and medical patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy may breathe pure oxygen. The elevated ambient pressure levels in these circumstances lead to high partial pressures of oxygen which can become toxic. The goal of this program is development of a Diver Warning System capable of monitoring environmental and physiological parameters and predicting impending seizures due to oxygen toxicity. During Phase I, we will review existing data and literature, implement several novel data processing algorithms, and determine which parameters are most predictive of impending seizures. During Phases II and III, the work will be extended to include additional hyperbaric testing and integration of the Diver Warning System into the LAR V Rebreather used by military divers.Successful completion of this project will increase the safety of military divers exposed to hyperbaric oxygen. The technology developed under this program may also benefit recreational scuba divers and medical patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy. It is known that hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) exposure causes seizures in animals and humans, although the mechanism by which this occurs is still incompletely understood. Oxygen toxicity is a concern, for example, in certain types of military diving operations, as well in treating patients in clinical HBO chambers. At present, the most reliable physiological "marker" known to anticipate HBO-induced seizures is escape from cerebral vasoconstriction. To provide an "early warning" system for increased probability of HBO-induced seizures practicable for field and clinical use, non-invasive measurement parameters are needed. For example, hyperbaric hyperoxia is known to increase the parasympathetic influence in the regulation of the heart. Therefore, subtle changes that occur in cardiovascular parameters (e.g., heart-rate variability) prior to the onset of seizures may be exploitable markers. The objectives of this research are to research and design the necessary components of an environmental impact assessment software suite and to provide modeled environmental impact assessment results for selected sites. The research will focus on the impact of active acoustic emissions on marine mammals in the oceans. In the research and design portions of the study, AHA will examine the pertinent marine mammal characteristics and develop a database for those characteristics; retrieve and perform statistical analysis of environmental acoustic characteristics of the oceans, including temporal, spatial, and directional variability; investigate active sound propagation and procedures for the assessment of its impact on marine mammals; and incorporate the above items in the design of a web-enabled environmental assessment decision aid software tool. In the assessment portion of the research, AHA will perform acoustic modeling to produce representative summaries of marine mammal impact for selected sites.Many organizations within the U.S. government and private industry could make use of the environmental assessment software tool designed as part of this research, in order to ensure compliance with applicable laws. Examples include companies involved in drilling and recovery of natural resources, underwater construction, oceanic transportation, and marine geophysical and seismic surveying. We propose using our unique, self-reinforcing, rigid-rod, polyparaphenylene-based thermoplastic for fabricating low-cost, lightweight scuttles and hatches. This thermoplastic, named Parmaxr Self-Reinforced Polymer ("SRP"), is an extraordinary high-performance polymer that exhibits the strength of metals. Parmaxr SRPs, however, are not long fiber composites, and thus are readily fabricated using conventional low-cost, automated molding methods. The most elegant design solution for hatch and scuttle fabrication is single operation molding. This is not possible with current sandwich-core composite technology, which requires complicated lay-ups. For scuttles and hatches, use of Parmaxr SRPs will offer the following advantages 1) lightweight, possibly including a Parmaxr SRP foam core (sandwich structure); 2) charring, providing an insulating, protective layer in fire situations without toxic gasses; and 3) simplified compression manufacturing methods, enabling production of cost-effective scuttles and hatches. During Phase I we propose to 1) compound Parmaxr SRPs into suitable formulations (ensuring acceptable mechanical, weight, EMI shielding, maintenance, and fire tolerance properties); 2) fabricate and test specimens to qualify formulations for use (with an emphasis on fire situation properties); 3) enter into a collaboration with one or more existing manufacturers of scuttles and hatches for development work; and 4) design prototype scuttles and/or hatches for Phase II development.Lightweight thermoplastic hatches will be commercially viable products to support the commercial cruise industry and perhaps even specialized fire door markets. This technology will offer high quality, low maintenance, low weight and potentially high volume/ low-cost conformal shape doors for commercial and DOD applications. Future high speed fiber optic data networks can serve to aggregate disparate data sources with varying data rates. Thereby, a single network serves to transport legacy avionics protocols such Mil Std 1553B, InterCommunication System (ICS) data traffic, commercial formats such as Ethernet packets, Fiber Channel packets and other present and future packet formats. The protocol converter algorithm must be standardized and not proprietary to assure multiple vendor participation and product development. This Phase 1 program specifies the necessary characteristics required for an operationally successful network; it is redundant, controllerless and protocol independent. IPITEK will develop a network architectures meeting these program objectives by drawing upon experience gained from developing similiar functional fiber optic based networks. A universal data network capable of transporting multiple data formats simplifies network design and operation. New and old installations benefit from fewer networks through lower installation and operating costs. Daniel H. Wagner Associates, Inc. proposes to develop a requirements report and a detailed design for a Current, Wind, and Wave Data Fusion (CWWDF) system for Mine Countermeasures (MCM). The proposed CWWDF system will significantly improve the ability of Naval MCM forces to carry out their missions through the more effective use of available environmental data to accurately estimate the current, wind, and wave conditions in the area of interest. The system will allow MCM planners and operators to: (1) More accurately estimate the location of drifting mines at all times of interest, optimize search for them, and estimate their source, (2) Improve the placement of cleared lanes for use by landing craft such as AAAVs making it easier for the landing craft to stay in these lanes, (3) Develop more effective plans for MCM systems, such as divers, that are significantly affected by current, wind, and waves, and (4) Improve the ability to sweep pressure mines. Improved MCM technologies such as these are particularly necessary at a time when the United States is facing a sophisticated MCM threat with limited funds to procure additional MCM assets/sensors. Effective use of environmental data fusion techniques in MCM operations will produce more effective MCM operations, conducted at lower risk, which will result in fewer casualties to friendly forces and improved overall US Navy effectiveness. Erosion and corrosion of compressor blades and vanes have been critical degraders to the life of the gas turbine engine fleet for naval applications. Similar problems also exist for civilian aircraft engines. Protection of turbine compression systems has historically consisted of coating airfoil surfaces. New and advanced base material systems and advanced engine configurations are under development. Thus, new coating deposition techniques which can be applied without degrading advanced material systems and engine configuration are required. UES, Inc. proposes to utilize a patented vacuum filtered arc based technology for coating application. The coating systems will be characterized in terms of their composition and corrosion/erosion performance. Based upon their performance ranking, coating(s) and coating process(s) will be identified for further development in Phase II. The objective of this project is the development of a control module capable of providing the excitation for the Navy's UHF electronically scanned array radar currently under development. This radar will enable enhanced beam agility and scan rates over present radar systems. The Navy has identified a need for a scanning module able to direct a tapered excitation to a subset of a fifty-four element array. This Phase 1 project will investigate the crystal growth aspects and optoelectronic characterization of a new ternary alkali lead chloride material, Er-doped KPb2Cl5, which recently showed high promise in mid-infrared (3-4.5 um) laser applications. In particular, it has an excellent potential as a mid-infrared laser because of two factors: 1) the high concentration of erbium ions (2 x 10^20 ions/cm^3) with its large cross section provides excellent energy storage lifetimes (~ms), and 2) the crystals are hard and very stable at or above room temperature, enabling practical large scale laser sources. The goals of the Phase I project are to identify and select optimum growth conditions for ultrapure high quality erbium (Er)-doped KPb2Cl5 large single crystals in a cost-effective way, to develop new post-growth treatments to improve the quality of the grown crystals, and to characterize various optoelectronic properties in order to demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating mid-infrared lasers from these crystals. The U.S. Navy has developed an important ASW capability using impulsive sources to provide broadband spectral illumination for submarine detection. Present sonobuoy sources use high explosives to achieve the required source levels. Explosives present serious safety hazards and subsequently incur significant operational and manufacturing costs. Additionally, explosives produce inherently short (<100 micro-second) high intensity pulses, which are not efficient for creating low frequency acoustic energy. Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. (APTI) proposes to develop a non-explosive source by electrically initiating combustion of aluminum with water to create a long (milli-seconds) high-energy acoustic pulse. The aluminum/water reaction is highly energetic (15 kj/g aluminum) and affords the opportunity to use surrounding seawater as the oxidizer such that the energy output exceeds present explosive driven buoy systems. APTI has significant experience combusting aluminum and water and has demonstrated this combustion technique using solid aluminum wire, water, and battery to generate pressures in excess of 50 kpsi to accelerate projectiles. The immediate benefit of this program is to provide the Navy with a substantially safer and less expensive inventory of anti-submarine warfare sono-buoys. Present systems contain high-explosives that require special handling and care to both manufacture and deploy. The proposed concept will eliminate those explosives and lower overall lifecycle costs by eliminating the need to handle explosive materials. Commercially, an immediate market for several thousand buoys exists to upgrade and replace the present systems both in the US and abroad. This Small Business Innovation Research Phase I project is designed to develop and characterize a novel ceramic material and microcomponent fabrication technique for application as optic fiber connectors in harsh operational environments experienced by the Integrated Defense Electronics Countermeasures (IDECM) ALE-55 Fiber Optic Towed Decoy (FOTD). Current fiber-optic connectors do not possess the desired mechanical performance and high-temperature performance for FOTD applications, and often have a high failure rate during operational conditions. SYTRONICS proposes Noise Reduction and Improved Speech (NORIS) research to accomplish Phase I objectives, establish a foundation for further research and prototyping in Phase II, and product testing and development in Phase III. Phase I objectives are: propose new design approaches using existing technology for hearing protection of personnel using communication systems; identify performance differences between custom-fit and foam earplugs; compare new materials available; include data on new speech intelligibility technologies; and develop a conceptual design. The proposed work includes: Assessing currently used passive systems, performing comparative analyses and identifying differences in performance with foam earplugs; Performing preliminary studies to determine passive attenuation requirements by (1) replicating a 1981 Shanks and Lilly study to determine the most sensitive measure of ear canal residual volume; and (2) identifying and verifying the most effective method for estimating residual ear canal volume when using deep-seated earplugs; Determining active noise reduction (ANR) requirements using deep-seated ear plugs and a noise sensing microphone; Investigating ANR, Communications Earplug (CEP) and other techniques that hold promise for reducing noise at the inner ear and improving speech communications; Providing a concept demonstration of a preliminary noise reduction system for deck crew with communications. We anticipate the benefits of this research to include (1) a better understanding of the technologies and applications that are most effective in reducing noise levels at the inner ear; (2) realization of effective techniques and applications for improving speech intelligibility in high noise environments; and (3) preliminary concept design and demonstration of a more effective passive and active noise reduction hearing protection system with improved speech intelligibility capabilities, that is feasible for use by aircrew and deck crew personnel operating in Navy aircraft carrier and "L" class ship deck environments. If successful, this technology application will benefit workers operating in any high noise military and industrial environment. Mathtech has developed a digital Advanced Inter-Communications System (AICS) for the E-2C aircraft. The AICS is an Ethernet-based system with many user-friendly features, and both weight and cost savings over competing systems. This proposal describes our approach to architecture and options for converting the AICS to a fiber optic bus. There is increased interest in the use of fiber optic voice and data transmission in military aircraft. Commercial applications include all aircraft as well as other industrial applications. Today's military aircraft and aerospace systems employ optical networks for data transmission. Data is bottlenecked in switching, which is currently performed by slow, bulky, heavy optomechanical methods. Fast electro-optical switches have been suggested as replacements, but these tend to have large insertion losses and low extinction ratios. The U.S. Navy is seeking a high-speed, low-loss, high extinction ratio optical switch for its optical networks. To address this need, Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposes to develop a novel optical switch based on liquid crystal polymer holographic Bragg grating nanotechnology. This concept is superior to existing switches in that it can switch in under 25 microseconds, has insertion loss below 1 dB, exhibits an extinction ratio above 50 dB, is nonmechanical, and scales to large array sizes. It can be designed to be narrowband for wavelength division multiplexing or broadband for greater system compatibility. The proposed optical switch technology is commercially attractive because it is based on mature volume holographic and liquid crystal/polymer nanotechnology. In Phase I, POC will design, fabricate and test the proposed optical switch technology, and demonstrate its feasibility by analytical calculation, computer modeling, and experimental demonstration. In Phase II, an advanced prototype will be fabricated and field tested. POC expects this unique switch to open a new market for rapid optical switches. The capabilities of this switch are far beyond what is commercially available today, and it will be useful in a wide range of applications, from DOD aircraft to cable television, from space-based radar systems to industrial control centers, from military control centers to internet-based high speed switches. Next generation high performance Global Positioning System (GPS) guidance, tracking and timing systems will need to be smaller lighter and less costly. The oven controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO) is a key component in determing the performance of the GPS system. Conventional OCXO's suitable for precision GPS applications are large, require substantial amounts of power and are costly to manufacture. These limiting factors play a role in determining the overall size and cost of the GPS system. MTI has developed a very small and power efficient OCXO in our standard Model 220 which is currently manufactured in high volume. In Phase 1 we will focus on reducing the warm up time of the 220 and the amount of power required during the warm up mode. Our goal is to realize a warm-up time of <30 seconds while consuming 2 watts of power maximum. With some modification it is possible that MTI can offer a compact, power efficient, economical and specification compliant OCXO. The performance of a GPS receiver is critically dependent on its internal oscillator clock's long term stability, affecting time-to-first measurement and its short term, phase noise level, since it limits the ultimate precision with which a range increment can be recovered. Visidyne proposes to demonstrate that by adding a photonic control loop to an existing low cost RF oscillator both long term drift and short term, i.e., Allan variances can be greatly improved on. The goals for ready time, size/weight and power consumption as well as cost also appear to be within reach. High performance local oscillators with less jitter, lower phase noise are a critical element at both ends of the scale, low signal-to-noise as in a GPS receiver or in the case of multiple input signals of large magnitudes to reduce the intermodulation products. DoD needs include advanced digital intercept receivers, commercial uses are in wireless, e.g., cellular phone networks. Advanced failure progression modeling will be demonstrated on selected gear and bearing components for the purpose of providing a basis for fully enabling the Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) to assess the remaining useful life of components and their risk to catastrophic failure. Fracture Mechanics methods within a framework of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) will be applied to a crack in the root of a spiral gear tooth to simulate crack growth to final failure. The gear selected for analysis will be one of those for which the Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC) has generated full scale H60 helicopter drive system testing. The data will provide a basis for validating the model. Additional fracture mechanics analysis will be developed to determine a risk factor for catastrophic bearing inner ring fracture in the presence of a fatigue spall. The risk factor will be based on sensitivity to fracture of bearing geometry, bearing/shaft interference fit, material fracture toughness and operating speed and load. The models provide benefit by more accurately predicting the remaining useful life of components. Model development will provide a basis for: (1) developing improved diagnostic algorithms for fault detection, (2) assessing the risk to catastrophic failure of detected bearing faults, (3) understanding component failure progression rates, and (4) determining more accurate inspection and maintenance intervals. Commercial applications apply to aviation and power generation rotating machinery. Industry using health monitoring systems, condition-based maintenance, diagnostic or predictive analysis for rotating machinery will benefit. As the number and range of interface technologies increases, the personal experience and expertise of human computer interaction (HCI) designers is often insufficient to ensure that wide ranges of innovative interface options are considered during design. This limited experience could slow down the interface design process and result in interfaces that are sufficient, but not optimal. Aptima proposes an intelligent advisor that will help capture the experiences of a broad range of HCI designers in the form of user interface design cases and provide an indexing schema for effectively searching and retrieving user interface design (UID) cases from a case database. The retrieved UID cases will aid the HCI designer in generating an initial set of viable and innovative user interface design options to use as a starting point for a UI design effort. Each UID case in the proposed case database will contain: 1) a dialog representation (e.g., a dialog box image, a description for gesture based dialog, a transcription of speech dialogs, etc.); 2) a depiction of the functional, operational, and usability requirements the dialog supports; and 3) links to related dialogs used to characterize and index the UID case. The anticipated benefits are as follows. The case-based HCI design advisor will enable the HCI designers and/or the systems design team to: Intelligent Automation, Incorporated (IAI) and its subcontractor, Penn State U., propose a novel system to detect damage in aircraft structures. The system combines a novel wireless sensor for signal acquisition and a robust software for fault prognosis. The sensor is known as SAW-IDT (Surface Acoustic Wave Interdigital Transducer). It is low cost, passive, compact, and can be operated in a wireless manner. The sensor has been proven to be useful for sensing cracks in rivet holes. Other structural defects such as corrosion, delamination, fatigue cracking can also be detected. The second element of the system is an automatic fault prognosis tool, which consists of Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ), and Hidden Markov Model (HMM). PCA is a popular neural network tool for extracting useful features. LVQ is used to generate the code sequence. HMM has been proven to be extremely useful in several applications, including some use for equipment diagnostics. However, unlike conventional usage of HMM for fault isolation, HMM is used here to perform both fault prognosis and diagnosis. Our proposed system can perform continuous monitoring of aircraft structures in both ground and in-flight situations, and the sensors can be easily embedded into the structure. The ability to predict the onset of structural failures is critical for reducing cost and improving safety in aircraft. At the end of Phase 2, we will have a system with both hardware and software for structural failure prognosis and diagnosis. The system will perform continuous monitoring of aircraft structures in both ground and in-flight situations. We expect the market for this system to be at least 10 million dollars. The Phase II research proposed here will develop a model of team collaboration in critical thinking (TC2T) that builds upon the framework proposed by Alberts, et al. (2001) and upon the research team's considerable experience studying individuals and teams in command and control settings. From this model, we will develop measures of: (1) technologies that support collaboration (collaboration technology MOPs), (2) processes of collaborative critical thinking (TC2T MOPs), (3) their influence on team-wide understanding of goals and means that is central to command and control (C2 MOPs), and (4) mission outcomes with a focus on synchronization (MOEs). The proposed program is focused specifically on developing and optimizing advanced Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) system designs for various Joint Strike Fighter aircraft systems and subsystems. A PHM design optimization tool developed under a separate program will be utilized to examine several selected JSF aircraft areas including the propulsion system (Fan/Compressor/Turbine, Engine Lube Oil or Fuel System), secondary power system (APU or PTO/AMAD) and the environmental control system (ECS). The effort will specifically develop "lower level", detailed system simulation models for assessing sensor type/placement issues, as well as "higher level" system integration models to examine system inter-dependencies and failure mode propagation effects. The tool will allow a design team to assess PHM system configurations based on a cost function that accurately represents key life cycle cost variables such as system availability, maintainability, reliability, failure mode interactions, etc. Based on the development of these optimal PHM system designs early in the EMD phase, costly redesigns in later phases can be avoided. Pratt and Whitney and Honeywell Engines and Systems have expressed interest in this program and are expected to provide appropriate design and legacy system information required to build the PHM models proposed.BENEFITS: Optimizing PHM system designs for critical areas of the JSF aircraft will allow for more autonomous system self awareness so that critical system failures and high cost operation can be minimized. The ability to optimize and justify JSF sensor selection/placement and associated diagnostic/prognostic algorithms in the design stage can significantly reduce LCC and impact the effectiveness of autonomic logistics by reducing costly inspection routines and premature component replacements. Substantial safety and cost benefits can be achieved if the optimal application of LRU diagnostic and prognostic techniques is realized, and it could thus provide the potential to make the correct life cycle choices during the EMD phase of JSF. Commercial applications for applying this PHM design optimization can be realized for any aviation health management application, as well as machinery health management systems in the electrical generation industries, chemical processing industries, marine propulsion, military ground vehicles, and the gas transmission and oil refining industries. Burn-through of the cables used in the Integrated Defense Electronics Countermeasures (IDECM) ALE-55 Fiber Optic Towed Decoy (FOTD) system as installed on the F/A-18E/F precludes successful operation of the FOTD. The currently used organic fibers do not retain their strength when exposed to the extremely high temperatures of the aircraft exhaust. Fiber Materials, Inc. proposes an innovative solution to the burn-through problem by utilizing a high strength, commmercially available fiber with a higher maximum use temperature. FMI will also utilize ablative materials to keep the temperature of the cable below its failure temperature. In Phase I, FMI will perform elevated temperature tensile strength testing (up to 1000§C in air) of the proposed towlines. The benefit of this SBIR project will be candidate material systems for high temperature, high strength towlines for Fiber Optic Towed Decoys (FOTD). The successful conclusion of this research will allow reliable deployment and use of the FOTD system to protect US military aircraft from enemy missiles. Approximately 20,000 disposable towline units are planned for the F/A18, F-15, and various other platforms. Industrial applications that will benefit from this research include space tethers, high temperature seals, and high temperature cables for the geothermal and mining industries. Q-DOT proposes to develop a monolithic, Delta-Sigma Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) suitable for use in a multi-function phased array antenna systems (e.g., Digital Array Radar (DAR)). Its wide bandwidth (600 MHz) enables the DDS to produce a variety of signals including the chirp waveforms for radar. The single-bit, delta-sigma architecture offers high purity (-150 dBc/Hz), low in-band spurious content (100 dB SFDR) signals on one integrated circuit realized in IBM's SiGe BiCMOS process. In addition, this sophisticated DDS will support beamforming operations (i.e., time delay, phase shift, amplitude weighting). Its small size, low power dissipation, and low cost make the Delta-Sigma DDS attractive for integration into advanced T/R modules. Under the proposed Phase II Base effort, Q-DOT will develop a monolithic Delta-Sigma DAC IC realized with SiGe BiCMOS technology. In the Phase II Option, the Delta-Sigma DAC integrated IC will be integrated with commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components to form a stored-waveform, Delta-Sigma DDS Module. Q-DOT will work with the Navy to insert the Delta-Sigma DDS into advanced DAR during Phase III. The goal of this project is to characterize the magnitude and transmission paths of bone-conducted noise, and then to use this information to design an effective Noise Reduction System (NRS) for use in crew helmets. US Navy personnel working on the decks of aircraft carriers operate in a very high noise environment and are at considerable risk for hearing damage. There is no technology available to reduce engine noise levels without significant performance penalties. Further, noise levels will not improve with the next generation of aircraft, where noise levels for deck crews will exceed 150 dB. At these levels, sound conducted to the cochlea via bone and tissue conduction may inflict damage despite complete attenuation of air-conducted sound in the ear canal. The phenomenon of bone conduction is not well understood. During the Phase I project, we plan to use two new innovative audiometry techniques, supplemented by laboratory tests, to characterize this phenomenon. We will then use these data to model the noise conduction mechanism in order to design an effective countermeasure. During the Phase II project, we will fabricate and test prototypes of the NRS. The results of our unique tests on bone/tissue conduction to the cochlea will be of benefit to those setting hearing protection guidelines as well as to designers of hearing protection systems. The Creare Noise Reduction System (NRS) will reduce the effects of this potentially harmful source of noise, allowing longer durations of exposure to high-noise-level environments. The system will be of use to military and civilian aircraft operations and maintenance personnel as well as to workers in construction and manufacturing industries. SYTRONICS proposes Bone Conducted Noise Reduction (BCNR) research to accomplish Phase I objectives, establish a foundation for further research and product prototyping in Phase II, and product testing and development in Phase III. The Phase I objectives are: propose new design approaches to protect Naval deck crew personnel from bone conducted sound to the inner ear; establish a protocol for determining the path(s) of bone conducted noise to the inner ear; and develop a preliminary conceptual design for a solution to the problem. Proposed work includes: assessing current approaches to measuring bone conducted noise using distortion product oto-acoustic emissions (DPOAEs) technology; determining new methods for measuring bone conducted noise by generating DPOAEs in a novel way to study the cancellation of bone conducted noise in the cochlea; performing a series of preliminary bone-conduction studies designed to explore the effect of level changes in air-conducted and bone conducted stimuli, examine cancellation of the bone-conducted tone, compare the sensitivity of DPOAE measures with conventional behavioral measures, and make a preliminary determination of bone conduction pathways to the inner ear; providing a concept demonstration of a potential bone conducted noise reduction. We anticipate the benefits of this research to include (1) a better understanding of the pathways and practical effect of bone conducted sound to the inner ear; (2) determination of an effective way to reduce the level of bone conducted sound to the inner ear; and (3) preliminary design of a protective system that effectively reduces the level of bone conducted noise to the inner ear and is feasible for use in the Navy aircraft carrier and "L" class ship deck environment. If successful, this technology application will benefit workers operating in any high noise military and industrial environment. Operating a vector-component magnetic sensor in motion with high sensitivity is challenging. Compensation of motion noise is classically achieved by configuring the sensor as a magnetic gradiometer and taking advantage of the fact that the earth's magnetic field is spatially nearly uniform. Quantum Magnetics, working with the Navy and IBM Research, has developed a unique sensor configuration, the Realtime Tracking Gradiometer (RTG) that solves the dynamic range challenges particularly well. Operating such a sensor in a low-cost Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) adds still more technical challenge: that of negating locally-generated magnetic interference without compromising the sensor's motion noise immunity or its responsivity to detection targets. In Phase I, we demonstrated the efficacy of two complementary approaches to mitigate local interference. One, developed by Quantum, modifies the RTG hardware, and another, developed by the Navy's Coastal System Center, adapts the noise compensation algorithm. In the Phase II Base effort, we will provide the Navy with a version of the RTG specifically designed and ready for AUV integration. We will support the Navy in sensor integration into an AUV and demonstration at sea.BENEFITS: The technology developed under this program will add to the Navy's organic MCM capability. It can also be adapted for use in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for locating underground facilities. Private-sector markets include oceanographic research, search and salvage applications, and geophysical surveys. Potential sales in each market segment can reach a few hundred units, at a cost between $5,000 and $15,000 per unit; business models structured in terms of leasing and per-use fees may generate significantly higher revenues. A lightweight, low-cost system for each firefighter to detect the location and direction of other nearby firefighters will be provided. A heads-up display will allow hands-free operation. The system will be integrated with the Personnel Ultrasonic Locating and Safety Equipment, or PULSE, developed by Summit Safety. This system uses ultrasound -- sound waves above the normal hearing range -- to enable a firefighter or Rapid Intervention Team (RIT) to quickly locate and rescue a disabled firefighter and to quickly locate exits in dense smoke. Summit Safety will develop an ultrasonic, non-contact sensor and system capable of detecting the acoustic sounds and fire-induced vibrations of structures that are precursors of structural collapse. The system will provide advanced warning to the Incident Commander of potential or imminent structural collapse. Luna Innovations has developed for NIST a low-cost, yet high resolution acoustic sensor system capable of determining ten micro-degree changes in a water path caused by clinical medical radiation devices. A system will be delivered to NIST for their evaluation and testing. The sensors are external to the water and play a negligible role in error sources from thermal transfer in contrast to current thermocouple devices in use today. Luna has identified a commercialization path and a partner (Varian) who has voiced product support if we are successful in the Phase II. This breakthrough technology can result in the ability to image the three dimensional thermal dose absorbed in the tissue phantom, a critical pre-treatment parameter that could alter medical protocols. The product from this technology has an important role for both economics and health care. Open Tech, Inc. seeks to develop a Virtual Environment Windowing Library (VEWL) that will provide users with an intuitive user interface and device independent interaction methods. The interface will allow users in a virtual environment to run applications and configure the environment using the same windows and controls that they are used to using on desktop systems. The software will provide for complete device independence, allowing users of any system to use the software regardless of the input devices that they are using (e.g. wands, mice, keyboards, PDAs, etc). The software will help facilitate the application development process for programmers, while simultaneously helping programmers provide users with more flexible and intuitive applications. Parallax Research, Inc. proposes to build an Ultra-High Vacuum compatible Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (WDS) that can be used on small spot Auger, XPS, TEM and FESEM analytical instruments for elemental analysis. The effort draws upon Parallax's experience in designing WDS systems for Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) and for XRF. This new type of x-ray spectrometer will eliminate the sources of leakage that plagued previous WDs systems used on UHV systems by using UHV compatible materials, motion feedthroughs and by replacing the leak prone gas flow proportional counter x-ray detector. During Phase 1, Parallax tested a potential proportional counter replacement with sufficient success to be very confident of Phase 2 success. The proposed spectrometer is conceptually based on Parallax's new 6-diffractor HeXLEXS extended energy range Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer. A low-cost superconducting transition edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeter spectrometer is described for high energy and high spatial resolution X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy and microanalysis. The proposed microcalorimeter instrument offers an energy resolution that is comparable to and potentially even better than wavelength dispersive spectrometers, thereby enabling the resolution of interfering peaks at low energies, while the energy dispersive nature of the microcalorimeter also means that the full X-ray spectrum is immediately available for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The TES microcalorimeter spectrometer will address and meet a critical need for new, cost-effective analytical tools for high resolution X-ray microanalysis in materials research. The presence of moisture in inaccessible building regions can lead to paint failure and rotting that reduces property values and creates dangerous habitat environments.  Secondarily, the presence of moisture can lead to mold growth with allergenic and toxic properties that present a significant health risk.  Diagnosis may include measurement of the moisture content of building materials, as well as measurement of water infiltration through the exterior barrier.  The current tools available for diagnosis are limited to bulky, electrical-based sensors that are not optimal for embedding in small crevices and often produce unreliable results over long-term evaluation.  To address the need for robust sensors and instrumentation to measure moisture content within building envelopes, Luna Innovations proposes to develop low profile, low cost, optical fiber-based instrumentation for in-situ simultaneous measurements of humidity and temperature, within inaccessible regions of buildings.  The proposed system will enable remote detection in an embeddable, multiplexed format, and offer a low cost solution that can be used in may commercial and industrial structures and meets the competitive price points of the housing industry. An innovative superconducting transition edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeter array with superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) readouts is described for high energy and high spatial resolution X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy and microanalysis. The proposed microcalorimeter instrument offers an energy resolution that is comparable to and potentially even better than wavelength dispersive spectrometers, thereby enabling the resolution of interfering peaks at low energies, while the energy dispersive nature of the microcalorimeter also means that the full X-ray spectrum is immediately available for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The TES microcalorimeter will address and meet a critical need for increasingly high spatial resolution X-ray microanalysis in semiconductor integrated circuit manufacturing and materials research as minimum feature sizes are reduced well below 1 micron. This proposal is aimed at developing a full software solution for the next generation advanced optical metrology. Existing simulation tools cannot meet the current and future needs of scattering-based optical metrology for semiconductor manufacturing. Our proposed work will first focus on developing an enhanced RCWA-based simulation engine with advanced algorithms for fast convergence and stability, which can be applied to periodic and non-periodic 3D problems with arbitrary polarizations, structure profiles and material systems. A versatile and user-friendly CAD interface will also be developed based on the RSoft existing, industry-leading CAD technology for optoelectronics device simulation. Within the CAD, a 3D openGL display engine will be implemented for 3D data display and manipulation. Other potential methods, including FDTD, FEM and FMM, will also be investigated and implemented to address the full range of optical metrology applications. RPIC Systems proposes to develop a compact, optically coupled precision MEMS-based resonant high-pressure transducer that provides primary national standards from 280 MPa to 500 MPa, having <0.0001% resolution and <0.001% accuracy, the ability to operate over a wide temperature range (<-65°C to >300°C), the capability of oil or gas fill, and characteristics of quartz resonant gauges at lower pressures. The proposed sensor of RPIC Systems also will address the need of industrial and commercial markets for precision, high-pressure sensors having low hysteresis, electromagnetic interference (EMI) immunity, and increased safety in harsh, volatile, or explosive environments. Wavelength dispersive spectrometers (WDS) are widely used in both scanning electron microscopes and scanning transmission electron microscopes for x-ray elemental analysis and mapping. The WDS systems are typically used to detect x-rays in the 100 eV - 2000 eV energy range, for chemical analysis of elements Be through P. Despite the excellent energy resolution of the WDS systems, they rely on gas flow proportional counters for detection of x-rays from the diffractor, which pose a serious problem in terms of the compatibility with the ultra-high vacuum (UHV) of the microscope. For the detection of very low energy x-rays, the gas proportional counter must have an extremely thin entrance window, which is permeable to the gas in the proportional counter, such that the proportional counter gas slowly leaks into the UHV chamber of the microscope. The newer generation field emission microscopes will not be able to tolerate the gas from the proportional counter leaking into the UHV of the microscope. In this project, we propose to develop a high performance solid state x-ray detector that will be compatible with the UHV environment, and will offer a more reliable, low cost alternative to replace the gas proportional counters in electron microscopes. A new type of THz photomixer will be developed using a submicron interdigitated-electrode structure fabricated on an Eras:GaAs ultrafast photoconductive layer, an AIAs heat spreader and an AIGas/AIAs dielecric mirror. The Eras:GaAs-based photomixer will provide extremely wide tuning bandwidth (>1 decade) and a continuous-wave output power of roughly 10 microwatt around 100 GHz, at least 1 microwatt and 1 THz, and > 100 nW between 2 and 3 THz. The research will focus on the materials growth and fabrication issues, the electrical and optical performance, and the reliability and packaging necessary to deliver working devices to NIST. Open Tech proposes to adapt the WIMP (Window Icon Menu Pointer) interface for immersive applications. Using logical input devices like windows, menus, sliders, and buttons applications can be built to be device independent. Open Tech’s innovative approach uses a laser pointer like mouse to control a 3D WIMP interface. Scientists will be able to quickly build interfaces that are easier to learn, more flexible, and more powerful than many current applications. This approach is particularly useful for scientific visualization where realism and presence is less important than the data being visualized. We propose to develop the technology to address the need for better harmonic reference devices in order to support the field of non-linear device characterization. Superconducting delay lines can be used to generate nonlinear harmonic signals with a known magnitude and phase relationship to the fundamental signal. In order to make such a reference device, we will need to make superconducting delay lines of at least 20 cm length on a standard 5 cm wafer. This will require careful simulation and fabrication of a spiral meander line. Then we will package the delay line using interconnects to room temperature that have been optimized for stable phase response on thermal cycling. Finally, we will deliver the delay line packaged on a cryocooler with integrated PID to ensure stable temperature operation. Successful completion of this effort will form a solid foundation for building and testing an optimized laboratory prototype in Phase II. Two distinct designs with performance characteristics for analyzers consistent with the solicitation requirements were delivered in Phase 1. The Phase 1 research and modeling results have been sufficiently conclusive to indicate feasibility of both designs. The more novel of the two designs is proposed: a hybrid magnetic/electrostatic analyzer that features very high collection and transmission efficiencies. In this design, the specimen is immersed in a magnetic field parallel to the axis of the analyzer. The proposed design provides for extremely uniform collection efficiency over a large area while preserving excellent lateral resolution. In one application this design, combined with a tunable wide area soft-xrays illumination will provide the ability to identify chemical bond information utilizing the NEXAFS technique. In this Phase I SBIR, Nomadics will build on our past experience with micro-structure resonators and quartz-based sensors to develop a pressure sensor suitable for high pressure applications such as oil and gas industry applications. In the Phase I work, the outstanding measurement resolution of our sensing technology will be demonstrated and the feasibility of this technology for pressure sensing will be demonstrated. Pressure tests with ranges up to 140 MPa will be performed. The pressure sensing range and sensitivity of a commercially available structure will be tested. The material property, behavior, and the mechanical integrity of the chip assembly including the fiber connector under high-pressure environment will be understood. The interaction of pressure fluid in the testing facility and material at various pressures and temperatures will be tested. These efforts will include collaboration with a leader in the oilfield test and measurement industry. Successful completion of the Phase I tasks will warrant continuation into Phase II prototyping. The presence of moisture in inaccessible building regions can lead to paint failure and rotting that reduces property values and creates dangerous habitat environments.  Secondarily, the presence of moisture can lead to mold growth with allergenic and toxic properties that present a significant health risk.  Diagnosis may include measurement of the moisture content of building materials, as well as measurement of water infiltration through the exterior barrier.  The current tools available for diagnosis are limited to bulky, electrical-based sensors that are not optimal for embedding in small crevices and often produce unreliable results over long-term evaluation.  To address the need for robust sensors and instrumentation to measure moisture content within building envelopes, Luna Innovations proposes to develop low profile, low cost, optical fiber-based instrumentation for in-situ simultaneous measurements of humidity and temperature, within inaccessible regions of buildings.  The proposed system will enable remote detection in an embeddable, multiplexed format, and offer a low cost solution that can be used in may commercial and industrial structures and meets the competitive price points of the housing industry. The proposal is to develop a system to monitor fire-induced structural vibrations that provide real time data correlating with structural integrity. The system is designed to bridge an "information void" and provide firefighters with information that can warn of impending collapse. The system, based on accelerometer technology, will monitor structural integrity through the algorithmic analysis of structural vibrations that have been shown to reliably detect changes in structural integrity. We believe that a careful application of this sensor system would accurately provide timely warning to fire fighters and would reduce the risk of death and disability due to structural collapse. The Direct Digital Phase Noise Measurement Phase 1 SBIR demonstrated the feasibility of the technology to make the measurements required by the commercial marketplace. This new approach to phase noise measurements uses fast digital-to-analog converters to digitize the input RF signal and performs all down-conversion and phase detection functions by digital signal processing. It has several significant advantages over analog phase noise measurements techniques: there is no external phase-lock loop, oscillators can be compared at different frequencies, amplititude and phase noise spectra and Allan variance may be measured simultaneously, and complex calibration techniques are eliminated. Xidex proposes to demonstrate the feasibility of calibrating a critical-dimension atomic force microscope (CD-AFM) without the use of a reference artifact in such a way that high-precision critical dimensions can be generated independently of changes in probe tip shape. We plan to demonstrate sub-nanometer repeatability for tip-to-tip calibration, and demonstrate single-point critical-dimension measurements which verify that tip-to-tip calibration removes the effects of tip shape variation and tip wear from linewidth measurements. Phase 2 will provide critical design guidance for controller design and MEMS fabrication of probes and tips for use with a commercial dual-probe system. These are our next critical steps on the path to the commercial NanoCaliperTM CD-AFM tool we are developing. Application of NIR photon counting technology is impeded by the marginal performance of available detectors. We will develop new InGaAs/InP APD designs optimized for Geiger mode photon counting, delivering ten re-designed APDs, having detection probability greater than 50% and dark count rate less than ten thousand per second. During Phase II we will develop a new computer model of the Geiger mode APD, and use the model to produce improved designs with higher photon detection probability, lower dark count rate, and less afterpulsing. At the conclusion of Phase II we will deliver a turnkey photon counting detector module to NIST incorporating these enhanced APDs. A high sensitivity laser-induced incandescence system is proposed for the detailed characterization of environmental soot. Specifically, innovative approaches have been proposed to (1) reduce the lower detection limit of soot volume fraction and increase the overall measurement range by an order of magnitude from what is currently achievable, and (2) provide PM particle size and number density measurement capability. The proposed LII technique will be capable of real-time particulate matter measurements over any engine transient operation. It will also have orders of magnitude more sensitivity than the gravimetric technique. The wide dynamic range and lower detection limit of LII make this technique a potentially preferred standard instrument for particulate matter measurements. In this program Foster-Miller (FMI)proposes to build on its extensive experience with processing and characterization of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWNT) to develop a high emissivity (>0.999), large area (>600 cm2), variable temperature (330-600K), uniform emitting, black body radiation source that takes advantage of the unusually high emissivity of carbon nanotubes. Using SWNT's furnished by teaming partner Carbon Nanotechnologies, Inc three different SWNT structures will be evaluated on candidate substrates: random or well-ordered deposited SWNT's using proprietary exfoliation / polymer wrapping techniques previously developed by FMI; assembling the SWNT's in an ordered array perpendicular to the substrate surface, using technology developed by teaming partner Dr. Fotios Papadimitrakopoulos of the University of Connecticut; and a combination of these two techniques. During the Phase 1 effort FMI will produce and test small articles with uniformly dense SWNT thin film coatings in the three different geometries mentioned above.. The geometry yielding the highest emissivity and most uniform radiation shall be selected for further development in Phase 2 to produce prototype large area SMNT blackbody sources to be tested and delivered to NIST for evaluation as sources for high-accuracy radiometric calibrations of infrared cameras, IR focal plane arrays, and spectroradiometers. As magnetic thin-film systems became part of complex industrial applications, their composition increasingly became more complicated. A means is needed to efficiently develop and systematically characterized magnetic, electronic, and mechanical properties of advanced thin-film systems. New metrological systems are required that are capable of making on-wafer measurements on large number of sites over a large region of parameter space. Combinatorial materials techniques involve fabrication of libraries with a large number of on-wafer sites, metrologies that systematically characterize these libraries are needed. This project proposes to solve an important materials characterization problem of combinatorial film libraries. The completion of this project will result in a multi-sensor magnetic properties measurement capability and paradigm for rapidly characterizing combinatorial magnetic thin-film libraries deposited on wafers. A novel scanning system will be developed and integrated with multiple sensor types (MOKE probes and Hall microprobes). This system will obtain magnetic property data on combinatorial film libraries deposited on 37-millimeter diameter wafers. The system design is such that new sensor technologies (as they become available) can be added in order to achieve more complete magnetic properties analyses. High throughput, which is one of the system parameters, is essential to keep pace combinatorial library deposition methods. Intelligent Automation, Inc. (IAI) proposes to further the development of NIST's Smart Space technology and demonstrate that the integrated system facilitates the interaction of persons with limited abilities in a meeting room environment. Such a demonstration will serve to simulate interest in applying Smart Space technology in real world interaction. Two individuals enter the meeting room laptop computers equipped with 802.11 wireless Ethernet. As each person comes within range, connection is achieved and nodes are established. Following connection, each laptop uploads the identity of the individual. In Phase 1, the identification record will consist of standard text descriptions of an individual (gender, race, etc.) along with a voice print. Each individual will wish to exchange PowerPoint presentations and conduct a verbal dialogue with the others. The PowerPoint presentation for every individual will also be uploaded from their PCs and distributed as requested. Each individual will be tracked as he or she moves around the room. Tracking will be performed both by audible and visual clues. The microphone array will be used to localize all sound sources. If the emitted sounds can be classified using the voice print, every individual can be identified as they are tracked. We propose to develop a robust PSL syntax based on XML and RDF that will further its role as an interlingua among various process modeling languages. In addition, we will develop the next-generation translator-generator system based on this format to automate the software development process of process-centric translation across applications and formats. One of today's greatest challenges to successful Inter-enterprise Process Engineering implementations is the lack of technology for enabling processes to be exchanged, analyzed, modified and executed as if processes were considered as core business transaction data. This necessitates the need for (a) technology and standards for process information, and (b) software tools that can interchange, extract, merge, and transform process data. Our proposed solution will solve these problems by extending the PSL standard and creating the PSL/XML syntax for increasing its adoption in industry. PSL/XML will be generic enough to incorporate future PSL extensions. It will also facilitate the development of the advanced toolkit that includes a PSL editor and a translator code generator. Our toolkit will be designed to be easily maintainable, scalable and extensible and it will require no additional programming for generating translators for new formats. Large-scale manufacturing system interoperability requires the interchange of both process and product specifications. The heterogeneity of process representations makes this difficult. NIST's Manufacturing Systems Integration Division has developed the Process Specification Language (PSL) as a means of overcoming these problems. PSL is intended to serve as an inter-lingua, a common representation that can be used to mediate between application-specific or ontologies. A fundamental part of the PSL vision is a collection of translators between PSL and these other ontologies. The challenge is to develop such translators in a manner that is both cost-effective and adequate to the needs of client applications. Our intention is to apply just-in-time (JIT) techniques to this challenge. JIT ontology mapping is a dynamic approach in which only those parts of an ontology that are needed in a given application context are translated. The research conjecture is that JIT can greatly facilitate the implementation, deployment, and maintenance of PSL extensions and translators. This project seeks proof-of-concept and prototype demonstration of a high-spatial resolution, high-sensitivity, rapid in-vitro dosimeter system for calibration and dose measurements of brachytherapy radiation sources. The present innovation utilizes the high sensitivity of Pulsed Optically Stimulated Luminescence (POSL) from Al2O3:C proprietary luminescence materials, coupled to a fiber optic delivery system. We expect measurable signals of 1 mGy in passive mode and 1 mGy/s in active mode from small (< 0.5 mm in all three dimensions) detectors with high signal-to-noise. Readout is predicted to be rapid, enabling scanning of measurements from multiple locations surrounding the source. We also test the feasibility of energy independence through calibration of several detectors of different sizes, and extrapolation to a detector size of zero. The technical implications of the innovation are the development of a system that not only solves a problem of brachytherapy source calibration, but the innovation is also designed to be used in vivo during patient treatment, thereby ensuring the same calibration device for in-vitro and in-vivo measurements. The device is free from magnetic or electrical interference and can also be used with teletherapy sources. Commercial applications of the device will be found in all radio-oncology treatment and source calibration facilities. A pressing challenge in automotive, aerospace, and other manufacturing industry is the ability to measure the mechanical properties of formed metal and alloy components on a part-by-part basis. We propose to develop a non-destructive testing system suitable for rapid on-line measurement of critical mechanical properties of steel parts as they are being produced. Our approach is based on measurement of the Barkhausen effect and hysteresis loops. The feasibility studies will focus on (1) development of material standards, (2) development of flexible and miniaturized production-compatible probes, and (3) development of novel interpretation algorithms. The materials standards will enable the NDT system to have self-calibration and auto-testing features to assure consistent and reproducible results in a production environment. The algorithms will incorporate calibration results, as well as a broad range of characteristics derived from the Barkhausen spectra and hysteresis data, in order to provide unambiguous, rapid, and robust determination of the mechanical properties of products fabricated from steel. In response to the need for improved magneto-optical indicator films for real-time characterization of magnetic domain structures, MicroCoating Technologies (MCT) proposes to enable the fabrication of epitaxial, high performance YIG magneto-optical thin films by combustion chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) process at low cost. With the rapid pace of optical telecommunications and optical information process and storage, there is an increasing need for magnetic films, and magnetic film based devices and systems. Therefore, a reliable and simple imaging technique for real-time characterization of magnetic domain structures is becoming more and more important. Rapid response to customer requirements and further cost reductions are essential to respond to the future marketplace. CCVD technique offers an attractive alternative to enable synthesis of these magneto-optical thin film materials for real-time imaging applications. The success in this proposed project will enable the U.S. to maintain leadership in the global competition in this area. The end of Phase 1 objectives are a film thickness of larger than 1 mm, a surface roughness of less than 5 nm, and a Faraday rotation of larger than 100,000o/cm. The pervasiveness of handheld devices makes computational power available in diverse settings where computers were once impractical. The power of handheld devices could be improved even further if executable applications were downloaded on demand from the Internet, instead of being stored full-time in the limited memory of the handheld. However, downloading new software on demand leads to greatly increased security risks. Viruses and other malicious executables pose an even greater threat to handheld devices than to desktop machines, since a handheld has limited storage and computation power with which to enforce security. Existing handhelds have virtually no protection from software that contains hidden, malicious functionality. We will investigate a new technique for detecting malicious executables on handheld devices. Our proposed approach is based on algorithms that learn what features distinguish malicious executables from benign ones. There is reason to believe that such a system can be built not only with a smaller footprint than traditional virus detection systems, but with some ability to detect novel attacks, so that the detection software needs to be updated less often. The purpose of the Phase-I feasibility study will be to evaluate these two hypotheses. In order to compete in international markets, US companies need eCommerce applications and Web sites that can attract and retain customers from a diverse range of cultural and linguistic backgrounds. Through many years of work in academia and eCommerce industry, our team has developed a usability centric localization process that can meet this need. In this project, we propose to document and validate this process, and design a supporting set of tools to help Web designers and developers build global Web sites, following our localization process. In particular, we propose to build a design critiquing tool that will give localization specific feedback to designers, and an online repository of eCommerce design components that contains both localized designs, and designs with more global appeal. The contents of the repository will be managed through a rigorous online usability process. The use of real time, in situ measurements of lubricant/refrigerant viscosity can reduce maintenance costs and system downtime and improve system longevity, by allowing maintenance personnel to determine identify and correct mechanical problems, before they cause more serious problems. With the advent of MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS), the opportunity exists to develop small and inexpensive devices to measure the fluid viscosity real time and in situ. However, the temperatures, pressures, and corrosive environments inside typical refrigerant compressors exceed the capabilities of materials typically used to manufacture MEMS devices. Boston MicroSystems' proprietary technologies for micromachining harsh environment compatible SiC and AlN materials enable, for the first time, fabrication of small, inexpensive and robust MEMS-based fluid viscosity sensors for non-intrusive health monitoring and condition based maintenance of refrigeration systems, engines, and other machinery. In Phase 1, Boston MicroSystems will leverage from work on previous and ongoing FAA, ATF and NSF programs to test three already developed devices, microresonators, SAWs and FPWs, for their applicability as in situ fluid viscosity sensors for condition based maintenance of compressors in refrigerant systems. Magnetooptic Indicator (MOI) garnet films are an important non-destructive tool for imaging magnetic domains in a wide variety of applications from basic research to quality control. To be effectively used they must be 1) optimized for individual applications using interactive feedback from users, 2) standardized to allow comparison of data, 3) improved in quality and process control and 4) made generally available in large film size. Integrated Photonics will apply its proprietary Liquid Phase Epitaxial (LPE) film growth technology to make planar bismuth-doped, rare-earth iron garnet films suitable for room temperature MOIs with high resolution, good gray-scale contrast and high sensitivity. The films will be coated with suitable mirror and passivation layers to form devices for domain visualization. Feedback from users will be utilized to optimize film properties with respect to applications. Initial investigations will begin on property variations necessary for improved low temperature operation. Group III-nitrides with their wide bandgap properties are one of most promising materials not only in opto-electronics but also in high power and high temperature electronics. A critical issue in device applications of the nitride materials is the metal ohmic contact, which seriously limits the performance and efficiency of nitride-based devices. Finding suitable low-resistance Ohmic contacts for wide-bandgap materials like GaN is challenging due to high Schottky barrier between wide bandgap semiconductors and metal contacts. Especially in p-type GaN the low carrier concentration and large effective mass increase the contact resistance even higher. With its proprietary high throughput combinatorial approaches, Intematix proposes to modify the surface doping level of p-type GaN by placing group II elements. With the optimized composition and metallization process, at least two orders of improvement in low resistance contacts are targeted. This project identifies a new approach to silicon x-ray detector technology wherein: (i) the detector geometry is changed to provide a much lower capacitance for a given active area and volume, (ii) the conventional Si(Li) detector is replaced with a stable, oxide-passivated, low leakage-current, deep sensitive-depth, v-type Si element, and (iii) the conventional FET in the preamplifier is replaced with an on-wafer FET with improved high frequency noise. The low capacitance and lower preamplifier noise will allow operation at shorter pulse processing times, which in turn will allow higher operating temperatures and improved count rate capability. This approach, which is compatible with hermetic encapsulation, will provide a rugged, environmentally stable Detector/ASIC amplifier package with improved detection efficiency at both high and low x-ray energies, improved count rate capability, and good energy resolution at higher operating temperatures. This proposal addresses the need for accurate, self-referencing temperature measurement in cancer treatments such as hyperthermia and RF ablation. In all of these therapies, conventional metallic sensors such as thermocouples are unattractive because they either interact with the heating field (hyperthermia, RF ablation) or have excessive thermal conductivity (cryoablation). Integrated Photonics Technology (IPITEK) is the leader in fiberoptic temperature sensing for cancer treatment, and our unique temperature sensing technology is currently in Phase 2 FDA trials for microwave cancer treatments. In this work, we also propose to investigate the use of nanoparticle colloids for heat dispersion through our numerous collaborations in the thermal therapy field. In addition, we will investigate a novel technique for endpoint detection in cancer treatments of this type. At the end of Phase 1 IPITEK will deliver to NIST a fully-functional (not prototype) multi-sensor unit with probes suitable for thermal therapy use. Due to our advances and experience in this area, IPITEK is uniquely qualified to provide this product and can deliver an instrument with unsurpassed performance and unequalled features. This Small Business Innovation Research Phase 1 project proposes to develop a femtosecond laser system optimized for optical clocks and other precision metrology applications. In principle, atomic optical transitions have the potential to provide radically higher-accuracy timekeeping, because of the very high frequency of an optical transition. The problem of counting, or down-counting, the oscillations of the optical transition has been solved by self-referenced frequency division of the comb of frequencies generated by a femtosecond laser. This Phase 1 SBIR will work towards passively and actively stabilizing the laser repetition rate, as well as its power and bandwidth, to create a "hands-off" clock source that will run uninterrupted for long periods of time. New approaches to broader bandwidth lasers will also be investigated, both via feasibility study and experiment. The focus of this Phase 2 SBIR is to develop three new optically based electric current measurement standards for NIST. These standards comprise methods for very accurately calibrating current transformers that have digital outputs, are DC coupled, and have noise riding on the output. The development of these standards is a part of our larger business strategy of embarking on a new venture focused on providing high quality metering services to the electric power transmission grid operators. Precision Lightwave Instruments is teaming with NxtPhase, Inc. in Phoenix, AZ and others to create this business. Achieving unprecedented accuracies in the measurement of electric current at high voltage is one of several key technology development programs necessary for the success of this venture. The near chiral purity of the biosphere leads to a vast array of chiro-specific physiological responses. This chiro-specificity, in turn, gives rise to the need for the manufacturing of enantiomerically pure chiral chemicals, such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, food additives, pigments, etc. Critical to the efficacy of both chiro-specific biology and chiro-synthesis/separation are the interfacial regions of chiral surface layers. Vescent Photonics proposes to develop an entirely new metrology technique designed to investigate chiral surface layers. The technique combines the established fields of optical activity (circular dichroism and optical rotary dispersion) for chiro-specificity with evanescent wave sensing for surface selectivity. The device employs a new polarization modulator, with demonstrated speeds of greater than 200 kHz and great potential for compact, and economic construction. We will develop a compact external cavity stabilization system, which will employ independent electro-optic control over the optical path length of the cavity and a wavelength-selective element. The system should be able to cover a 30 nm range and give mode-hop-free tuning over 20 nm intervals. The design of the feedback system will be compatible with any commercially available laser diode from 630 nm to 2 ?m including emerging 400 nm lasers. The feedback element is entirely electro-optic, compact and robust. In Phase 2 we will combine a commercially available laser diode at 1400 nm with our external cavity to produce a compact laser for water vapor spectroscopy. Firefighters have expressed the need for both increased accuracy in fire detection systems and greater access to environmental information in the event of a fire. To accomplish both tasks, Williams-Pyro, Inc. proposes to develop the Smart Environmental Monitoring System (SEMS). This system comprises both an advanced fire detection system and the networking capability necessary to provide real-time data to emergency personnel. This device will utilize a multi-sensor suite to measure optical radiation, temperature, gases, and smoke produced by a fire. These sensors send their results to an embedded microcontroller that determines the presence of flame through use of an artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm. The ANN sends its response to a network switch that connects it to the building's network. From there, the response can be viewed on a display system, called the fire console, located outside the building or within its common entrance. Along with the location of the fire, the SEMS will show the direction of the fire, the building's temperature, and the presence of harmful gases. High performance fiberoptic switch is an enable technology for new generation optical telecommunication and fully secured quantum communication/cryptography applications. Current fiberoptic switches do not simultaneously meet the requirements of high speed, low loss, high extinction ratio, and high reliability. Based on the successful development/production of a variety of industrial leading solid-state high speed fiberoptic switches, Agiltron Incorporated proposes to fabricate a novel total reflection switch, using electro-optical crystals with large electro-optic effect and excellent thermal stability. The small loss tangent of the new crystal at high frequencies permits operation of these devices at high speed. This breakthrough fiberoptic switch platform holds the promise of realizing practical high-speed optical switches with performance and cost that is not attainable before. By using novel material engineered, the proposed electro-optic switch offers leading edge performance attributes, which include high-speed, low optical insertion loss, and easy binary drive. The design eliminates the need for organic materials and waveguides, as well as temperature compensation and feedback control, which introduce intrinsic drawbacks. Moreover, the design is extremely simple, compact, lightweight, ultra reliable, temperature insensitive and polarization independent, and cost effective. It is anticipated that state-of-the-art performance in several key specifications can be achieved through this program. Prototype electro-optic 1x4 switches will be fabricated to demonstrate functionality in Phase I. Robotic researchers currently are using insufficient and varying robot platforms to investigate issues crucial to the successful development of a remote reconnaissance tool for the urban search and rescue (USAR) community. USAR robotic researchers need a standard robot platform designed for research in unstructured environments. This platform would accelerate the research essential to advancing remote reconnaissance technology for emergency response professionals. The project utilizes three innovative approaches: tailoring the platform for USAR research, assigning robotic and USAR specialists to the project, and incorporating the robotic and USAR field requirements that influence the platform development. The objective for Phase I of this work is to determine a practical and economical platform to satisfy the needs of researchers. This proposal seeks NIST support for the development of a robust gas microsensor platform from nanoporous alumina ceramic. Conventional microsensors have limited application in harsh conditions, such as in the exhaust streams, due to their low stability at temperatures above 500°C. Furthermore, this also limits implementation of sensors that require high temperature for their operation. We propose a concept that has a potential to overcome these limitations and provide a microplatform for sensing in harsh conditions. Our innovation combines nano- and microfabrication with self-organized nanostructured ceramic to create low power, high surface area, fast response, robust microsensors. Using this approach, we have already demonstrated several types of microsensors. This Phase 1 project now targets comprehensive development of this ceramic microplatform in support of chemically and mechanically robust microsensors for applications that demand reliability in extended operation and could be heated in excess of 800°C. The ability to pattern multilayered polymers on a micro-level is valuable to a large number of applications in microelectronic manufacturing. Applications range from printing dielectric coatings and polymer resistors to printing active devices such as polymer LEDs and polymer transistors. The advantages of ink jet printing are: (1) one station can print multi-fluids, (2) non-flat substrates could be used (non-contact printing process), (3) it is a data-driven process so no hard tooling is required since meaning shorter change-out times, (4) it is an additive process so it generates very little waste, and (5) one piece of equipment can replace multiple manufacturing stations. The objectives of Phase 1 are to demonstrate patterning several polymers that are of interest to NIST and to create guidelines for developing polymer printing applications. Phase 1 will identify the key technical issues that need to be addressed in order to create a robust manufacturing process. MicroFab will leverage its experience in printing system development and polymer printing experience to accomplish these objectives. Completion of a development program to print polymeric coatings in multilayer patterns on a variety of substrates will bring through the emerging technology productive benefits to the factory floor. A wavelength dispersive x-ray fluorescence detector working in soft x-ray region has been proposed based on the diffraction principles of multilayers. Using graded multilayers, the detectors can be made tunable in a wide energy region, just the same way as the detector constructed for hard x-rays. The detector uses multilayers as analyzers to achieve good energy resolution and to avoid count rate problems encountered by solid state detectors. Initial evaluation shows that it is possible to achieve an energy resolution of 10-30 eV at 600 eV to 1KeV range. The proposed array detector will be able to cover 5 to 10% of solid angle at a reasonable cost. Phase 1 project will evaluate the performance of multilayer detector with various deposition and design parameters. A multilayer detector, containing 2-3 multilayer elements, will be fabricated and fully tested. Phase 2 will optimize the design based on the Phase 1I result, and a multilayer analyzer array detector will be constructed and tested. The proposed research comprises design, analysis, and ultimate fabrication and operation of a microfabricated array of quadrupole mass spectrometers (QMS). The design capitalizes on recent advances in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and molecular-beam-epitaxy (MBE) technology so that the device can be mass-produced on a chip. In addition to analyzing a single element QMS in Phase 1, investigators will pursue architectures for multiplexing this geometry to a micromachined array of QMS on a single chip (mAQMS). The analyses of feasibility and expected performance of mAQMS will be guided by the proposing team's demonstrated success in developing similar micro-machined quadrupole ion traps. By implementing the quadrupole element in a massively parallel array, it may be possible to either individually tune filter elements to dedicated mass species allowing real-time sampling and circumventing the need for timely scans, or increase the detection efficiency of the micro-array by simultaneously sampling a given mass with a large number of individual detectors and filters. CAD CAM technologies have had an immense impact on the product development process in the last two decades. Current technologies, however, have limited knowledge representation and computational capabilities to enable collaboration of design decisions beyond commercial Internet based collaboration tools. In the Phase 1 Lateral Eye proposes to develop a new framework for Knowledge Integrated computational tools for the capture, storage, retrieval and reuse of design knowledge among geographically and temporally distributed design teams. The proposed approach will be based on developing an ontological based product system. This will significantly reduce the number of iterations and redesigns that are common in a distributed design environment, potentially yielding a saving of over 100 - 200 million dollars for companies in the United States each year. An opportunity exists to develop an Intelligent Condition Based Maintenance System (ICBMS) to provide "early warning" of equipment maintenance needs.  Adaptive process models will estimate changes in machine health from analysis of sensor inputs and machine usage.  A troubleshooting and repair knowledge base will provide advice on maintenance scheduling and procedures, and thus support ongoing operations and training of new staff.  ICBMS will minimize the cost and disruption of maintenance, repair and unscheduled downtime.  Innovations include the use of advanced modeling technologies including neural nets to provide "virtual sensors" and to estimate critical but unmeasurable process and machine health parameters and other available information.  Our Automated Knowledge Acquisition technology will extract structured rules by analyzing operational decisions and problem solving approaches provided by machine operators and maintenance staff.  Objectives include preliminary process modeling, acquisition of troubleshooting and maintenance expertise suitable for automated knowledge extraction, and a preliminary conceptual design of ICBMS outlying system elements integration strategies and functionality. Usability is increasingly being recognized a s a distinguishing aspect of successful applications on the web.  Many web design tools are available but most offer no guidance to the user as to how to design for usability or accessibility.  A number of syntactic evaluation tools, allowing an automated scan of the code and inferences about possible usability or accessibility shortfalls have been developed, including the WEBSAT tool developed by NIST, but all are limited in their scope and applicability.  The present effort will delineate the need for and conceptualize and overall design for an Intelligent Assistant for Web Usability Design.  This Assistant would include a syntactic analyzer, perhaps incorporating WEBSAT, but would extend the functionality by providing the web developer with more extensive design suggestions or guideline resources in a context sensitive manner.  The Phase 1 project will culminate in a working proof of concept demonstration of this Intelligent Assistant, illustrating the approach, architecture, and look and feel. Current state of the art technology for specifying and enforcing security policies for software is generally too inflexible and coarse-grained. In systems that make use of mobile code, such as Java applets, the situation is yet more difficult. A more flexible and powerful approach is needed that will allow a wide range of security policies to be set by various policy-setting authorities for different applications. We propose to commercialize mechanisms for specifying and enforcing security policies for mobile code that work by inserting fragments of code into programs in order to monitor their state and prevent them from violating security policies. The proposed system will allow arbitrary policies to be specified independently by different policy-setting authorities. We will apply this approach, named Inclined Reference Monitors(IRMs), to Java bytecodes. We believe that advanced static-analysis techniques, in particular those embodies in our own dependence-graph technology, are crucial to allow this to be done efficiently and fully automatically. Discrete-event simulation is used by thousands of companies to design new manufacturing systems and to improve the performance of existing ones. Manufacturing systems contain numerous sources of randomness such as machine times to failure and machine repair times, which greatly impact on system performance. If each source of system randomness is not modeled by an appropriate probability distribution, then it is highly likely that the simulation model will produce erroneous performance results, resulting in costly decisions. If the system of interest exists in some form, then it will often be possible to collect date and to use statistical techniques to determine an appropriate probability distribution. However, if the system does not exist, then collecting date is impossible and an analyst is forced to use a somewhat arbitrary distribution. To address this real and important problem, we propose a Phase 1 research study to determine the technical feasibility of developing (in Phase 2) a library of probability distributions that would be appropriate for difference common sources of randomness encountered in simulation models of manufacturing systems. Researchers at the NIST have demonstrated a programmable Voltage Standard(VS) chip based on SNS (superconductor-normal-superconductor) tunnel junction technology. Excellent programmable VS were demonstrated using this SNS technology in a liquid helium-based system. At HYPRES, we have developed and commercialized a Closed Cycle Refrigerator (CCR_-based DC Voltage standard system using a VS chip previously developed and integrated into a liquid helium-based system at NIST. Under this program, we propose to develop a high performance cryogenic package for this programmable VS chip for integration with a CCR system. This developmental work will involve collaborations between HYPRES, NIST and Dr. Clark Hamilton to develop the package and integrate it with a NIST-provided CCR. In Phase 1 of the program, we deliver the complete cryogenic package to NIST upon completion of the program. In Phase 2, HYPRES will procure a CCR system and develop and demonstrate a complete CCR-based programmable VS system. This system has many other applications such as D/A converters and signal synthesizers. Phase 1 will establish the feasibility of the concept and Phase 2 will lead to a prototype system. A few years ago, an effort launched by members of this group to perform very high frequency Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) measurements, resulted in a system capable of acquiring data with up to 1000Hz. A spectacular opportunity has recently emerged that will allow us to make a leap forward in DPIV technology. Speed and resolution of the new generation of cameras has increased by one order of magnitude. In short time, cameras will be available with maximum speed up to 60,000 frames-per-sec and maximum resolution of 1K x 1K pixels. It is proposed to capitalize on our previous experience and on recent technological advances to perform research towards the development of a system able to resolve turbulent multiPhase flow fields with frequencies of 4KHz or more. Emphasis is placed in this project on technology validation, demonstration and comparison of the proposed system with conventional well-established methods. In addition, great consideration will be given in the maturation of the technology and its transition all the way from research and development, in laboratory and industry applications. Laser-Doppler velocimetry (LDV), particle-image velocimetry (PIV) and hot-wire anemometry (HWA) are the methods which are most often used in a laboratory environment to measure flows at high frequency. However, these systems have drawbacks in industrial settings such as intolerance to particulate flows (HWA) or two-Phase flows (LDV, HWA), requiring optical access (LDV, PIV), etc. Moreover are very expensive and require extensive training. Aeroprobe has funded the development and recently licensed technology for the exclusive marketing of the Omniprobe, a nearly omni-directional multi-hole velocity probe capable of measuring reversed flows. Aeroprobe is proposing to push the multi-sensor probe technology envelope further by developing Omniprobes that have high frequency response, can withstand high temperatures and can operate in dusty environments, or in sprays. It is proposed to develop probes to meet one of the three challenges at a time, then combine the advances in the three technologies into one probe at a later Phase of the effort. A high-frequency Omniprobe requires that appropriate sensors be mounted near the surface of the probe. Surface mounting of the sensors will also increase the probe's ability to operate in dusty environments. High-temperature sensors of the MEMS-type and new cooling techniques for these sensors will be employed. More than 20 years after the advent of balloon angioplasty restenosis remains a major health risk and cost burden. Success in animal trials and treatments in other non-malignant lesions using radiotherapy has established a new branch of medical science, intravascular brachytherapy (IVB) in treating restenosis. In just over 6 years since the first application, there are today more than 500,000 operations a year in USA alone. Successful treatment will depend critically on the delivery of proper radiation dosage to the vascular site. Radioactive strength and uniformity of the IVB sources used are of primary concern. This program takes a sensitive, well proven radiation detection technology and couples it to an innovative imaging approach for the characterization of IVB line/seed-train sources. The end product is a fast, accurate and low-cost 3-D imaging systems for the profiling of IVB line sources. A 2-D system will be tested in Phase 1 for both gamma and ß IVB sources. The results will be used for the design of a 3-D system to be constructed in Phase 2. Security is of critical importance for e-business systems, in which multiple internal and external enterprise applications and data are linked into one integrated system. It is a key factor that will determine how comfortable successful companies and their associated constituents are going to be with the idea of integrated e-business systems and the virtual enterprise. Existing proprietary access control APIs, schemes and representations have made uniform access semantics a very elusive and very expensive goal in the enterprise. To address this issue, it is necessary to develop standardized, platform agnostic and semantically meaningful representations for access control models. XML has been used in great effect to interchange and model data in a platform dependent fashion and it can be effectively used to represent complex access control relationships. Civil Engines Research plans to develop schemas that will effectively model enterprise access control ontologies and semantics in an extensible and interoperable manner. We plan on developing the schema instance processors and development tools necessary to enable the enforcement of access controls in an enterprise scenario. Phase 1 of this program will focus on assessing and demonstrating the feasibility of this approach by architecting and prototyping common access control models using XML Schema and the W3C recommended system for representing lightweight ontologies, RDF. Thermal neutrons are among the most useful probes for investigation of the structural, magnetic and acoustic properties of materials. Current methods of thermal neutron detection by large cumbersome gas counters or scintillator-photomultiplier tube combinations are limited by their detection efficiency, stability of response, speed of operation, and physical size. To address these needs, EIC plans to construct a large-area, lightweight, high-resolution, and very fast position sensitive thermal neutron detector based on a highly B-doped a-Se (As, Cl) alloy semiconductor. The proposed detector would offer high detection efficiency over existing instruments, and would be inexpensive for industrial mass production. The Phase 1 project will focus on the development and optimization of the B-doped a-Se alloy materials, detector fabrication, and performance evaluation by radiation testing. The Phase 1 research will establish the basic feasibility studies followed by various characterizations to reach optimum detector performance. The resulting detectors will be compact, low power consuming devices, highly sensitive, and rugged. The developed detectors will find widespread use in nuclear non-proliferation, radiation safety, structural characterization in materials research, protein dynamics, monitoring chemical and biological reactions in "real time", and in characterizing polymer surfaces. A NIST/industry consortium identified accurate temperature distribution measurements, as one of the major technical needs of polymer processors. NIST developed a way to make spatially resolved temperature measurements. Add a small amount of dye. During processing, focus UV illumination onto a small volume element of the process material. Use the ratio of the resulting fluorescent intensities at two wavelengths to determine the temperature. Move the focal point up and down to construct temperature profiles. The proposed Phase 1 would evaluate the feasibility of this technology for meeting the stated need. We would build a prototype with improved spatial resolution, motorized positioning and a spectrometer rather than filters for detection. Results would include the prototype, a characterization of its performance, range of operation and the influence of process and material conditions, and a comparison with the needs of industry. A negative outcome in Phase 1 would imply that some fundamental limitation exists. A positive outcome would imply that the technology can probably meet industry's needs. The key innovation of this proposal is the use of Time Modulated Ultra-Wideband (TM-UWB) technology to develop a low cost radio system that allows both voice communication and tracking positions of fire fighters inside buildings. This radio has several characteristics which make it ideal for tracking multiple individuals without line-of-sight. During Phase 1 we have performed many tests, including basic ranging, 3-D position determination, communication through fire, smoke, steam, and different kinds of walls. We have developed a new system architecture to track the location of a fire fighter, which is more scalable, less sensitive to errors due to multipath and wall penetration than the multilateration based scheme, and does not require clock synchronization. This scheme uses a two-antenna array which transmits two consecutive TM-UWB pulses. The fire fighter carries a receive-only TM-UWB tag which will receive these pulses. By measuring the Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) of these pulses, the mobile unit can calculate the Angle of Arrival (AOA), which in turn gives the 3-D location. During Phase 2, we will conduct more extensive tests to characterize the multipath effects, noise problem, material penetration, etc. We will implement the AOA architecture and construct prototype tags and a base unit. This is a Phase 2 proposal to develop an instrument to simultaneously measure particle size, velocity, and concentration in applications characterized by a large size range and high particle concentration. The instrument will be based on the Pulse Displacement Technique whose feasibility was demonstrated during Phase 1. Experiments performed during Phase 1 demonstrated a high accuracy in measuring spherical particles and the ability to measure nonspherical particles undergoing oscillation. The technique bases its measurement on accurate time-domain algorithms that are immune to fluctuations in laser intensity. The Phase 2 work will consist of developing a system prototype including all the hardware and software for real-time measurement of sprays, system testing with known-size particles, and system testing with realistic sprays. Phase 1 measurements with calibrated glass beads and calibrated liquid sprays showed a remarkable accuracy that placed the measurement within the particle manufacturer's tolerances. Based on the results of Phase 1 we anticipate that the system prototype will be able to measure the size of 10 µm to 4 mm and a downpour of 200 cm/hr as stated in the solicitation. Based on the outline for a theory of intelligence, and using NIST's hierarchical real-time control system (RCS) architecture, in Phase 1, we developed proof-of-concept OpenSim and OpenAnimation toolboxes consisting of the following innovations, namely, (i) Simulation and Animation Software Design that will seamlessly interface with RCS Hierarchy, (ii) Knowledge hierarchy consistent with the four key paradigms and four key elements of the theory of intelligence, (iii) Identification of an extensive collection of simulation models and algorithms that will lead to implementation level software for the knowledge hierarchy, (iv) Real-time Simulation that reduces computational load through efficient numerical algorithms, intelligent dynamic modeling, and real time planning, and (v) Structured Approach to GUI and Animation Development. Unlike existing software tools that cover one or two aspects of intelligent systems design and implementation, OpenSim & OpenAnimiation toolboxes provide a unified environment for design and rendering of intelligent systems with features that allow seamless transition from non real-time simulation to real-time simulation and subsequent hardware testing using industry standard mechatronics hardware. In Phase 2 we will develop detailed software that incorporate the innovations described above leading the commercial OpenSim and OpenAnimation toolboxes. This SBIR Phase 2 project will significantly improve the quality of elemental analysis in SEMS under partial pressure conditions by using a polycapillary x-ray optic in front of the energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) in low-vacuum scanning electron microscopes (LV-SEM) or environmental SEMs (ESEM). LV-SEMS and ESEMs are designed to work at elevated sample chamber pressures to allow analysis of nonconductive or moist specimens. An undesirable consequence results from the broadening electron beam due to the presence of the gas. This degrades the elemental-detection sensitivity, because the fluorescent x rays generated far from the center of the electron probe create high background. It also greatly reduces spatial resolution for elemental mapping. The Phase 1 results have successfully demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed approach. In the Phase 2, a fully-functional prototype polycapillary optic-based EDS will be built and demonstrated in a commercial LV-SEM system. This will include an optimized polycapillary x-ray optic with a large collecting angle, optic detector mounting, detector-SEM mounting which provides fine alignment, an operating procedure, and examples of application data. The team involved world leaders in developing and commercially providing x-ray optics and EDS systems. This Phase 2 SBIR Project will provide optimization framework and technology for Interoperable Message Passing Interface Technology, and the underlying Message Passing Interface Standard. This effort represents a challenge and Opportunity. With the emergence of cluster computing, there are many opportunities to connect diverse parallel programming Environments based on the MPI programming model; currently interoperation is almost non-existent between such Environments. The IMPI standard by itself addresses basic interoperability, and the results of this effort will drive performance of collective communication higher, in order to promote wider use of interoperable MPI for demanding performance situations. Interestingly, the practical support for high performance interoperable MPI's, and collective operations places important Technical constraints on the underlying MPI implementations, including the ability to handle multiple network protocol stacks efficiently (called "devices" in MPI nomenclature). Proposer's underlying technology is particularly suited to adaptation to this task, moreso than are public-domain implementations of MPI. The effort will lead to wider use of interoperable parallel programming environments through the IMPI standard, and will widen the space of potential applications of IMPI-oriented parallel programming to additional Commercially valuable applications which need support for such heterogeneity. Proposer will commercialize the technology Devised here through incorporation into MPI products. Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) has become a very popular tool in many areas of inquiry including surface science, semiconductor electronic devices and integrated circuit design and testing, biology and chip-tissue interface, to name a few. Here we propose to develop and commercialize a relatively new family of local probes capable of performing electromagnetic measurements with nearly atomic resolution over a wide frequency range covering up to 100 GHz. Potential applications of these so called near-field or evanescent probes (EMP) are in surface science, chemical sensing, molecular electronics and molecular spectroscopy, biological studies, quantum computing, IC industry and manufacturing quality control to name a few. Composed of a co-planar wave-guide terminated by an AFM compatible cantilever beam with a co-axial tip, these EMP's were designed and tested during a Phase 1I SBIR and the current proposal is to optimize the performance and fabrication technology. To facilitate their wide spread use by the SPM community, we will also develop a microwave instrumentation unit (MIU) that can be used to retrofit commercial SPM units and enable them to use our EMP's for microwave imaging of various specimens. We will also develop, design and fabricate a variety of calibration samples as standards for EMP calibration and quantification of its output signal. We have estimated that about 100 laboratories around the world would be interested in an add-on package and would be valued at $20000 for a total of $2,000,000. The market for replacement tips would be about 5000 tips at $100 per tip for a total market of $500,000 per year. As flip-chip bonding becomes the predominant standard in the electronics industry, the increased proximity between dice surfaces and packaging materials will require a significant reduction in the latter's alpha particle activity in order to avoid soft errors. Emission rates at or below 0.001 a/cm2/hr are desirable, which is well below the 0.0050 a/cm2/hr capability of today's best detectors. We have developed an active background suppression scheme that dramatically improves the performance of a gas-filled parallel plate chamber, yielding a sensitivity of 0.00017 a/cm2/hr. In Phase 2, we propose to design and build a prototype commercial detector using this scheme to achieve a sensitivity of 0.00005-0.0001 a/cm2/hr. To achieve this goal, we will improve both our background suppression scheme and the instrumentation on the detector. Phase 3 development would then be carried out at XIA to produce a marketable commercial detector. This SBIR Phase 2I program will demonstrate prototype galvanic isolating devices of high-speed/low-power by incorporating high-speed magnetic films into giant magnetoresistive structures and by combining with high-speed IC electronics. The new devices will have five important improvements over existing devices, a factor of 10 faster, without a drive IC chip, a flip-chip approach, a lower supply voltage, and without incidental latching. High-speed magnetic films require less power to switch at the same speed in the ns range. The elimination of the driver chip will lower the power requirement, complexity and cost. Flip-chip technology will enhance the yield and provide a fast way for prototyping new devices at a low cost. A low voltage is intrinsic in reducing power and increasing speed. These improved isolating receiver and transceiver devices will meet the demand of the next generation high-speed data communications. Based on the results achieved in Phase 1I program, we plan to fabricate spin valve bridges using high-speed magnetic films, and make them compatible with fast IC electronics. The end devices will have the state of the art static properties, a high operating speed of 1 GBaud, a reasonably low budget, and a low cost. High performance NIR APDs suitable for photon counting are presently unavailable. New high sensitivity, high speed photodetectors operating from 1.0 to 1.6 microns are needed for both military and commercial applications. New research has demonstrated APD structures, which use a Si multiplication region and an InGaAs absorption region. This device shows high sensitivity, very high speed, low noise and high temperature and voltage stability. However, the developed for high speed 1540 nm optical fiber communication, specifically high GB product, these APDs have high dark current (dark count) and low gain (10-20) and are not suited for lower speed photon counting applications. Our Phase 1 research identified new detector architectures suitable for photon counting:. These detectors provide high internal gain (50-500) and low dark current. The high gain can be achieved at relatively low bias (below breakdown) such that photon counting is possible without passive or active quenching. On Phase 2, we propose to fabricate the NIR photodiodes and monolithically integrate these detectors with low noise CMOS readouts by a new epitaxial layer process and calibrate the detectors at NIST facilities. As ever more of industry and commerce moves onto electronic networks, there is a growing appreciation for the usefulness of expressive general models of enterprise activities, such as design and manufacturing. Ontologies are commitments to formal declarative multi-purpose representations with clear semantics that can serve as a solid foundation for such models. While there has been much work on representation languages, and on tools for creating, browsing, editing, and translating expressions in such languages, there has been relatively little attention to supporting the larger process of figuring out what ought to be encoded in an ontology. Some existing tools support collaborative teams, but by and large they seem to assume that all team members will be AI experts and that the work will focus on generation and manipulation of formal expressions. In this project, we propose to develop a complete prototype of a Domain Expert Collaborative Ontology Development environment (DECODE) that ensures those who best understand the domain, but least understand the technology of ontology, can make necessary contributions to the development process. DECODE will support development of ontologies in the context of solving systems integration problems; this systems integrations payoff will help to motivate investment in ontology development. MicroEnergy Technologies, Inc. (MicroET) and the University of Washington propose to demonstrate the feasibility and the major advantages of a unique high heat flux cooling module which combines innovations in heat rejection with innovative rosette pump design to achieve heat rejection rates in excess of 1000 W/cm2 from the surface of a substrate. The most critical innovation is the use of ceramic nanoparticles suspension (i.e., SiC or aluminum oxide nanofluid) used as the heat rejection medium in which intense nucleate boiling produce extremely high heat fluxes. The piezoelectric rosette micropump geometry is integrated into the rosette cooling module to maintain a high enough flow rate through the parallel array of microchannels for efficient cooling. The proposed approach allows for distributed cooling of the electronics without the need for external pumping and the ability to provide localized control. During Phase I, we will perform analytical and computational modeling for system design and analysis, experimentally demonstrate the significant advantages and improvements in cooling system performance. The final product, ultra high heat flux thermal management system, in addition to application in defense technologies, will have a significant commercial value to a broader industry, including the aerospace and space electronics manufacturers. Efficient distributed cooling will reduce the risk of system failure, increase system throughput, and reduce the complexity, size, and weight of the system. The goal of this Phase 1 proposal is to examine the technical feasibility of a cognitive performance self-assessment wearable computer system for operational deployment. We will use the standardized and validated software for assessment of cognitive performance, ANAM - Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics, which is a set of computer administered and scored tests of cognitive processing efficiency. An ANAM testbed will be developed that can evaluate commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) and developing technologies. We will then evaluate the technical feasibility of the major system components - Speech input and control, visual and auditory display, and alternative input devices. Human factors issues will be addressed through a user-centered design process including initial and final design reviews by an expert panel, focus groups with potential system users, and laboratory based usability tests. AnthroTronix, Incorporated, has extensive experience developing advanced human-computer interface for a variety of military operational environments and has assembled a world class group of consultants to act as our expert panel. The system identified in Phase 1 will be developed and tested in Phase 2 and expanded in Phase 3 to include other military and consumer applications. We propose to develop a comprehensive team SA measurement system to provide direct insight into soldier dynamic knowledge and decision skills at various levels of small squad command and in major types of military operations in urban terrain (MOUT). The system will integrate a real-time measure of team SA for use during soldier immersion in VR simulators and a post-immersion measure for integration in after action reviews. We will also describe an approach for integrating the results of these measures to provide a comprehensive analysis of SA based on objective data and subjective perceptions of participants. Phase II work will be a direct extension of Phase I and will involve development of a prototype of the measurement system and sample scenarios to validate and assess the usability of the measurement system. The resulting measure will help optimize Army VE training capabilities in terms of identifying suitable protocols/scenarios for small team mission skill development, assessing and providing feedback on individual dismounted soldier/land warrior readiness for battlefield situations. We expect the measurement system to be highly sensitive to VE training scenario manipulations and predictive of soldier decision making and MOUT mission performance. The most immediate commercialization potentials for the new comprehensive measure of SA in (virtual) training applications includes: public safety officer emergency operations training, state/federal crime scene investigator training, and tactical military/defense support team traiing. These types of units might train for such small-scale operations in high-fidelity VR scenarios. For these organizations the safety of their personnel, and those they support in service, in highly varied and critical situations is dependent on a rapid assessment of and understanding of the situation. Operations in these organizations are similar to small-scale Infantry operations and military SASO activities. The SA measurement product(s) developed through this SBIR should be applicable to these other organizations identified above, following some modifications for task/domain differences. Although there are clear individual differences in the ability to perform well in stressful, rapidly-changing multitasking environments such as those found in military command and control operations and in civilian aviation, current standardized tests are inadequate for confidently predicting who will excel in such critical jobs. We thus propose to develop and validate a computerized test to assess multitasking ability under speeded conditions. This project will leverage our experience with measuring individual differences in intelligence, working memory, and multitasking ability, and combine it with the efforts of others who have focused on the development of an abstract test of multitasking ability suitable for personnel selection. In Phase I we will program a Multitasking Test (MTT) that manipulates time pressure and event occurrence density, factors that are crucial determinants of successful decision making in complex dynamic situations. We will also collect data to begin to evaluate the MTT's learning curve, its retest reliability, and the cognitive load it imposes as a function of varying task difficulty. In Phase II a large formal study will be conducted to establish the sensitivity of the MTT to individual differences in multitasking ability and to evaluate its relationship to general intelligence and working memory ability. There is an important societal need for better tools for selecting personnel capable of performing well in jobs that make a high demand on multitasking abilities, especially in contexts where errors can have high costs and impact public safety. There is also growing need for tools to facilitate research on attentional multiplexing, and for a clinical test of attentional multiplexing. If successful, this project could lead to the development and commercialization of a test of multiplexing ability with widespread utility and significant market potential. Cleveland Medical Devices Inc. proposes to design and develop a test system where the installation and maintenance of a wireless Local Area Network (LAN) will become simple and routine. The device will be a low cost handheld unit that has a simple user interface for less skilled users and also have more sophisticated capability for those tough to identify problems. It will have a go/no go mode for quick check out and also more in-depth capabilities all the way up to a 802.11 network emulator. There is significant interest in WLAN technology since it overcomes many limitations of wired LANs and can be deployed in military facilities and environments relatively quickly. Many challenges are encountered when planning a WLAN deployment and ensuring that mission critical networked applications are optimized to achieve adequate service levels. Currently, no single suite of COTS products can be used to plan and design an optimized WLAN for the special requirements and applications of the DoD. There is a crucial need for a comprehensive, affordable WLAN deployment planner that integrates the attributes of typical WLAN design software with the attributes of technologically sophisticated software for planning, analyzing and optimizing communications networks and networked applications. The WLAN planning software envisaged integrates these important attributes to produce a product that will facilitate WLAN trade-off analysis (coverage, bandwidth), reduce infrastructure and operational costs (equipment, cabling, installation), optimize network and application performance, and satisfy network security requirements. Gaming technologies offers flexibility not possible with classroom-delivered training and enable instructors to train more students faster. Instructional games offer the strong potential to increase understanding and retention of learning materials and engage and motivate learners. We propose to develop a system for Automated Link Analysis for Data-mining of Distributed INformation (ALADDIN) to detect bioterrorist attacks. ALADDIN will use ontology-based data modeling for integrating heterogeneous and distributed data sources of bioterrorism information. In addition to traditional sources such as hospital and ambulatory-care records, ALADDIN will incorporate data from other potentially relevant sources, such as intelligence agencies, Customs databases, and INS records. ALADDIN will include a manual link discovery tool to support the investigation of inter-person or inter-organizational links between otherwise autonomous data sources (e.g., linking the INS file of a suspected terrorist with a Custom's Service record of that person importing a shipment of hazardous chemicals). ALADDIN will also incorporate Bayesian belief network (BN) technology for automatically identifying data sources for potential leads. BN models will be used to represent interrelationships among various domain relevant concepts such as terrorist activities, diseases, and symptoms, thus allowing for the integration of both clinical and non-clinical information in the detection of potential bioterrorism attacks. We intend to rapidly develop a prototype based on: 1) a domain ontology encoded with Prot‚g‚ 2000 from SMI; 2) the link analysis tool Strategist from our strategic business partner Electronic Warfare Associates (EWA); and 3) our in-house BN engine BNET 2000. We see several potential commercial applications of the proposed link analysis system for detecting potential bioterrorism threats. The technology can be directly applied to other domains, in particular, credit card and telecommunication fraud, money laundering, and drug dealing. The dual use of the developed core technology complements our ongoing effort with DARPA for terrorist threat prediction. We are currently in the process of formulating a commercialization plan for enhanced StrategistT in cooperation with Electronic Warfare Associates (EWA). As the military assumes more missions involving operations other than war (including humanitarian operations and support to domestic authorities), more of our military leaders will need to become proficient in coalition and collaborative leadership environments. Success in such operations, including multinational and multi-agency operations, increasingly depends not only on teamwork within the leaders' own hierarchical organization (which most military leaders are very familiar with) but also teamwork among the leaders of the multiple organizations in the operation (which most military leaders are not very familiar with). Although success in such operations will depend on the skills, knowledge, and abilities (SKAs) of our leaders, there is currently insufficient training focusing on the SKAs relevant to these coalition-related military operations other than war (MOOTW). The primary objectives of Phase I will be to 1) identify the highest-priority SKAs related to successful leadership in coalition MOOTW, 2) identify which SKAs are currently being trained adequately, and 3) recommend any additional needed training based on gaps between what is needed and what is being trained. The results of Phase I will be used in Phase II to guide development of a training program focused on improving leaders' coalition-relevant SKAs. Benefits of the training program will include leaders who are more prepared than ever to function effectively in multi-national and multi-agency coalition operations other than war. This in turn will lead to more effective coordination among coalition members, lower numbers of casualties (innocents as well as coalition members), better relations with our allies and coalition partners, and more successful coalition operations. Such successes will increase the political and social acceptance of US military operations other than war, acceptance both domestically and in the international community. Upon completion of Phase II, the training developed would be readily marketable to the military, and may be adapted for use by civilian government agencies and non-governmental organizations in coalition operations with the military. A modified training program would also be highly marketable to civilian corporations wishing to improve their successes in global business operations by preparing their leaders better for those operations. Navy is expanding its shipboard information networks, information technology systems requiring wireless technologies are being developed to support increased shipboard information gathering for logistical, personnel, and maintenance-related functions a self forming networks that can expand and contract on demand, extend into damaged areas with unknown infrastructure, with no/short notice to support roving patrols, and between ad hoc elements of the platform as needed. A self-organizing and self-configuring network protocol, without the need for any existing network infrastructure or administration such as Dynamic Source Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc is emerging that will enable multiple mobile nodes to communicate using peer-to-peer and multi-hop capabilities. This type of capability needs to be exploited to enable shipboard facility e.g. manufacturing plant and platform e.g. shipboard networks to operate with virtually no configuration support or other technical input required. This will enable net centric capability to migrate wherever required and whenever needed. Enable wireless devices to join and access internet via wireless ad-hoc networking without concerning their network addresses and routing protocols hence to improve mobility and greatly simplify roaming between wireless devices anf networks. RLW, Inc. is submitting this Phase II Proposal on SBIR Topic # OSD01-CBM02 ""Smart Machinery Spaces"" in response to a written invitation following the completion of Phase I work. In Phase I, RLW successfully demonstrated the feasibility of using the wireless sensor technology and network and processing software to provide an online, real-time ""snapshot"" of equipment health by building a prototype system. When fully implemented, such a system will wirelessly provide consistent and accurate status of specified monitored parameters in a given ""space"" on a ship. Using temperature, pressure, flood, smoke, and other transducers, RLW will expand its Phase I prototype system to monitor all parameters found in the target application: Shaft Alley Compartment (#5-300-0-E) of DDG-51 Class ships. RLW will test the Phase II system in its own lab and at a realistic land-based platform. In the Phase II Option, RLW will install the test system on a Navy ship. As in Phase I, RLW will again partner with two industry leaders, General Dynamics-Electric Boat, a well-known and long-time manufacturer of submarines for the Navy, and Sentinel Business Systems, a company with vast commercial experience in networking hardware and software, data management, and database integration. The battlespace warfighter environment contains a large amount of constant critical information that needs to be processed and displayed. The level of information varies widely, from pilots, to theater commanders, to situations assessors, and to field army units. The battlespace environment is very sophisticated and has fast developing situations, leading to frequent encounters with novel situations that demand adaptive problem solving skills in its operators. This rapid development of the battlespace poses a constant challenge to its operators who have to acquire knowledge of the equipment systems, understand critical information, and also gain expertise in identifying and responding to problems. Human information processing and performance knowledge has not been completely utilized for solving real world problems. Fortunately, cognitive task analysis uses mental models, emphasizes cognition, analyzes expertise, evaluates knowledge for the whole job, and segments tasks based on skill. Cybernet proposes to develop a system to provide not only the capability of advanced battlespace information processing in complicated and stressful environments, but also the optimization of this information flow, allowing operators to interact in large complex situations in an effective, efficient, and optimal manner. Furthermore, Cybernet will explore the development of intelligent agents to enable better information flow and display. The proposed technology will be leveraged into Cybernet's OpenSkies Massive Multiplayer training and gaming simulation business. Cybernet has developed a massively multi-player simulation technology for air, sea and land game and simulation play. While this technology was originally developed for a low cost government simulation for training, the Company plans to adapt the technology to revolutionize the consumer network gaming and flight simulator industry. The Company plans to distribute its OpenSkies simulation products at retail into the market, which is currently defined by Microsoft Flight Simulator, ProPilot, and Flight Unlimited. To make a significant inroad to this market, Cybernet plans to sell the product not as an end to itself, but as the entry point to a new game playing experience. This project will develop a Macrocognitive Assessment Battery (MAB) to enable the Army to determine the readiness of its small unit leaders to handle the challenges created by Objective Force Warrior (OFW). The reliance on information technology in OFW will increase the cognitive demands on small unit leaders. Therefore, the Army will need tools for assessing the ability of its leaders to function effectively in high-tempo, data overload conditions. Unfortunately, existing cognitive assessment methods are aimed at too detailed a level. By utilizing the framework of Macrocognition, Klein Associates will be able to design a tool to focus directly on processes such as sensemaking, attention management, uncertainty management, recognitional decision making, and situation assessment, that link directly to the demands of OFW. There is a general need to generate high energy density electrical power sources for space, aircraft, ground and naval vehicles, as well as to convert the heat already present in high temperature sources into electrical power. Thermionic power generation is a very attractive solution to both needs. Thermionic emission typically occurs from metal surfaces when the temperature of the metal excites the electrons to energies exceeding the metals' work function, allowing the electrons to be emitted into vacuum. The work function of most metals fall in the range of 4-5 eV, requiring temperatures exceeding 2000K to produce significant thermionic emission. Astralux proposes to build and test a revolutionary new cathode material based on AlGaN. Due to the low work function of the AlGaN, much larger emission currents can be achieved at a given temperature than would be possible with a simple metal emitter. When compared to MTCs fabricated from metal/metal oxide electrodes, our MTC will demonstrate larger power conversion by increasing the average voltage of emitted electrons, increasing the emitted current and reducing the space charge effects. These improvements will lead to a device capable of thermionic emission at temperatures well below 1000 K. The thermionic power generator addresses growing markets where the needs of remote, off-grid power continues to increase together with the overall need for power. Thermionic power may be able to supplement, or replace, photovoltaics in space and terrestrial power applications as well as provide additional power to utilities to meet incremental growth needs. The photovoltaics market is over $1 billion annually. In this Small Business Innovation Research Phase I project, InnovaTek will develop and demonstrate a novel catalytic microchannel combustion system configured for cross-flow operation. The microchannel combustor will be capable achieving high heat transfer rates and will provide a uniform temperature profile in microreactor channel. These advantages provide the opportunity to achieve efficiency improvements in catalytic microchannel reformer process resulting in reduced size and weight for larger scale layered reformer systems. In Phase I, mathematical and CFD process models for combustor operation and heat transfer performance will be developed. These models will provide the basis for design and fabrication of a single-plate microchannel prototype system for testing microchannel combustion characteristics. Experience gained from this testing will be factored into the model and used to design and fabricate a multi-plate combustor. This prototype will be used in a "proof-of-concept" test to demonstrate system durability in continuous operation for at least 24 hours. In Phase II, the concept will be scaled into a multi-layered, fully integrated fuel processor system capable of supplying pure hydrogen to a 1 kW PEM fuel cell for electrical generation. Designs and plans will be developed for scale-up to 500 kW systems. Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cells offer an attractive opportunity to provide a portable, quiet and efficient system for electrical generation. Such systems can provide portable power for military field use, and for civilian recreational and transportation applications. In order to achieve this potential, an equally quiet, efficient and portable supply of hydrogen gas is needed. A portable steam reformer capable of producing hydrogen from infrastructure fuels offers an ideal solution as the complementary technical solution. The rapid start time, quiet operation and high efficiency, of fuel cells provide an ideal solution as a mobile power source or an auxiliary power unit (APU) for a wide range of military and commercial applications. However, the supply of hydrogen gas to the fuel cell at the point of use remains a problem. A fuel processor that provides clean hydrogen from sulfur-containing logistical fuels is needed to allow fuel cell technology to be realized. InnovaTek will provide a solution to this need by developing a catalyst and support structure for use in the water gas shift reaction to produce CO-free reformate for a fuel cell from sulfur-containing logistical fuels. The catalyst developed will function at a high space velocity (>30,000 hr-1) that will reduce the size and cost of the fuel processor. It will tolerate sulfur without loss in activity thereby allowing the use of logistical fuels without the need for prior sulfur removal. It will also be resistant to temperature excursions and exposure to air and condensate, thereby maintaining its activity through numerous start-up/shut-down cycles. In addition, the catalyst will be optimized for use in an engineered micro-channel reactor that provides a differential temperature profile for both high temperature and low temperature water gas shift reactions, thus providing a high CO conversion within a single compact reactor design. Evolution in the power generation industry has created a demand and major market opportunity for alternative power generation technologies. As an alternative technology, fuel cells have been in existence for more than 160 years, but have only recently been developed sufficiently to provide a viable alternative to conventional technologies in the automotive and power generation industries. Today, because of their clean, quiet and efficient production of power, fuel cells are widely believed to offer a number of advantages over other small to medium sized power generation methods. Analysts forecast that various sectors of the overall fuel cell market will emerge within the next five to ten years, including: portable and backup power products, residential and specialty products (including APU), micro power (compact/handheld) products, and transportation (motive) products. By providing clean hydrogen from sulfur-containing logistical fuels, InnovaTek's fuel processing technology will allow fuel cell technology to be realized earlier and in broader markets. Design advisors are the most viable method to guide novices and non-ID professionals through the process of creating effective instructional materials, and are especially useful in situations where experts are unavailable. Adaptive Materials Inc. will explore the feasibility of small scale power generation using microtubule solid oxide fuel cells as outlined in Topic Area 3; Materials and Processes for Electrochemical Energy Conversion. We believe microtubule solid oxide fuel cells are the